Patient-reported persistent symptoms after radiotherapy and association with quality of life for prostate cancer survivors.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the persistence of symptoms after radiotherapy (RT) for localised prostate cancer (PCa) and the association with quality of life (QOL). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prospective patient-reported outcome (PRO) from a multi-institutional study on PCa treated with radical RT (2010-2014) was analysed. Data was collected at baseline (BL) and follow-ups (FUPs) up to 5 years. Patients with BL and ≥3 late FUPs (≥6 months) were analysed. PRO was scored by means of the IPSS and ICIQ-SF (urinary), LENT-SOMA (gastrointestinal [GI]), and EORTC-C30 (pain, insomnia, fatigue, and QOL) questionnaires. Symptoms were defined 'persistent' if the median score over FUPs was ≥3 (urinary) or ≥2 (GI, pain, insomnia, and fatigue), and worse than BL. Different thresholds were chosen to have enough events for each symptom. QOL was linearly transformed on a continuous scale (0-100). Linear-mixed models were used to identify significant differences between groups with and without persistent symptoms including age, smoking status, previous abdominal surgery, and diabetes as confounders. Mean QOL differences between groups were evaluated longitudinally over FUPs. RESULTS: The analysis included 293 patients. Persistent urinary symptoms ranged from 2% (straining) to 12% (weak stream, and nocturia). Gastrointestinal symptoms ranged from 7% (rectal pain, and incontinence) to 30% (urgency). Proportions of pain, insomnia, and fatigue were 6, 13, and 18%. Significant QOL differences of small-to-medium clinical relevance were found for urinary incontinence, frequency, urgency, and nocturia. Among GI symptoms, rectal pain and incontinence showed small-to-medium differences. Fatigue was associated with the largest differences. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis showed that symptoms after RT for PCa occur with different persistence and their association with QOL varies in magnitude. A number of persistent urinary and GI symptoms showed differences in a comparable range. Urinary incontinence and frequency, rectal pain, and faecal incontinence more often had significant associations. Fatigue was also prevalent and associated with largely deteriorated QOL.

Comparison of outcomes of different biopsy schedules among men on active surveillance for prostate cancer: An analysis of the G.A.P.3 global consortium database.

BACKGROUND: The optimal interval for repeat biopsy during active surveillance (AS) for prostate cancer is yet to be defined. This study examined whether risk of upgrading (to grade group ≥ 2) or risk of converting to treatment varied according to intensity of repeat biopsy using data from the GAP3 consortium's global AS database. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Intensity of surveillance biopsy schedules was categorized according to centers' protocols: (a) Prostate Cancer Research International Active Surveillance project (PRIAS) protocols with biopsies at years 1, 4, and 7 (10 centers; 7532 men); (b) biennial biopsies, that is, every other year (8 centers; 4365 men); and (c) annual biopsy schedules (4 centers; 1602 men). Multivariable Cox regression was used to compare outcomes according to biopsy intensity. RESULTS: Out of the 13,508 eligible participants, 56% were managed according to PRIAS protocols (biopsies at years 1, 4, and 7), 32% via biennial biopsy, and 12% via annual biopsy. After adjusting for baseline characteristics, risk of converting to treatment was greater for those on annual compared with PRIAS biopsy schedules (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.66; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.51-1.83; p < 0.001), while risk of upgrading did not differ (HR = 0.96; 95% CI = 0.84-1.10). CONCLUSION: Results suggest more frequent biopsy schedules may deter some men from continuing AS despite no evidence of grade progression.

Cross-cultural differences in men on active surveillance' anxiety: a longitudinal comparison between Italian and Dutch patients from the Prostate cancer Research International Active Surveillance study.

BACKGROUND: Men diagnosed with localized prostate cancer (PCa) on active surveillance (AS) have shown to cope with anxiety caused by living with an 'untreated cancer' and different factors can influence the tolerance level for anxiety in these patients. The present study analyzes Italian (Milan) and Dutch (Rotterdam) men prospectively included in the Prostate cancer International Active Surveillance (PRIAS) trial, aiming to explore whether socio-demographic factors (i.e. age, relationship status, education, nationality) may be relevant factors in conditioning the level of anxiety at AS entry and over time. METHODS: Italian and Dutch men participating in the IRB-approved PRIAS study, after signing an informed consent, filled in the Memorial Anxiety Scale for PCa (MAX-PC) at multiple time points after diagnosis. A linear mixed model was used to assess the relationship between the level of patient's anxiety and time spent on AS, country of origin, the interaction between country and time on AS, patients' relationship status and education, on PCa anxiety during AS. RESULTS: 823 MAX-PC questionnaires were available for Italian and 307 for Dutch men, respectively. Median age at diagnosis was 64 years (IQR 60-70 years) and did not differ between countries. On average, Dutch men had a higher total MAX-PC score than Italian men. However, the level of their anxiety decreased over time. Dutch men on average had a higher score on the PCa anxiety sub-domain, which did not decrease over time. Minimal differences were observed in the sub-domains PSA anxiety and fear of recurrence. CONCLUSION: Significant differences in PCa anxiety between the Italian and Dutch cohorts were observed, the latter group of men showing higher overall levels of anxiety. These differences were not related to the socio-demographic factors we studied. Although both PRIAS-centers are dedicated AS-centers, differences in PCa-care organization (e.g. having a multidisciplinary team) may have contributed to the observed different level of anxiety at the start and during AS. Trial registration This study is registered in the Dutch Trial Registry ( www.trialregister.nl ) under NL1622 (registration date 11-03-2009), 'PRIAS: Prostate cancer Research International: Active Surveillance-guideline and study for the expectant management of localized prostate cancer with curative intent'.

Potential of the Stromal Matricellular Protein Periostin as a Biomarker to Improve Risk Assessment in Prostate Cancer.

Prostate cancer (PCa) ranges from indolent to aggressive tumors that may rapidly progress and metastasize. The switch to aggressive PCa is fostered by reactive stroma infiltrating tumor foci. Therefore, reactive stroma-based biomarkers may potentially improve the early detection of aggressive PCa, ameliorating disease classification. Gene expression profiles of PCa reactive fibroblasts highlighted the up-regulation of genes related to stroma deposition, including periostin and sparc. Here, the potential of periostin as a stromal biomarker has been investigated on PCa prostatectomies by immunohistochemistry. Moreover, circulating levels of periostin and sparc have been assessed in a low-risk PCa patient cohort enrolled in active surveillance (AS) by ELISA. We found that periostin is mainly expressed in the peritumoral stroma of prostatectomies, and its stromal expression correlates with PCa grade and aggressive disease features, such as the cribriform growth. Moreover, stromal periostin staining is associated with a shorter biochemical recurrence-free survival of PCa patients. Interestingly, the integration of periostin and sparc circulating levels into a model based on standard clinico-pathological variables improves its performance in predicting disease reclassification of AS patients. In this study, we provide the first evidence that circulating molecular biomarkers of PCa stroma may refine risk assessment and predict the reclassification of AS patients.

Risk-Based Selection for Active Surveillance: Results of the Movember Foundation's Global Action Plan Prostate Cancer Active Surveillance (GAP3) Initiative.

PURPOSE: We sought to identify and validate known predictors of disease reclassification at 1 or 4 years to support risk-based selection of patients suitable for active surveillance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An individual participant data meta-analysis using data from 25 established cohorts within the Movember Foundations GAP3 Consortium. In total 5,530 men were included. Disease reclassification was defined as any increase in Gleason grade group at biopsy at 1 and 4 years. Associations were estimated using random effect logistic regression models. The discriminative ability of combinations of predictors was assessed in an internal-external validation procedure using the AUC curve. RESULTS: Among the 5,570 men evaluated at 1 year, we found 815 reclassifications to higher Gleason grade group at biopsy (pooled reclassification rate 13%, range 0% to 31%). Important predictors were age, prostate specific antigen, prostate volume, T-stage and number of biopsy cores with prostate cancer. Among the 1,515 men evaluated at 4 years, we found 205 reclassifications (pooled reclassification rates 14%, range 3% to 40%), with similar predictors. The average areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve at internal-external validation were 0.68 and 0.61 for 1-year and 4-year reclassification, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Disease reclassification occurs typically in 13% to 14% of biopsies at 1 and 4 years after the start of active surveillance with substantial between-study heterogeneity. Current guidelines might be extended by considering prostate volume to improve individualized selection for active surveillance. Additional predictors are needed to improve patient selection for active surveillance.

How to implement the requirements of a quality assurance system for prostate cancer.

PURPOSE: In 2003, the German Cancer Society (Deutsche Krebsgesellschaft, DKG) launched a certification program aimed at improving the quality of cancer care. The purpose of this article is to describe the experience of the Prostate Cancer Unit (PCU) at Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, in the process towards DKG certification. METHODS: In 2018, PCU decided to apply for certification by adopting DKG catalogue of requirements (CoR) and quality indicators. A multiprofessional working group was established with the aim of acting the necessary steps to meet DKG standards. RESULTS: Our organizational setting (procedures, personnel) and activities were accurately analyzed, thus outlining strengths and weaknesses, and modified to comply with DKG CoR and indicators. As examples, (1) a quality management plan was developed; (2) measures were taken to strengthen the surgical expertise; (3) cases evaluated in weekly tumor boards were expanded to include surgical cases with pathological risk factors, metastatic, relapsed and castration-resistant patients; (4) a survey was added to the patient-dedicated initiatives already scheduled; (5) the TuDoc software became the tool to register all new cases of prostate cancer patients referred to PCU. CONCLUSIONS: The process of certification requires many efforts but represents a unique opportunity of improving quality of care of prostate cancer patients, making it comparable on an international scale.

How do prostate cancer patients navigate the active surveillance journey? A 3-year longitudinal study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether prostate cancer (PCa) patients' coping strategies (i.e., fighting spirit, anxious preoccupation, fatalism, helplessness/hopelessness, and avoidance) significantly change during the first 3-year follow-up period of active surveillance (AS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Altogether, 104 patients on AS completed the Mini-Mental Adjustment to Cancer (Mini-MAC) at baseline (T0), at 10 and 12 months after diagnostic biopsy (T1 and T2, respectively) and then at 24- (T3) and 36-month (T4) follow-up. Paired samples T test was used to detect statistically significant changes over time. Changes ≥ 1 point (or ≤ - 1) were hypothesized to be clinically relevant. RESULTS: During the first 3 years on AS, men experienced decreased anxiety, avoidance thoughts/behaviors, and fight-against-cancer attitudes, and these changes were found to be statistically significant. When considering clinically significant changes between inclusion in AS (T0) and 3-year follow-up (T4), avoidance decreased in 19% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Most patients were observed to have adopted functional coping strategies at baseline, which were maintained through the first 3 years on AS. Overall, men on AS may perceive increasing control over their cancer and comfort with the AS protocol over time and experience slight decreases in anxious preoccupation, cancer-related avoidance thoughts and behaviors, and fight-against-cancer reactions. For those men who find it difficult to cope with AS, psychological monitoring and interventions could be helpful throughout the monitoring journey.

Breast cancer patient perspective on opportunities and challenges of a genetic test aimed to predict radio-induced side effects before treatment: Analysis of the Italian branch of the REQUITE project.

AIM: To explore breast cancer patient's perspective on future genetic testing for prediction of toxicity after breast radiotherapy (RT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study involved patient enrolled in the Italian branch of the REQUITE project conducted at the National Cancer Institute in Milan. Semi-structured interviews were conducted within one month from the end of radiotherapy treatment by two radiation oncologists and a radiotherapy technician previously trained by a clinical psychologist with experience in the oncology field. Semi-structured interviews are characterized by a set of pre-defined questions and developed ad hoc by researchers in Leicester within the REQUITE project. The interview questions investigated interest in undergoing the genetic test and expectations on its usefulness and disadvantages. RESULTS: Eighteen interviews were conducted and analysed. Forty-five initial codes were combined into nine themes which were then clustered in two main macro-areas (i) Opportunities and (ii) Challenges. Overall, all patients understand the aim of the genetic test and considered its intrinsic opportunity to make the physician more confident with the treatment. Regarding side effects, most of patients felt prepared to RT but not without fear. Many women considered important to have the largest and reliable information, also about negative experiences. Prevailing emotions were anxiety and fear but not connected to genetic test's result. CONCLUSIONS: A genetic test could be an opportunity because generate knowledge and give patients a dynamic role in the decision-making approach. Prediction of single patient radiosensitivity before RT could prompt suggestion to entail a more and more tailored radiation treatment in the era of personalized approach.

Hypofractionated irradiation in 794 elderly breast cancer patients: An observational study.

To assess the efficacy, and the acute and late toxicity of hypofractionated radiotherapy (Hypo-RT), and the impact of age and comorbidities on disease progression and death in elderly breast cancer (BC) patients. Women aged ≥65 years who received Hypo-RT (42.4 Gy in 16 fractions, plus a boost for high-risk patients) were considered for the present analysis. Competing risk analysis was used to estimate the 5-year cumulative incidence of BC progression and BC-related death, calculating the adjusted subhazard ratios (SHR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) in relation to age, hypertension-augmented Charlson Comorbidity Index (hCCI), tumor characteristics, and chemotherapy. The sample included 794 patients with a median age of 74 years (range 65-91 years). At the baseline, 70% of these patients had at least one comorbidity. With a median follow-up of 48.3 months, the 5-year cumulative incidence of BC progression and BC-related death was 6.7% (95%CI 4.8%-9.2%) and 2.3% (95%CI 1.2%-3.9%), respectively. Old age (≥80 years) and a high burden of comorbidity (hCCI ≥ 2) were independently associated with BC progression. Hypo-RT is safe in elderly BC patients, but age and comorbidities influence BC progression. Further studies are warranted.

Interim analysis of the REASSURE (Radium-223 alpha Emitter Agent in non-intervention Safety Study in mCRPC popUlation for long-teRm Evaluation) study: patient characteristics and safety according to prior use of chemotherapy in routine clinical practice.

PURPOSE: REASSURE is a global, prospective, non-interventional study to assess long-term safety of radium-223 in patients with bone metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Here we report an interim analysis of patients according to previous use of chemotherapy. METHODS: Radium-223 was administered in routine clinical practice. Interim safety analysis was planned after enrolment of the first 600 patients. Patient characteristics and safety data by previous administration of chemotherapy (docetaxel and/or cabazitaxel) were investigated. RESULTS: This interim analysis included 583 patients. Median duration of observation was 7 months (range, 0-20). Nineteen patients treated with concomitant chemotherapy were excluded, 564 (97%) were eligible for exploratory analysis according to prior use of chemotherapy; 190 (34%) had previously received and completed chemotherapy, and 374 (66%) had not. In the prior versus no prior chemotherapy group, a higher proportion of patients had an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of ≥2 (22% vs 11%) and > 20 metastatic lesions (26% vs 15%), median alkaline phosphatase (162.0 vs 115.0 U/L) and prostate-specific antigen (132.0 vs 40.2 ng/mL) levels were higher, and a lower proportion completed 6 radium-223 injections (45% vs 63%). Drug-related treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) occurred in 63 and 48%, and haematological drug-related TEAEs in 21 and 9% of patients who had or had not previously received chemotherapy. Four drug-related deaths were reported, all in the prior chemotherapy group. CONCLUSIONS: The short-term safety profile of radium-223 in routine clinical practice was comparable to other clinical studies, irrespective of prior chemotherapy use. Haematological TEAEs occurred more frequently in the prior chemotherapy group, presumably due to decreased bone marrow function as a consequence of more advanced disease and prior exposure to cytotoxic therapy. Patients who had not previously received chemotherapy appeared to have a lower burden of disease at baseline, and a lower proportion discontinued radium-223 treatment.

Patterns in ano-rectal dose maps and the risk of late toxicity after prostate IMRT.

Purpose: The aim of this work was to determine how the spatial pattern of dose in the ano-rectal wall is related to late gastro-intestinal toxicity for prostate cancer patients treated with mainly IMRT.Patients and methods: Patients from the DUE-01 multicentre study with patient-reported (prospective) follow-up and available dosimetric data were included. Conventionally fractionated patients received 74-80 Gy and hypofractionated patients received 65-75.2 Gy. A large majority of the patients were treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). Dose-surface maps (DSMs) for the anal canal and rectum as a single structure, and for the anal canal and the rectum separately, were co-registered rigidly in two dimensions and, for the patients with and without toxicity, respectively, the mean value of the dose in each pixel was calculated. A pixel-wise t-test was used to highlight the anatomical areas where there was a significant difference between the 'mean dose maps' of each group. Univariate models were also fitted to a range of spatial parameters. The endpoints considered were a mean grade ≥1 late fecal incontinence and a maximum grade ≥2 late rectal bleeding.Results: Twenty-six out of 213 patients had fecal incontinence, while 21/225 patients had rectal bleeding. Incontinence was associated with a higher dose in the caudal region of the anal canal; the most relevant spatial parameter was the lateral extent of the low and medium isodoses (5-49 Gy in EQD2). Bleeding was associated with high isodoses reaching the posterior rectal wall. The spatial dose parameters with the highest AUC value (.69) were the lateral extent of the 60-70 Gy isodoses.Conclusions: To avoid fecal incontinence it is important to limit the portion of the anal canal irradiated. Our analysis confirms that rectal bleeding is a function of similar spatial dose parameters for patients treated with IMRT, compared to previous studies on patients treated with three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy.

Making Active Surveillance a path towards health promotion: A qualitative study on prostate cancer patients' perceptions of health promotion during Active Surveillance.

OBJECTIVE: Health promotion is a key aspect for health outcomes of prostate cancer (PCa) patients. However, it has been poorly explored among patients following monitoring programmes, for example Active Surveillance (AS). This study aimed to explore PCa patients' perceptions of health promotion during AS. METHODS: An explorative qualitative research design was adopted. Four focus groups were used to collected data from 24 men enrolled in the Prostate Cancer Research International: AS (PRIAS) protocol. A thematic analysis with an inductive approach was performed. RESULTS: Participants described promoting health during AS as challenged by mental, age-related, informational and organisational issues. It was reported as an effort to stay in the present with a positive outlook, despite the worries for the future ("the mental theme"). It was perceived as impacted by being older and having to manage physical and mental struggles related to age ("the life-course theme"). It depended, in their accounts, on obtaining reliable information and personalised education ("the educational theme"). Finally, it was related on taking responsibility on the care process ("the organisational theme"). CONCLUSION: This study suggested ways of promoting health during AS that can help healthcare professionals and organisations building a "health-promoting AS," able to improve overall health outcomes.

Radiotherapy for oligometastatic cancer: a survey among radiation oncologists of Lombardy (AIRO-Lombardy), Italy.

AIMS: To evaluate the use of radiotherapy (RT) for oligometastatic cancer (OMC) among radiation oncologists in Lombardy, Italy. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: A survey with 12 items regarding data of 2016 was sent to all 34 Lombardy RT centers. The survey included six general items and six specific items regarding patient/disease/treatment characteristics. RESULTS: Thirteen centers answered the survey (38%). All centers responded to general items and 12 centers submitted patient/disease/treatment data. General items The majority of centers (8/13) consider OMC if metastases number is less than 5. The most commonly prescribed dose/fraction is 5-10 Gy (8/13) using schedules of 3-5 fractions (11/13). Patient data items A total of 15.681 patients were treated in 2016 with external beam RT in 12 responding centers, and 1.087 patients were treated for OMC (7%). Primary tumor included lung, prostate, breast, colorectal and other malignancies in 33%, 21%, 12%, 9% and 25% of all OMC patients, respectively. Brain, lymph node, lung, bone, liver and others were the most common treated sites (24%, 24%, 22%, 17%, 8% and 5%, respectively). One and more than one metastasis were treated in 75 and 25% of patients, respectively. The vast majority of patients (95%) were treated with image-guided intensity-modulated RT or stereotactic RT. CONCLUSIONS: Seven percent of all RT patients in Lombardy are treated for OMC. Extreme hypofractionation and high-precision RT are commonly employed. The initiative of multicenter and multidisciplinary collaboration has been undertaken in order to prepare the platform for prospective and/or observational studies in OMC.

Hadrontherapy from the Italian Radiation Oncologist point of view: face the reality. The Italian Society of Oncological Radiotherapy (AIRO) survey.

Hadrontherapy has been in constant progress in the past decades. Due to the increasing interest in this field and the spreading of the technique in Italy and worldwide, the Italian Society of Radiation Oncology surveyed (by an online survey) its members regarding their perception of hadrontherapy. The survey outline addressed different items all related to hadrontherapy, such as: demographics (3 items), personal knowledge (5 items), actual use in clinical practice (5 items), and future perspectives and development (5 items). The survey was filled in by 224 radiation oncologists (RO). Among them, 74.6 % were RO with more than 5 years of clinical practice, and only 10.4 % RO in training. Median age was 46 years (range 27-77). 32.24 % admitted average knowledge about heavy particles radiobiology rationale and 32.42 % about the ongoing particle therapy clinical trials. Radioresistant tumors are perceived as-principal indications for carbon ions in 39.3 % of responders, and pediatric malignancies for protons in 37 %. Re-irradiation is highly recommended for 52.2 %. Strikingly, 38.8 % of participating ROs reported that, in the daily clinical practice, approximately less than 1 out of 10 patients asks to be referred for hadrontherapy. On the other side, 35.7 % claimed need for at least 3 up to 5 particle therapy centers in Italy. Overall, the results of the present survey highlight the interest of the Italian RO community for particle therapy among the other radiotherapy technique. Analysis of our results might picture the clinical attitude of the RO community towards hadrontherapy in Italy, and help in promoting targeted initiatives to spread clinical results and knowledge about technical innovations in this field.

Baseline status and dose to the penile bulb predict impotence 1 year after radiotherapy for prostate cancer.

AIM: To assess the predictors of the onset of impotence 1 year after radiotherapy for prostate cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a multi-centric prospective study, the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) questionnaire-based potency of 91 hormone-naïve and potent patients (IIEF1-5 > 11 before radiotherapy) was assessed. At the time of this analysis, information on potency 1 year after treatment was available for 62 of 91 patients (42 treated with hypofractionation: 2.35-2.65 Gy/fr, 70-74.2 Gy; 20 with conventional fractionation: 74-78 Gy). Prospectively collected individual information and Dmax/Dmean to the penile bulb were available; the corresponding 2 Gy-equivalent values (EQD2_max/EQD2_mean) were also considered. Predictors of 1­year impotency were assessed through uni- and multi-variable backward logistic regression: The best cut-off values discriminating between potent and impotent patients were assessed by ROC analyses. The discriminative power of the models and goodness-of-fit were measured by AUC analysis and the Hosmer-Lemeshow (H&L) test. RESULTS: At 1­year follow-up, 26 of 62 patients (42 %) became impotent. The only predictive variables were baseline IIEF1-5 values (best cut-off baseline IIEF1-5 ≥ 19), Dmax ≥ 68.5 Gy and EQD2_max ≥ 74.2 Gy. The risk of 1­year impotence may be predicted by a two-variable model including baseline IIEF1-5 (OR: 0.80, p = 0.003) and EQD2_max ≥ 74.2 Gy (OR: 4.1, p = 0.022). The AUC of the model was 0.77 (95% CI: 0.64-0.87, p = 0.0007, H&L: p = 0.62). The 1­year risk of impotency after high-dose radiotherapy in potent men depends on the EQD2_max to the penile bulb and on baseline IIEF1-5 values. CONCLUSION: A significant reduction in the risk may be expected mainly when sparing the bulb in patients with no/mild baseline impotency (IIEF1-5 > 17).

Complications after prostate biopsies in men on active surveillance and its effects on receiving further biopsies in the Prostate cancer Research International: Active Surveillance (PRIAS) study.

OBJECTIVE: To study the risk of serial prostate biopsies on complications in men on active surveillance (AS) and determine the effect of complications on receiving further biopsies. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In the global Prostate cancer Research International: Active Surveillance (PRIAS) study, men are prospectively followed on AS and repeat prostate biopsies are scheduled at 1, 4, and 7 years after the diagnostic biopsy, or once yearly if prostate-specific antigen-doubling time is <10 years. Data on complications after biopsy, including infection, haematuria, haematospermia, and pain, were retrospectively collected for all biopsies taken during follow-up in men from several large participating centres. Generalised estimating equations were used to test predictors of infection after biopsy. Competing risk analysis was used to compare the rates of men receiving further biopsies between men with and without previous complications. RESULTS: In all, 2 184 biopsies were taken in 1 164 men. Infection was reported after 55 biopsies (2.5%), and one in five men reported any form of complication. At multivariable analysis, the number of previous biopsies was not a significant predictor of infection (odds ratio 1.04, 95% confidence interval 0.76-1.43). The only significant predictor for infection was the type of prophylaxis used. Of all men with a complication at the diagnostic or first repeat biopsy, 21% did not have a repeat biopsy at the time a repeat biopsy was scheduled according to protocol, vs 12% for men without a previous biopsy complication. CONCLUSION: In our present cohort of men on AS, we found no evidence that repeat prostate biopsy in itself posed a risk of infection. However, complications after biopsy were not uncommon and after a complication men were less likely to have further biopsies. We should aim to safely reduce the amount of repeat biopsies in men on AS.

Predictive role of free prostate-specific antigen in a prospective active surveillance program (PRIAS).

PURPOSE: To evaluate the utility of percentage of free serum PSA (%fPSA) as a predictor of adverse rebiopsy findings, treatment change and radical prostatectomy (RP) findings in a prospective active surveillance (AS) trial. METHODS: Patients enrolled in the global PRIAS study with baseline %fPSA available were included. Putative baseline predictors (e.g. PSA, %fPSA) of adverse rebiopsy findings were explored using logistic regression analysis. Association of variables with treatment change and RP findings over time were evaluated with Cox regression analysis. Active treatment-free survival was assessed with a Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Of 3701 patients recruited to PRIAS, 939 had %fPSA measured at study entry. Four hundred and thirty-eight of them had %fPSA available after 1 year. Median follow-up was 17.2 months. First rebiopsy results were available for 595 patients and of those, 144 (24.2 %) had adverse findings. A total of 283 (30.1 %) patients discontinued surveillance, of those 181 (64.0 %) due to protocol-based reasons. Although median %fPSA values were significantly lower in patients who changed treatment, according to the multivariate regression analysis, initial %fPSA value was not predictive for treatment change or adverse rebiopsy findings. However, the probability of discontinuing AS was significantly lower in patients with "favourable" initial %fPSA characteristics and %fPSA during follow-up (initial %fPSA ≥15 and positive %fPSA velocity) compared to those with "adverse" %fPSA characteristics (initial %fPSA <15 and negative %fPSA velocity). CONCLUSIONS: Diagnostic %fPSA provides no additional prognostic value when compared to other predictors already in use in AS protocols. However, %fPSA velocity during surveillance may aid in predicting the probability for future treatment change.

Can we improve the definition of high-risk, hormone naïve, non-metastatic prostate cancer?

To identify criteria beyond Tumour-Node-Metastasis (TMN)-, prostate-specific antigen (PSA)- and Gleason score-based standard classifications to enhance the stratification of non-metastatic high-risk prostate cancer. A detailed search of the literature was performed using PubMed. The authors reviewed the literature and used a modified Delphi approach to identify relevant approaches to enhance standard classifications. Specific criteria for high-risk prostate cancer vary across guidelines and clinical trials, reflecting the differing perspectives concerning the definition of 'risk' between different specialities within the urology/radiation oncology community. In addition to the present classifications, evidence exists that the measure of cancer volume can provide additional prognostic value. More accurate imaging, especially multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging can also provide information concerning staging and cancer volume, and thus may assist in the identification of patients with high-risk prostate cancer. A refined definition of non-metastatic high-risk prostate cancer is proposed. Within this high-risk cohort, patients with multiple high-risk criteria are especially at risk of prostate cancer-specific mortality.

Living with untreated prostate cancer: predictors of quality of life.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To summarize the literature on the predictors of quality of life (QoL) of patients with prostate cancer (PCa) on active surveillance and to highlight both risk factors of poor QoL and resilience factors that facilitate decision-making and promote adherence to active surveillance. RECENT FINDINGS: Four main clusters of predicting variables have been highlighted: decision-making-related issues (patient's perception of the influence of physicians on the choice of active surveillance was related to higher decisional conflict; smaller amount of time to make a decision was predictive of poor QoL); demographic variable (such as marital status, age, and education level); psychological individual and interpersonal characteristics (neuroticism and impaired mental health were found to be associated with poor QoL, whereas positive outlook toward cancer was predictive of considering active surveillance as an effective management option for PCa); and patients' perceptions of cancer characteristics (prostate-specific antigen and number of positive cores). SUMMARY: Men who choose active surveillance may present unique care needs. Identification of the most relevant risk factors for poor QoL can be useful to physicians who aim to target the psychosocial issues that patients and their families may need to address promptly. Predictive models could be used to identify active surveillance patients who present features of psychosocial vulnerability and to develop tailored psychoeducational interventions.

Quality of Life Longitudinal Evaluation in Prostate Cancer Patients from Radiotherapy Start to 5 Years after IMRT-IGRT.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to study the evolution of quality of life (QoL) in the first 5 years following Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for prostate cancer (PCa) and to determine possible associations with clinical/treatment data. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients were enrolled in a prospective multicentre observational trial in 2010-2014 and treated with conventional (74-80 Gy, 1.8-2 Gy/fr) or moderately hypofractionated IMRT (65-75.2 Gy, 2.2-2.7 Gy/fr). QoL was evaluated by means of EORTC QLQ-C30 at baseline, at radiation therapy (RT) end, and every 6 months up to 5 years after IMRT end. Fourteen QoL dimensions were investigated separately. The longitudinal evaluation of QoL was analysed by means of Analysis of variances (ANOVA) for multiple measures. RESULTS: A total of 391 patients with complete sets of questionnaires across 5 years were available. The longitudinal analysis showed a trend toward the significant worsening of QoL at RT end for global health, physical and role functioning, fatigue, appetite loss, diarrhoea, and pain. QoL worsening was recovered within 6 months from RT end, with the only exception being physical functioning. Based on ANOVA, the most impaired time point was RT end. QoL dimension analysis at this time indicated that acute Grade ≥ 2 gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity significantly impacted global health, physical and role functioning, fatigue, appetite loss, diarrhoea, and pain. Acute Grade ≥ 2 genitourinary (GU) toxicity resulted in lower role functioning and higher pain. Prophylactic lymph-nodal irradiation (WPRT) resulted in significantly lower QoL for global health, fatigue, appetite loss, and diarrhoea; lower pain with the use of neoadjuvant/concomitant hormonal therapy; and lower fatigue with the use of an anti-androgen. CONCLUSIONS: In this prospective, longitudinal, observational study, high radiation IMRT doses delivered for PCa led to a temporary worsening of QoL, which tended to be completely resolved at six months. Such transient worsening was mostly associated with acute GI/GU toxicity, WPRT, and higher prescription doses.