Bipolar spectrum in major depressive disorders.

Growing evidence for the spectrum concept of most mental disorders, particularly mood disorders, has challenged the arbitrary distinctions inherent in the contemporary categorical diagnostic classification system. Detection of manic symptoms in the context of episodes of depression is particularly important because of the implications for differential treatment of bipolar vs unipolar depression. The purpose of this study is to characterize the magnitude and clinical correlates of subthreshold manic syndromes or symptoms among people with major depressive disorder (MDD) compared to those without a history of manic symptoms. We defined two subthreshold manifestations-manic syndrome or symptoms-that did not include a criterion for duration. In the context of MDD, we found that the clinical correlates of those with the subthreshold manic syndrome were more similar to those with bipolar-II disorder than to MDD alone, whereas those with manic symptoms only were intermediate between those with subthreshold manic syndrome and MDD alone. These results confirm the spectrum concept of mania and suggest that a manic syndrome should be considered when evaluating people with MDD.

Investigating the association between perioperative blood transfusions and outcomes in children undergoing cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Studies indicate the perioperative transfusion of red blood cells during oncologic surgery may be associated with worse outcomes. In this study, we evaluated the impact of red blood cell transfusions on the short- and long-term outcomes of children undergoing a major oncologic surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of the medical records of children ≤18 years of age who had undergone cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy was performed. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify factors influencing survival, complications and length of stay. RESULTS: Seventy-five children were identified, 80% of whom had received a red blood cell transfusion. Children who received a red blood cell transfusion had a significantly longer length of stay (P = 0·0003). However, the association between red blood cell transfusions and recurrence-free survival (HR: 1·307, 95% CI: 0·547-3·124; P = 0·55), overall survival (HR: 1·487, 95% CI: 0·585-3·780; P = 0·40) or the incidence of major complications (27·8 vs. 0% in non-transfused children, P = 0·18) was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: This retrospective study of children undergoing major oncologic surgery did not demonstrate a significant association between red blood cell transfusions and worse outcomes.

Assessing the impact of perioperative blood transfusions on the survival of adults undergoing cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for appendiceal carcinomatosis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Perioperative red blood cell transfusions (PBT) may be associated with worse survival. In this study of adults undergoing cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (CRS-HIPEC), we investigated whether there was an association between PBT and survival. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study of adults who had undergone CRS-HIPEC for appendiceal carcinomatosis was conducted. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify factors associated with survival. RESULTS: Of the 270 patients analysed, 170 (63%) received PBT. A PBT was not significantly associated with recurrence-free survival (RFS) (HR = 1·03; 95% CI: 0·7-1·51; P = 0·879) or overall survival (OS) (HR = 0·65; 95% CI: 0·38-1·11; P = 0·116). Higher number of PBT units (≥5) was not associated with worse RFS (P = 0·077) or OS (P = 0·079). Independent predictors of poor survival included as follows: estimated blood loss and high tumour grade for RFS (both P < 0·001), and male gender (P = 0·029) and high tumour grade (P < 0·001) for OS. Higher preoperative haemoglobin was independently associated with better RFS (P = 0·011) and OS (P = 0·006). CONCLUSIONS: In this retrospective study of adults who had undergone CRS-HIPEC for appendiceal carcinomatosis, PBT was not significantly associated with survival.

Detecting relapse in youth with psychotic disorders utilizing patient-generated and patient-contributed digital data from Facebook.

Although most patients who experience a first-episode of psychosis achieve remission of positive psychotic symptoms, relapse is common. Existing relapse evaluation strategies are limited by their reliance on direct and timely contact with professionals, and accurate reporting of symptoms. A method by which to objectively identify early relapse warning signs could facilitate swift intervention. We collected 52,815 Facebook posts across 51 participants with recent onset psychosis (mean age = 23.96 years; 70.58% male) and applied anomaly detection to explore linguistic and behavioral changes associated with psychotic relapse. We built a one-class classification model that makes patient-specific personalized predictions on risk to relapse. Significant differences were identified in the words posted to Facebook in the month preceding a relapse hospitalization compared to periods of relative health, including increased usage of words belonging to the swear (p < 0.0001, Wilcoxon signed rank test), anger (p < 0.001), and death (p < 0.0001) categories, decreased usage of words belonging to work (p = 0.00579), friends (p < 0.0001), and health (p < 0.0001) categories, as well as a significantly increased use of first (p < 0.0001) and second-person (p < 0.001) pronouns. We additionally observed a significant increase in co-tagging (p < 0.001) and friending (p < 0.0001) behaviors in the month before a relapse hospitalization. Our classifier achieved a specificity of 0.71 in predicting relapse. Results indicate that social media activity captures objective linguistic and behavioral markers of psychotic relapse in young individuals with recent onset psychosis. Machine-learning models were capable of making personalized predictions of imminent relapse hospitalizations at the patient-specific level.

A pilot investigation of differential neuroendocrine associations with fronto-limbic activation during semantically-cued list learning in mood disorders.

BACKGROUND: Decreased volume and disrupted function in neural structures essential for memory formation (e.g. medial temporal lobe and prefrontal cortex) are common among individuals with depression. Hypothalamic-pituitary-axis function, as reflected by measurement of cortisol levels, is linked to neural activity during memory encoding in healthy people. However, it is not as well understood whether cortisol is associated with alterations in fronto-temporal recruitment during memory encoding in depression. METHODS: In this pilot study, we evaluated associations between cortisol and neural activation during memory encoding in 62 adults (18-65 years) with mood disorders (MD; n = 39, 66.7% female), including major depression (n = 28) and bipolar I disorder (n = 11), and healthy controls (HC; n = 23, 43.5% female). Participants provided salivary cortisol samples before and after completing a semantically-cued list-learning task during 3-Tesla fMRI. Links between pre-scan cortisol (and cortisol change) and activation during encoding were evaluated using block and event-related models. RESULTS: Overall, pre-scan cortisol level was positively associated with greater engagement of fronto-limbic activation during the encoding block. However, in MD, pre-scan cortisol was associated with attenuated activation during encoding in medial frontal, superior and middle temporal gyri, insula, lingual gyrus, and claustrum relative to HCs. Cortisol-related attenuation of activation in MD was also observed during encoding of words subsequently recalled in the ventral anterior cingulate, hypothalamus, and middle temporal gyrus. By and large, cortisol change (pre/post scan) predicted the same pattern of findings in both block and event-related contrasts. LIMITATIONS: Although analyses accounted for variations in scanner time of day, circadian alterations in cortisol may have introduced variability into the results. CONCLUSIONS: Pre-scan cortisol may selectively interfere with recruitment of important fronto-temporal memory circuitry in mood disorders. The inverted associations between cortisol and neural function in MD relative to HC also elucidate potentially unique pathophysiological markers of mood disorders.

The effects of text-based and graphics-based software tools on planning and organizing of stories.

This article describes a research study comparing the effects of two computer-based writing tools on the story-writing skills of fourth-through eighth-grade students with language-related learning disabilities. The first tool, the prompted writing feature of FrEdWriter (Rogers, 1985), allowed students to answer story grammar questions, then type stories using those responses as the plan; the second tool, Once Upon a Time (Urban, Rushing, & Star, 1990), allowed students to create graphic scenes, then type stories about those scenes. Nine students attended a series of after-school writing labs twice weekly for 11 weeks, using each tool for half of the writing sessions. Group results did not clearly favor either tool; however, individual differences suggested that use of planning features should be linked to student needs. Students who had less internal organizational ability benefited from the computer-presented story grammar prompts and wrote less mature stories when using the graphics-based tool. Students with relatively strong organizational skills wrote more mature stories with the graphics-based tool.

The speech-language pathologist's role in a writing lab approach.

In a writing lab approach, speech-language pathologists (SLPs) work on collaborative teams with general and special educators to foster language growth using inclusive, curriculum-based, computer-supported writing process instruction. By engaging students in authentic writing projects using recursive writing processes--planning, organizing, drafting, revising, editing, publishing, presenting--and supporting them with instructional scaffolding, peer feedback, and computers, SLPs can address individualized needs while achieving goals of the general education curriculum. Case examples illustrate how intervention can be designed to meet the needs of students with diverse disabilities to interact socially and progress academically within the general education curriculum.