Blood Product Utilization in Patients With COVID-19 on ECMO.

INTRODUCTION: Although extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been associated with improved outcomes in COVID patients with respiratory failure, data regarding the need for blood product utilization in this population is inadequate. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of all COVID patients requiring ECMO support at our facility. Patient demographics, co-morbidities, measures of acuity, and blood product utilization were identified. Patients were stratified by the presence of a major bleed and the need for dialysis. The primary outcome was blood product utilization. Linear regression models were used to assess predictors of the need for blood products. RESULTS: From 2020 to 2021, 41 patients with COVID-19 were included in our study. Overall 1601 d of support, COVID ECMO patients received 755 units of packed red blood cells (PRBC), 51 units of fresh frozen plasma (FFP), 326 platelets, and 1702 cryoprecipitate, amounting to 18.4 units PRBC per patient or 3.30 units per week of ECMO support. Both major bleeding and the need for dialysis were associated with higher rates of transfusion of PRBC, FFP, and platelets. The average non-bleeding COVID ECMO patient who did not need dialysis required 2.17 units of PRBC, 0.12 units of FFP, 0.76 platelets, and 8.36 of cryoprecipitate per week of ECMO support. On multivariable linear regression analysis, each day on ECMO was associated with 0.30 [0.19-0.42, P < 0.01] units of PRBC. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, COVID ECMO is associated with a significant need for blood and blood products. Major bleeding and dialysis are important drivers of blood product requirements.

Intermediate-term survival and functional outcomes of COVID-19 extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients.

BACKGROUND: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been associated with acceptable short-term survival in patients with refractory respiratory failure secondary to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. Previous studies have demonstrated acceptable long-term outcomes in patients supported with ECMO for respiratory failure of other etiologies. However, long-term survival and functional outcomes in COVID ECMO patients remain unknown. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of all COVID patients requiring ECMO at our hospital. The primary outcomes measured were survival to discharge and contemporary survival. Secondary outcomes included two simple functional assessments: the ongoing need for oxygen supplementation and the ability to return to work. Survival was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Hazard ratios were calculated using Cox hazards regression models. RESULTS: From 2020 to 2021, 48 COVID patients have been supported with ECMO at our hospital. Four patients remain on support and were excluded from further analysis. The average age was 47 ± 8 years, 34 (77%) were males, and the plurality (19, 43%) were Hispanic. Median duration of support was 23 (12-51) days. Median follow-up was 106 (29-226) days. Survival to discharge was 59%. Kaplan-Meier 180-day survival was 51%. Long-term survival conditioned on survival to discharge was 89%. In evaluating functional outcomes, the overwhelming majority of patients no longer required oxygen supplementation (74%), and most had returned to work (52%). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, COVID ECMO patients have acceptable intermediate-term survival with adequate functional recovery.

Early mobilization in coronavirus-19 patients treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia can be associated with refractory respiratory failure requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation(ECMO). Although ECMO has helped many COVID patients, optimal management strategies for these patients remain unknown. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of all COVID patients requiring ECMO at our hospital. Six months into the pandemic, we changed our management strategy to focus on early mobilization. The early mobilization effort included tracheostomy within 48 h of cannulation, decreasing sedation, and an aggressive physical and occupational therapy program progressing toward early ambulation while on ECMO. The primary outcome measured was survival to discharge. The primary stratification was based on the mobilization strategy. RESULTS: From 2020 to 2021, 47 COVID patients have been supported with ECMO at our institution. Five are still in the hospital on ECMO. 39 (83%) were supported with venovenous ECMO while 8 (17%) were supported with venoarterial or a right ventricular assist device type configuration. All 47 (100%) were cannulated at bedside with transesophageal echocardiographic guidance. The average age was 47 ± 9 years; 36(77%) were male; and 20 (43%) were Hispanic. The median duration of support was 22 (11-44) days. Excluding those who remain in the hospital and on support, overall survival to discharge was 24/42 (57%). When stratified by mobilization strategy, early tracheostomy and mobilization were associated with significantly improved survival (74% [17/23] vs. 37% [7/19], p = .02). There were no changes in patient acuity or duration of support throughout the study period. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, early tracheostomy, decreased sedation, and aggressive mobilization of COVID-19 ECMO patients is associated with improved survival.