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BACKGROUND: Dengue is an important public health problem in Argentina, as in many other countries. We reviewed and updated information on the dengue disease burden in Argentina over a 10-year period. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective descriptive study from 2010 to 2020 based on data from the National Health Surveillance System. The main outcomes included dengue cases, incidence rates, deaths, and serotype distribution by season, age group, and region. RESULTS: A total of 109,998 confirmed cases of dengue were reported. Seasonality stands out, prevailing during summer and autumn. Two main outbreaks (seasons 2015/16 and 2019/20), with increasing magnitude, were observed. The 2019/20 season showed the highest number of cases (58,731) and incidence rate (135/100,000). The Northeast region had the highest number of cases and incidence rate. In 2020, for the first time, autochthonous cases were registered in the Cuyo region. The only region with no autochthonous cases was the South. Adolescents and young adults showed the highest incidence rate. The case fatality rate for the period was 0.05%. Four serotypes circulated, but the predominant one was DEN-1 (78%). CONCLUSIONS: Dengue has been expanding temporally and spatially. Although the DEN-1 serotype widely predominated, the increasing circulation of other serotypes raises concerns regarding re-exposure and the severity of future cases. Understanding epidemiological trends is key to defining public prevention and control policies.
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INTRODUCTION: Tocilizumab (TCZ), an IL-6 receptor antagonist monoclonal antibody is warranted in severe and critically-ill COVID-19 patients. The objective was to evaluate 28-day mortality of patients with severe or critical COVID-19 treated with early vs delayed TCZ. METHODS: Multicenter, retrospective cohort study including patients >18 years hospitalized between 7/1/2021-8/1/2022 with confirmed COVID-19, with 5, 6 and 7 points of WHO Ordinal Initial Severity Scale [SS]. Early or late administration was considered if TCZ was administered before or after 48 hours from admission. Outcomes were 28-day mortality and change of SS. Factors related to 28-day mortality were evaluated with Cox regression. RESULTS: 266 patients were included, 159(60%) male; aged 58(± 15); frequent comorbidities were hypertension (42%), obesity (37%) and diabetes (27%). Seventy patients had a SS = 5 (Supplemental O2), 143 had SS = 6 (NIV/ HFNC), and 53 had SS = 7 (IMV). 28-day mortality was 42%(112/266); predictors were age, obesity, higher SS, days between hospitalization and TCZ administration, and fewer days between symptoms onset and TCZ. Mortality of SS 5, 6 and 7 was 26%, 39% and 72% respectively. Compared with baseline SS points, 76% and 62% of patients remained stable or improved on days 3 and 7 since TCZ administration. 28-day mortality was lower when TCZ was administered before 48 hours (39% vs 57%; p = 0.02; HR = 0.63;[0.41-0.99, p = 0.05]). DISCUSSION: This study supports the early use of TCZ in patients with severe or critical COVID-19.
Introducción: El objetivo principal del estudio fue evaluar la mortalidad en los pacientes con COVID-19 graves y críticos, que recibieron tocilizumab (TCZ) -un antagonista monoclonal del receptor de IL-6- de forma temprana vs. tardía. Métodos: Cohorte retrospectiva multicéntrica de pacientes > 18 años internados con COVID-19 desde el 1/7/2021-1/8/2022, con 5-7 puntos de gravedad inicial (GI) según Escala de la OMS. Se consideró administración temprana o tardía a la infusión de TCZ = ó > a 48 h del ingreso. Las variables de resultado fueron mortalidad a 28 días y cambio de la GI. Los factores relacionados con la mortalidad fueron evaluados con regresión de Cox. Resultados: Se incluyeron 266 pacientes, 159(60%) varones; edad 58(± 15); con hipertensión arterial (43%), obesidad (37%) y diabetes (27%);70 presentaban GI = 5 (oxígeno suplementario), 143 GI = 6 (ventilación no invasiva o cánula nasal de alto flujo) y 53 GI = 7 (ventilación mecánica invasiva). La mortalidad a 28 días fue 42%, asociada independientemente a: edad, obesidad, GI, días entre la internación y administración del TCZ, y días entre la fecha de inicio de síntomas y el TCZ. La mortalidad para GI 5, 6 y 7 fue 26%, 39% y 72%, respectivamente; 76% y 62% de los pacientes permanecieron estables o mejoraron la GI a los días 3 y 7 de la infusión de TCZ. La mortalidad a 28 días fue 39% (TCZ temprano) vs. 57% (TCZ tardío); p = 0.02; HR = 0.63[0.41-0.99, p = 0.05]). Discusión: Estos resultados apoyan la administración temprana de TCZ en pacientes con COVID-19 grave y crítica.
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COVID-19 , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , SARS-CoV-2 , Estudos Retrospectivos , Tratamento Farmacológico da COVID-19 , ObesidadeRESUMO
Background: After primary vaccination schemes with rAd26-rAd5 (Sputnik V), ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, BBIBP-CorV or heterologous combinations, the effectiveness of homologous or heterologous boosters (Sputnik V, ChAdOx, Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna) against SARS-CoV-2 infections, hospitalisations and deaths has been scarcely studied. Methods: Test-negative, case-control study, conducted in Argentina during omicron BA.1 predominance, in adults ≥50 years old tested for SARS-CoV-2 who had received two or three doses of COVID-19 vaccines. Outcomes were COVID-associated infections, hospitalisations and deaths after administering mRNA and vectored boosters, < or ≥60 days from the last dose. Findings: Of 422,124 individuals tested for SARS-CoV-2, 221,993 (52.5%) tested positive; 190,884 (45.2%) and 231,260 (54.8%) had received 2-dose and 3-dose vaccination schemes, respectively. The 3-dose scheme reduced infections, hospitalisations and death (OR 0.81 [0.80-0.83]; 0.28 [0.25-0.32] and 0.25 [0.22-0.28] respectively), but protection dropped after 60 days to 1.04 [1.01-1.06]; 0.52 [0.44-0.61] and 0.38 [0.33-0.45]). Compared with 2-dose-schemes, homologous boosters after primary schemes with vectored-vaccines provided lower protection against infections < and ≥60 days (0.94 [0.92-0.97] and 1.05 [1.01-1.09], respectively) but protected against hospitalisations (0.30 [0.26-0.35]) and deaths (0.29 [0.25-0.33]), decreasing after 60 days (0.59 [0.47-0.74] and 0.51 [0.41-0.64], respectively). Heterologous boosters protected against infections (0.70 [0.68-0.71]) but decreased after 60 days (1.01 [0.98-1.04]) and against hospitalisations and deaths (0.26 [0.22-0.31] and 0.22 [0.18-0.25], respectively), which also decreased after 60 days (0.43 [0.35-0.53] and 0.33 [0.26-0.41], respectively). Heterologous boosters protected against infections when applied <60 days (0.70 [0.68-0.71], p < 0.001), against hospitalisations when applied ≥60 days (0.43 [0.35-0.53], p < 0.01), and against deaths < and ≥60 days (0.22 [0.18-0.25], p < 0.01 and 0.33 [0.26-0.41], p < 0.001). Interpretation: During omicron predominance, heterologous boosters such as viral vectored and mRNA vaccines, following Sputnik V, ChAdOx1, Sinopharm or heterologous primary schemes might provide better protection against death; this effect might last longer in individuals aged ≥50 than homologous boosters. Funding: None.
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Background: Although paediatric clinical presentations of COVID-19 are usually less severe than in adults, serious illness and death have occurred. Many countries started the vaccination rollout of children in 2021; still, information about effectiveness in the real-world setting is scarce. The aim of our study was to evaluate vaccine effectiveness (VE) against COVID-19-associated-hospitalisations in the 3-17-year population during the Omicron outbreak. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study including individuals aged 3-17 registered in the online vaccination system of the Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2 were administered to 12-17-year subjects; and BBIBP-CorV to 3-11-year subjects. Vaccinated group had received a two-dose scheme by 12/1/2021. Unvaccinated group did not receive any COVID-19 vaccine between 12/14/2021 and 3/9/2022, which was the entire monitoring period. Vaccine effectiveness (VE) against COVID-19-associated hospitalisations was calculated as (1-OR)x100. Findings: By 12/1/2021, 1,536,435 individuals aged 3-17 who had received zero or two doses of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines were included in this study. Of the latter, 1,440,389 were vaccinated and 96,046 not vaccinated. VE were 78.0%[68.7-84.2], 76.4%[62.9-84.5] and 80.0%[64.3-88.0] for the entire cohort, 3-11-year (BBIBP-CorV) subgroup and 12-17 (mRNA vaccines) subgroup, respectively. VE for the entire population was 82.7% during the period of Delta and Omicron overlapping circulation and decreased to 67.7% when Omicron was the only variant present. Interpretation: This report provides evidence of high vaccine protection against associated hospitalisations in the paediatric population during the Omicron outbreak but suggests a decrease of protection when Omicron became predominant. Application of a booster dose in children aged 3-11-year warrants further consideration. Funding: None.
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BACKGROUND: A first-dose of various vaccines provides acceptable protection against infections by SARS-CoV-2 and evolution to the most severe forms of COVID-19. The recombinant adenovirus (rAd)-based vaccine, Gam-COVID-Vac (Sputnik V), was proven efficacious but information about effectiveness in the real-world setting is lacking. The aim of our study was to investigate the association between the rollout of the first component (rAd26) of Gam-COVID-Vac and PCR-positive tests, hospitalisations and deaths. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study which analyzed individuals aged 60-79 who self-registered in the online vaccination system of the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, from December 29, 2020 to March 21, 2021. Exclusion criteria were having a previous positive RT-PCR or antigen tests for SARS-CoV-2, having received other vaccines, or two doses of any vaccine.Proportions of new laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections, hospitalisations and deaths until 83 days of vaccination were compared between vaccinated and unvaccinated subjects. Vaccine effectiveness for the three outcomes was calculated as (1-OR) × 100. Kaplan-Meier cumulative incidence curves were constructed. FINDINGS: During the study period 415995 registered subjects received the first component of Gam-COVID-Vac; 40387 belonged to the 60-79 age group, and were compared to 38978 unvaccinated. Vaccine effectiveness for preventing laboratory-confirmed infections was 78â¢6% [CI95% 74·8 - 81·7]; and for reducing hospitalizations and deaths was, respectively, 87·6% [CI95% 80·3 - 92·2] and 84·8% [CI95% 75·0 - 90·7]. Effectiveness was high across all subgroups. INTERPRETATION: Similarly to other vaccines, the administration of one dose of Gam-COVID-Vac was effective for a wide range of COVID-19-related outcomes. FUNDING: This study did not receive any funding.
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BACKGROUND: Within-country differences in the timing of RSV and influenza epidemics have not been assessed in Argentina, the eighth largest country in the world by area. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to compare seasonality for RSV and influenza both nationally and in each of the five regions to inform Argentina's prevention and treatment guidelines. METHOD: The Argentine National Laboratories and Health Institutes Administration collected respiratory specimens from clinical practices, outbreak investigations, and respiratory virus surveillance in 2007-2016; these were tested using immunofluorescence or RT-PCR techniques. We calculated weekly percent positive (PP) and defined season onset as >2 consecutive weeks when PP exceeded the annual mean for the respective year and region. Median season measures (onset, offset and peak) and the established mean method were calculated for each virus. RESULTS: An annual median 59 396 specimens were tested for RSV and 60 931 for influenza; 21-29% tested positive for RSV and 2-7% for influenza. National RSV activity began in April; region-specific start weeks varied by 7 weeks. Duration of RSV activity did not vary widely by region (16-18 weeks in duration). National influenza activity started in June; region-specific start weeks varied by 3 weeks. Duration of influenza epidemic activity varied more by region than that of RSV (7-13 weeks in duration). CONCLUSION: In Argentina, RSV and influenza activity overlapped during the winter months. RSV season tended to begin prior to the influenza season, and showed more variation in start week by region. Influenza seasons tended to vary more in duration than RSV seasons.
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Epidemias/estatística & dados numéricos , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Infecções por Vírus Respiratório Sincicial/epidemiologia , Estações do Ano , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Argentina/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Geografia , Humanos , Lactente , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Vigilância em Saúde Pública , Fatores de Tempo , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Dengue is a major and rapidly increasing public health problem. In Argentina, the southern extreme of its distribution in the Americas, epidemic transmission takes place during the warm season. Since its re-emergence in 1998 two major outbreaks have occurred, the biggest during 2016. To identify the environmental factors that trigger epidemic events, we analyzed the occurrence and magnitude of dengue outbreaks in time and space at different scales in association with climatic, geographic and demographic variables and number of cases in endemic neighboring countries. METHODS: Information on dengue cases was obtained from dengue notifications reported in the National Health Surveillance System. The resulting database was analyzed by Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMM) under three methodological approaches to: identify in which years the most important outbreaks occurred in association with environmental variables and propose a risk estimation for future epidemics (temporal approach); characterize which variables explain the occurrence of local outbreaks through time (spatio-temporal approach); and select the environmental drivers of the geographical distribution of dengue positive districts during 2016 (spatial approach). RESULTS: Within the temporal approach, the number of dengue cases country-wide between 2009 and 2016 was positively associated with the number of dengue cases in bordering endemic countries and negatively with the days necessary for transmission (DNT) during the previous autumn in the central region of the country. Annual epidemic intensity in the period between 1999-2016 was associated with DNT during previous autumn and winter. Regarding the spatio-temporal approach, dengue cases within a district were also associated with mild conditions in the previous autumn along with the number of dengue cases in neighboring countries. As for the spatial approach, the best model for the occurrence of two or more dengue cases per district included autumn minimum temperature and human population as fixed factors, and the province as a grouping variable. Explanatory power of all models was high, in the range 57-95%. DISCUSSION: Given the epidemic nature of dengue in Argentina, virus pressure from endemic neighboring countries along with climatic conditions are crucial to explain disease dynamics. In the three methodological approaches, temperature conditions during autumn were best associated with dengue patterns. We propose that mild autumns represent an advantage for mosquito vector populations and that, in temperate regions, this advantage manifests as a larger egg bank from which the adult population will re-emerge in spring. This may constitute a valuable anticipating tool for high transmission risk events.
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INTRODUCCIÓN: En febrero de 2022 se produjo en la provincia de Buenos Aires un brote de intoxicación por consumo de cocaína adulterada con opioides. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir la población afectada, las acciones realizadas desde el Ministerio de Salud de la Provincia de Buenos Aires a partir de la detección de la problemática y analizar las modalidades de abordaje de los consumos respecto de los paradigmas de atención desde la perspectiva de la salud y las normativas vigentes en la temática en Argentina. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal con enfoque cuantitativo. Se estudió a todas las personas que presentaban síntomas compatibles con cuadros de intoxicación por consumo de cocaína adulterada y que consultaron en establecimientos de salud de la provincia de Buenos Aires en febrero de 2022. RESULTADOS: Se notificaron 124 casos, el rango etario fue de 18 a 57 años, y el 84,5% fueron informados como sexo legal masculino. El 66% requirió internación hospitalaria, y 19 personas fallecieron. Los resultados de laboratorio confirmaron que la sustancia consumida era cocaína con carfentanilo. DISCUSIÓN: La identificación de opioides es un fenómeno novedoso en la región, que invita a problematizar los marcos normativos y los paradigmas de abordaje vigentes para superar visiones que reducen la problemática a los aspectos inherentes a los individuos y sus conductas respecto del consumo de sustancias psicoactivas.
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Intoxicação , Cocaína , Analgésicos OpioidesRESUMO
Resumen Introducción: El objetivo principal del estudio fue evaluar la mortalidad en los pacientes con COVID-19 graves y críticos, que recibieron tocilizumab (TCZ) -un antagonista monoclonal del receptor de IL-6- de forma temprana vs. tardía. Métodos: Cohorte retrospectiva multicéntrica de pacientes >18 años internados con COVID-19 desde el 1/7/2021-1/8/2022, con 5-7 puntos de gravedad inicial (GI) según Escala de la OMS. Se consideró adminis tración temprana o tardía a la infusión de TCZ ≤ ó > a 48 h del ingreso. Las variables de resultado fueron mortalidad a 28 días y cambio de la GI. Los factores relacionados con la mortalidad fueron evaluados con regresión de Cox. Resultados: Se incluyeron 266 pacientes, 159(60%) varones; edad 58(± 15); con hipertensión arterial (43%), obesidad (37%) y diabetes (27%);70 presentaban GI = 5 (oxígeno suplementario), 143 GI = 6 (ventilación no inva siva o cánula nasal de alto flujo) y 53 GI = 7 (ventilación mecánica invasiva). La mortalidad a 28 días fue 42%, asociada independientemente a: edad, obesidad, GI, días entre la internación y administración del TCZ, y días entre la fecha de inicio de síntomas y el TCZ. La mortalidad para GI 5, 6 y 7 fue 26%, 39% y 72%, respectivamente; 76% y 62% de los pacientes permanecieron estables o mejoraron la GI a los días 3 y 7 de la infusión de TCZ. La mortalidad a 28 días fue 39% (TCZ temprano) vs. 57% (TCZ tardío); p = 0.02; HR = 0.63[0.41-0.99, p = 0.05]). Discusión: Estos resultados apoyan la administración temprana de TCZ en pacientes con COVID-19 grave y crítica.
Abstract Introduction: Tocilizumab (TCZ), an IL-6 receptor antagonist monoclonal antibody is warranted in severe and critically-ill COVID-19 patients. The objective was to evaluate 28-day mortality of patients with severe or critical COVID-19 treated with early vs delayed TCZ. Methods: Multicenter, retrospective cohort study in cluding patients>18 years hospitalized between 7/1/2021- 8/1/2022 with confirmed COVID-19, with 5, 6 and 7 points of WHO Ordinal Initial Severity Scale [SS]. Early or late administration was considered if TCZ was administered before or after 48 hours from admission. Outcomes were28-day mortality and change of SS. Factors related to 28-day mortality were evaluated with Cox regression. Results: 266 patients were included, 159(60%) male; aged 58(± 15); frequent comorbidities were hypertension (42%), obesity (37%) and diabetes (27%). Seventy patients had a SS = 5 (Supplemental O2), 143 had SS = 6 (NIV/ HFNC), and 53 had SS = 7 (IMV). 28-day mortality was 42%(112/266); predictors were age, obesity, higher SS, days between hospitalization and TCZ administration, and fewer days between symptoms onset and TCZ. Mortality of SS 5, 6 and 7 was 26%, 39% and 72% respectively. Com pared with baseline SS points, 76% and 62% of patients remained stable or improved on days 3 and 7 since TCZ administration. 28-day mortality was lower when TCZ was administered before 48 hours (39% vs 57%; p = 0.02; HR = 0.63;[0.41-0.99, p = 0.05]). Discussion: This study supports the early use of TCZ in patients with severe or critical COVID-19.
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RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN: El suicidio constituye una de las principales causas de muerte consideradas como violentas y evitables. El objetivo fue estimar la incidencia y modalidad de suicidios en la serie histórica 2009-2020, considerando este último año como contexto pandémico por COVID-19. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio transversal, observacional y retrospectivo de línea histórica. Los datos fueron obtenidos de la Dirección de Estadística e Información en Salud del Ministerio de Salud de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Se clasificaron según tres modalidades de suicidio: intervención de un agente invasivo, un agente externo o sin agente. Para evaluar la posible variación de la densidad poblacional sobre las tasas de incidencia, se distribuyeron las defunciones sobre la base del tamaño poblacional de residencia. Finalmente, se obtuvieron dos índices: escore p y estimación de mortalidad observada (MO). RESULTADOS: Entre 2009 y 2020 se produjeron 13 221 muertes por lesiones autoinfligidas, con un promedio de 1110 suicidios al año. Al comparar 2020 (916 suicidios) con el quinquenio inmediato anterior (2015-2019, con una media de 1139 suicidios ±26 en su error estándar), el escore p mostró una reducción del 23,1% (275 muertes menos de lo esperado) y la MO, un descenso de 19,6% (223 muertes por debajo del intervalo superior esperado). DISCUSIÓN: En 2020 se redujo la incidencia absoluta y relativa de suicidios, aunque se mantuvo la diferencia según modalidad y género observada en la línea histórica.
ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Suicide is one of the main causes of death classified as violent and preventable. The objective was to estimate the incidence and mode of suicide in the 2009-2020 historical series, considering year 2020 as COVID-19 pandemic context. METHODS: A cross-sectional, retrospective, observational, historical timeline study was conducted. Data were obtained from the Department of Health Statistics and Information of the Ministry of Health of the Province of Buenos Aires. They were classified according to three modes of suicide: intervention of an invasive agent, an external agent or no agent. In order to evaluate the possible variation of population density on suicide incidence rates, deaths were distributed based on the population size of residence. Finally, two indices were obtained: the p-score and the estimate of observed mortality (OM). RESULTS: During 2009-2020 there were 13221 deaths due to self-inflicted injuries, with an average of 1110 suicides per year. When comparing the year 2020 (916 suicides) with the previous five-year period (2015-2019, with a mean of 1139 suicides ±26 in its standard error), the p-score showed a reduction of 23.1% (275 deaths less than expected) and OM, a decrease of 19.6% (223 deaths below the expected upper interval). DISCUSSION: During 2020 there was a reduction in the absolute and relative incidence of suicides, while maintaining the difference according to mode and gender observed through the historical timeline.
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INTRODUCCIÓN: El desarrollo de la pandemia por COVID-19 se ha descrito en función de olas. El objetivo del trabajo fue caracterizar la pandemia en la provincia de Buenos Aires a través de la comparación de indicadores en cada ola. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo observacional con datos de fuentes secundarias. Cada ola se definió a partir de los puntos de inflexión en la curva de casos confirmados acumulados. Las olas se compararon por indicadores de morbilidad y mortalidad. RESULTADOS: Se establecieron tres períodos distintos: primera ola, rebrote de verano y segunda ola. El máximo de casos confirmados y fallecidos diarios en la primera ola fue 5799 y 192, y en la segunda, 12 141 y 282, respectivamente. La letalidad fue 3,5% en la primera ola y 2,3% en la segunda. La edad media en los casos confirmados y fallecidos en la segunda ola fue significativamente menor que en la primera. En los casos confirmados, la mayor diferencia en la proporción por grupos etarios se observó en el de 10-19 años. DISCUSIÓN: La segunda ola tuvo mayor magnitud, posiblemente relacionada con la circulación de una nueva variante del SARS-CoV-2, Gamma (P.1), para la cual hay evidencias de mayor transmisibilidad. El descenso de edad en fallecidos podría explicarse por la disminución en la edad de los casos confirmados y por la priorización de personas de mayor edad en el plan de vacunación. El aumento en el grupo de 10-19 años podría relacionarse con el reinicio de clases presenciales en las escuelas.
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Argentina , Epidemiologia , COVID-19RESUMO
RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN El desarrollo de la pandemia por COVID-19 se ha descrito en función de olas. El objetivo del trabajo fue caracterizar la pandemia en la provincia de Buenos Aires a través de la comparación de indicadores en cada ola MÉTODOS Se realizó un estudio descriptivo observacional con datos de fuentes secundarias. Cada ola se definió a partir de los puntos de inflexión en la curva de casos confirmados acumulados. Las olas se compararon por indicadores de morbilidad y mortalidad RESULTADOS Se establecieron tres períodos distintos: primera ola, rebrote de verano y segunda ola. El máximo de casos confirmados y fallecidos diarios en la primera ola fue 5799 y 192, y en la segunda, 12 141 y 282, respectivamente. La letalidad fue 3,5% en la primera ola y 2,3% en la segunda. La edad media en los casos confirmados y fallecidos en la segunda ola fue significativamente menor que en la primera. En los casos confirmados, la mayor diferencia en la proporción por grupos etarios se observó en el de 10-19 años DISCUSIÓN La segunda ola tuvo mayor magnitud, posiblemente relacionada con la circulación de una nueva variante del SARS-CoV-2, Gamma (P.1), para la cual hay evidencias de mayor transmisibilidad. El descenso de edad en fallecidos podría explicarse por la disminución en la edad de los casos confirmados y por la priorización de personas de mayor edad en el plan de vacunación. El aumento en el grupo de 10-19 años podría relacionarse con el reinicio de clases presenciales en las escuelas. ^s+
ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION The development of the COVID-19 pandemic has been described in terms of waves. This work aimed at characterizing the pandemic in the province of Buenos Aires through the comparison of indicators in each wave METHODS A descriptive observational study with data from secondary sources was conducted. Each wave was defined based on the inflection points of the cumulative confirmed cases curve. The waves were compared by indicators of morbidity and mortality RESULTS Three different periods were established: first wave, summer resurgence and second wave. The maximum number of confirmed cases and deaths per day during the first wave was 5799 and 192, and during the second wave 12141 and 282, respectively. The fatality was 3.5% during the first wave and 2.3% during the second one. The mean age of confirmed and deceased cases during the second wave was significantly lower than during the first one. Among confirmed cases, the greatest difference in the proportion by age group was observed in the group aged 10 to 19 years DISCUSSION The second wave was of greater magnitude, probably due to the circulation of the new variant of SARS-CoV-2, Gamma (P.1), for which there is evidence of increased transmissibility. The decrease in the age of deceased may be explained by the decrease in the age of confirmed cases and by the priority given to older people in the vaccination campaign. The increase in the 10-19 age group may be related to the resumption of face-to-face classes in schools.
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INTRODUCCIÓN: El impacto de la pandemia por COVID-19 sobre la mortalidad abarca tanto sus efectos directos, las defunciones atribuidas al virus SARS-CoV-2, como indirectos sobre otras causas de muerte. "El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la variación sobre causas de muerte no COVID-19 en la provincia de Buenos Aires durante 2020. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de base poblacional, utilizando fuentes secundarias. Se analizó la variación en la mortalidad por causas específicas codificadas según CIE-10, desagregadas a nivel de capítulo y grupos. Las variaciones entre las causas de muerte observadas y esperadas se compararon mediante el método de P-score respecto al quinquenio inmediato anterior (2015-2019). RESULTADOS: Todos los capítulos CIE-10 estudiados se ubican por debajo del promedio de la serie histórica. La mayor variación se registra en causas externas (-20,0%), enfermedades del sistema respiratorio (-9,1%), tumores (-8,1%), enfermedades nutricionales, endocrinas y metabólicas (-5,7%) y finalmente enfermedades del sistema circulatorio (-2,2%). DISCUSIÓN: Se observó la existencia de un reemplazo variable de otras causas de defunción por muertes COVID-19 durante 2020. El análisis de causas múltiples resultó de utilidad para reestimar, en el caso del grupo de influenza (gripe) y neumonías, la participación global de la COVID-19 en la cadena de eventos que contribuyeron al deceso.
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Argentina , Epidemiologia , Causas de Morte , COVID-19RESUMO
INTRODUCCIÓN: Uno de los problemas que ha enfrentado el sistema de salud de los diferentes países debido a la pandemia de COVID-19 es la disponibilidad de servicios y atención médica en unidades de cuidados intensivos (UCI). El objetivo fue evaluar la sobrevida en pacientes internados por COVID-19 en UCI entre enero y abril de 2021 en la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. MÉTODOS: Se consideró a los pacientes que, incluidos en el sistema de vigilancia, tuvieran su correlato de información del porcentaje ocupacional de camas de la UCI desde el sistema general. Con esta información se realizó un análisis de sobrevida, considerando tablas de vida, Kaplan-Meier y regresión de Cox. El evento fue el óbito, el tiempo de seguimiento a 96 días y las fechas de internación, defunción y egreso dentro de la UCI como períodos individuales de cada paciente. La capacidad operativa de las UCI fue medida a través del porcentaje de ocupación de camas al momento del ingreso. RESULTADOS: Las UCI con un porcentaje ocupacional mayor al 80% mostraron pacientes con menor curva de sobrevida que sus pares por debajo de esas cifras al momento de ingresar a la internación. DISCUSIÓN: Las diferencias en promedios de sobrevida son estadísticamente diferentes, y muestran dos curvas distintas de supervivencia en el momento en que la segunda ola de COVID-19 afectaba a la Argentina.
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Argentina , Sobrevida , COVID-19 , Unidades de Terapia IntensivaRESUMO
RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN El impacto de la pandemia por COVID-19 sobre la mortalidad abarca tanto sus efectos directos, las defunciones atribuidas al virus SARS-CoV-2, como indirectos sobre otras causas de muerte. "El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la variación sobre causas de muerte no COVID-19 en la provincia de Buenos Aires durante 2020 MÉTODOS Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de base poblacional, utilizando fuentes secundarias. Se analizó la variación en la mortalidad por causas específicas codificadas según CIE-10, desagregadas a nivel de capítulo y grupos. Las variaciones entre las causas de muerte observadas y esperadas se compararon mediante el método de P-score respecto al quinquenio inmediato anterior (2015-2019) RESULTADOS Todos los capítulos CIE-10 estudiados se ubican por debajo del promedio de la serie histórica. La mayor variación se registra en causas externas (-20,0%), enfermedades del sistema respiratorio (-9,1%), tumores (-8,1%), enfermedades nutricionales, endocrinas y metabólicas (-5,7%) y finalmente enfermedades del sistema circulatorio (-2,2%) DISCUSIÓN Se observó la existencia de un reemplazo variable de otras causas de defunción por muertes COVID-19 durante 2020. El análisis de causas múltiples resultó de utilidad para reestimar, en el caso del grupo de influenza (gripe) y neumonías, la participación global de la COVID-19 en la cadena de eventos que contribuyeron al deceso.
ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mortality encompasses both its direct effects, deaths attributed to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, as well as indirect on other causes of death. The objective of the study was to determine the variation in non- COVID-19 causes of death in the province of Buenos Aires during 2020 METHODS A population-based descriptive study was carried out using secondary sources. Specific causes of death coded according to ICD-10, disaggregated by chapter and group, were analyzed. To determine whether there were variations between the observed and expected causes of death, the values of the study period were compared with the immediately preceding five-year period (2015-2019) using the P-score method RESULTS All the ICD-10 chapters studied are below the average of the historical series. The greatest variation appears in the chapter External Causes (-20.0%), Diseases of the Respiratory System (-9.1%), Neoplasms (-8.1%), Endocrine, Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases (-5.7%) and, finally, Diseases of the Circulatory System (-2.2%) DISCUSSION There is a variable change of other causes of death by COVID-19 deaths during 2020. The analysis of multiple causes was useful to re-estimate, in the case of the group of influenza (flu) and pneumonia, the global participation of COVID-19 in the chain of events that contributed to the death.
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RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN Uno de los problemas que ha enfrentado el sistema de salud de los diferentes países debido a la pandemia de COVID-19 es la disponibilidad de servicios y atención médica en unidades de cuidados intensivos (UCI). El objetivo fue evaluar la sobrevida en pacientes internados por COVID-19 en UCI entre enero y abril de 2021 en la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina MÉTODOS Se consideró a los pacientes que, incluidos en el sistema de vigilancia, tuvieran su correlato de información del porcentaje ocupacional de camas de la UCI desde el sistema general. Con esta información se realizó un análisis de sobrevida, considerando tablas de vida, Kaplan-Meier y regresión de Cox. El evento fue el óbito, el tiempo de seguimiento a 96 días y las fechas de internación, defunción y egreso dentro de la UCI como períodos individuales de cada paciente. La capacidad operativa de las UCI fue medida a través del porcentaje de ocupación de camas al momento del ingreso RESULTADOS Las UCI con un porcentaje ocupacional mayor al 80% mostraron pacientes con menor curva de sobrevida que sus pares por debajo de esas cifras al momento de ingresar a la internación DISCUSIÓN Las diferencias en promedios de sobrevida son estadísticamente diferentes, y muestran dos curvas distintas de supervivencia en el momento en que la segunda ola de COVID-19 afectaba a la Argentina. ^s+
ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION One of the problems faced by the health system in different countries due to COVID-19 pandemic is the availability of medical care services in intensive care units (ICU). The objective was to evaluate survival in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 in the ICUs during the period January-April 2021 in the province of Buenos Aires METHODS Patients included in the surveillance system who had their correlate of information on percentage of bed occupancy in the ICUs from the general system were considered. With this information, a survival analysis was performed, considering life tables, Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression. The event was death, the 96-day follow-up and the dates of admission, death and discharge within the ICUs as individual periods for each patient. Inpatient capacity of the ICUs was measured through the percentage of bed occupancy at the time of admission RESULTS The ICUs with a bed occupancy greater than 80% showed patients with a lower survival curve than those below that figure at the time of admission DISCUSSION The differences in average survival were statistically significant, and show two different survival curves at the time the second wave of COVID-19 affected the country.
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INTRODUCTION: The controversy over the presence of empathic decline within the course in students of medicine, dentistry and health sciences in general, has not fully been studied. This controversy could be partially solved if massive studies of empathy levels are made in similar cultural, social and economic contexts. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Empathy levels within the course were studied in eighteen dental schools from six countries in Latin America (2013). The mean of the empathy levels were used to study the behavior between first and fifth academic years. The values of empathy levels within the course were observed by applying the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy, the Spanish version. All these studies were cross-sectional. The value of means observed, were subjected to regression studies and further adjustment curves were obtained and the coefficient of determination were calculated. RESULTS: Six different models of behavior were observed, which found that five of them suffer empathic decline within the course, but with different final results: in some the decline persists until the fifth academic year and in others, this decline 'recovers' persistently until the fifth academic year. The sixth model is characterized by a constant and persistent increase of levels of empathy within the course until the last academic year. DISCUSSION: There are six different models for the behavior of means of levels of empathy within the course evaluated by a common methodology in eighteen dental schools from six countries of Latin America. These findings support the existence of variability of empathic response and a comprehensive approach is needed to find the causes that give rise to this variability. CONCLUSION: In dental students of Latin America, there is variability in the behavior of the distribution in means between the academic years of the dentistry schools examined in this study.
Introdução: A controvérsia sobre o declínio da empatia relativamente ao curso em estudantes de Medicina, Odontologia e Ciências da Saúde em geral ainda não foi completamente elucidada. Esta controvérsia poderia ser parcialmente solucionada se fossem realizados estudos significativos sobre os níveis de empatia em contextos culturais, sociais e económicos similares. Material e Métodos: Foram estudados os níveis de empatia com o curso em dezoito escolas de Odontologia de seis países na América Latina (2013). As médias dos níveis de empatia foram usadas para estudar o comportamento entre académicos do primeiro e quinto anos. Os valores de níveis de empatia para com o curso foram observados aplicando a versão em espanhol da escala Jefferson de Empatia Médica. Todos estes estudos foram transversais. O valor das médias observadas sujeito a tratamento estatístico de regressão, obtendo-se as subsequentes curvas de ajustes e calculado o coeficiente de determinação. Resultados: Foram observados seis diferentes modelos de comportamento, sendo que em cinco deles se verificou declínio da empatia, com diferentes resultados finais: em alguns, o declínio persistiu até o quinto ano académico e, em outros, o declínio 'recuperou-se' persistentemente até ao quinto ano académico. O sexto modelo caracterizou-se por um constante e persistente aumento nos níveis de empatia com o curso até o último ano académico. Discussão: Existem seis modelos diferentes para o comportamento das médias dos níveis de empatia para com o curso, avaliados por uma metodologia comum em dezoito escolas de Odontologia de seis países na América Latina. Estes resultados suportam a existência de variabilidade de resposta empática, sendo necessária uma abordagem compreensiva para encontrar as suas causas. Conclusão: Em estudantes de Odontologia da América Latina verifica-se variabilidade no comportamento da distribuição de meios entre os anos acadêmicos das escolas de odontologia examinadas neste trabalho.
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Educação em Odontologia , Empatia , Estudantes de Odontologia/psicologia , Estudos Transversais , Humanos , América Latina , Estudantes de Odontologia/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
Resumen La detección de SARS-CoV-2 y su implicancia en el diagnóstico de COVID-19 han sido muy debatidas en la pandemia. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el costo/beneficio de la detección de SARS-CoV-2 en contactos estrechos asintomáticos (CE) mediante el uso de distintas pruebas de diagnóstico molecular. Se estudiaron 51 CE de personas con diagnóstico de SARS-CoV-2 confirmado por RTqPCR, clasificadas por el umbral de ciclos (Ct) (<20, entre 20 y 30 y >30) en hospitales públicos de la provincia de Buenos Aires. Del total de contactos estudiados el 15,7% resultó confirmado para SARS-CoV-2; no hubo contactos positivos de casos con Ct>30. La cantidad de contactos positivos de casos con Ct<20 fue significativamente mayor que la de casos con Ct>20. Las muestras con Ct<20 se asociaron a una carga viral estimada de entre uno a cuatro órdenes de magnitud de diferencia con los rangos de Ct>20. Un 13,7% de contactos positivos fueron casos con Ct<20. De las muestras positivas confirmadas por PCR, correspondientes a la semana epidemiológica 1 de 2021 (SE1), sólo un 19,35% correspondían a muestras con Ct<20 y un 50,7% con Ct entre 20 y 30. Estos datos muestran un incremento de sólo un 3,7% de casos detectados. El esfuerzo por parte del sistema de salud pública para esta estrategia, con bajo poder predictivo, puede tener un efecto negativo para el cumplimiento del aislamiento de los contactos y podría generar una demora en los resultados de los casos sospechosos, sin aportar significativamente en el control de la pandemia.
Abstract The detection of SARS-CoV-2 and its implication in the diagnosis of COVID-19 have been highly debated in the pandemic. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cost/benefit of detecting SARS-CoV-2 in asymptomatic close contacts (CC) using different molecular diagnostic tests. A total of 51 CC of people with a diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 confirmed by RTqPCR, classified by the cycle threshold (Ct) (<20, between 20 and 30 and >30), were studied in public hospitals in the Province of Buenos Aires. Of the total contacts studied, 15.7% were confirmed for SARS-CoV-2; there were no positive contacts of cases with Ct>30 positive. The number of positive contacts of cases with Ct<20 was significantly higher than that of cases with Ct>20. Samples with Ct<20 were associated with an estimated viral load of one to four orders of magnitude difference with Ct ranges >20. A total of 13.7% of positive close contacts were from cases with Ct<20. When studying positive samples with confirmed diagnosis by PCR, corresponding to 1 epidemiological week of 2021 (EW1), only 19.35% corresponded to samples with Ct<20 and 50.7% with Ct between 20 and 30. From these data it is shown that with the CC test only 3.7% of the cases were detected. The effort by the public health system for this strategy, with low predictive power, may have a negative effect on the fulfillment of the isolation of contacts and could generate a delay in the results of suspected cases, without contributing significantly to controlling the pandemic.
Resumo A detecção do SARS-CoV-2 e seu envolvimento no diagnóstico da COVID-19 têm sido muito discutidos durante a pandemia. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a relação custo/benefício na detecção de SARSCoV- 2 em casos de contatos próximos assintomático (CP), por meio do uso de diferentes testes de diagnóstico molecular. Foram estudados 51 casos de CP de pessoas com diagnóstico de SARS-CoV-2 confirmado pelo RTqPCR, sendo classificados pelo limiar de ciclos (Ct) (<20, entre 20 e 30 e >30), em hospitais públicos da província de Buenos Aires. Do total de contatos estudados, 15,7% foram confirmados para SARS-CoV-2, não houve contatos positivos de casos com Ct>30. O número de contatos positivos de casos com Ct<20, foi significativamente maior que os casos com Ct>20. As amostras com Ct<20 foram associadas a uma carga viral estimada de uma a quatro ordens de magnitude de diferença com os intervalos de Ct>20. Dos casos positivos, 13,7% foram com Ct<20. Das amostras positivas confirmadas por PCR, correspondentes à semana epidemiológica 1 de 2021 (SE1), apenas 19,35% correspondiam a amostras com Ct>20 e 50,7% com Ct entre 20 e 30. Esses dados mostram incremento de apenas 3,7% de casos detectados. O esforço por parte do sistema de saúde pública para essa estratégia, com baixo poder preditivo, pode ter um efeito negativo no cumprimento do isolamento dos contatos e poderia gerar uma demora nos resultados dos casos suspeitos, sem contribuir significativamente para o controle da pandemia.
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Virologia , SARS-CoV-2 , Isolamento de Pacientes , Salários e Benefícios , Sistemas de Saúde , Poder Psicológico , Portador Sadio , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Saúde Pública , Carga Viral , Técnicas e Procedimentos Diagnósticos , Custos e Análise de Custo , Escala Richter , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular , Diagnóstico , Patologia Molecular , Pandemias , Procrastinação , COVID-19 , Hospitais Públicos , PessoasRESUMO
INTRODUCCIÓN: en el contexto de pandemia por el nuevo coronavirus (COVID-19), la situación del personal de salud (PS) constituye un foco de interés, tanto por su alta exposición como por la posibilidad de convertirse en diseminadores de la infección en la comunidad. Estos trabajadores enfrentan un riesgo laboral de morbimortalidad sin precedentes. El objetivo fue estimar la seroprevalencia de infección por el nuevo coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) en el PS de la Región Sanitaria VIII, provincia de Buenos Aires, durante junio de 2020. MÉTODOS: se utilizó un diseño transversal. Se realizó un muestreo probabilístico por conglomerados bietápico. Se recabaron datos a partir de un cuestionario autoadministrado y una muestra de sangre para determinación de anticuerpos. Se utilizó el test COVIDAR IgG e IgM®. RESULTADOS: se incluyeron 738 trabajadores de la salud, la tasa de respuesta general fue del 73,80 %. El 71,83% fueron mujeres, el 46,39% tenía entre 35 y 49 años. Enfermeros y médicos representaron más de la mitad del personal. El 75,86% refirió usar siempre el equipo de protección personal. El 5,61% tuvo contacto estrecho con un caso confirmado de COVID-19. El 4,60% tenía un hisopado nasofaríngeo previo, con resultado negativo. Se encontraron cinco trabajadores con IgG positiva para SARS-CoV-2 (cuatro mujeres y un varón) e IgM negativa. La edad media de los casos fue de 35 años, dos fueron asintomáticos, en ninguno se había tomado muestra de hisopado. La seroprevalencia general fue de 0,75%, sin diferencias significativas entre estratos. DISCUSIÓN: la seroprevalencia hallada fue baja, con una gran proporción de trabajadores susceptibles a la infección. Se refuerza la necesidad de complementar las estrategias de vigilancia epidemiológica pasiva con el monitoreo serológico en personal de salud
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Argentina , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Infecções por Coronavirus , PandemiasRESUMO
INTRODUCCIÓN en el contexto de pandemia por el nuevo coronavirus (COVID-19), la situación del personal de salud (PS) constituye un foco de interés, tanto por su alta exposición como por la posibilidad de convertirse en diseminadores de la infección en la comunidad. Estos trabajadores enfrentan un riesgo laboral de morbimortalidad sin precedentes. El objetivo fue estimar la seroprevalencia de infección por el nuevo coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) en el PS de la Región Sanitaria VIII, provincia de Buenos Aires, durante junio de 2020. MÉTODOS se utilizó un diseño transversal. Se realizó un muestreo probabilístico por conglomerados bietápico. Se recabaron datos a partir de un cuestionario autoadministrado y una muestra de sangre para determinación de anticuerpos. Se utilizó el test COVIDAR IgG e IgM®. RESULTADOS se incluyeron 738 trabajadores de la salud, la tasa de respuesta general fue del 73,80 %. El 71,83% fueron mujeres, el 46,39% tenía entre 35 y 49 años. Enfermeros y médicos representaron más de la mitad del personal. El 75,86% refirió usar siempre el equipo de protección personal. El 5,61% tuvo contacto estrecho con un caso confirmado de COVID-19. El 4,60% tenía un hisopado nasofaríngeo previo, con resultado negativo. Se encontraron cinco trabajadores con IgG positiva para SARS-CoV-2 (cuatro mujeres y un varón) e IgM negativa. La edad media de los casos fue de 35 años, dos fueron asintomáticos, en ninguno se había tomado muestra de hisopado. La seroprevalencia general fue de 0,75%, sin diferencias significativas entre estratos. DISCUSIÓN la seroprevalencia hallada fue baja, con una gran proporción de trabajadores susceptibles a la infección. Se refuerza la necesidad de complementar las estrategias de vigilancia epidemiológica pasiva con el monitoreo serológico en personal de salud.
INTRODUCTION in the context of the new coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, the situation of health care workers (HCW) constitutes a focus of interest, due to their high exposure and the possibility of becoming disseminators of the infection in the community These workers face an unprecedented occupational risk of morbidity and mortality The aim of this study was to estimate the seroprevalence of the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection in health workers of the Sanitary Region VIII, at province of Buenos Aires during June 2020. METHODS a cross-sectional design was used. A probabilistic sampling by two-stage conglomerates was carried out. Data were collected from a self-administered questionnaire and a blood sample for antibody identification. The COVIDAR IgG and IgM® test was used. RESULTS 738 health workers were included; the overall response rate was 73.80%. 71.83% of that were women; 46.39% were between 35 and 49 years of age. Nurses and physicians accounted for more than half of the staff. 75.86% of people claimed to always use personal protective equipment. 5.61% of people had close contact with a confirmed case of COVID-19.4.60% of people had previously had a nasopharyngeal swab with a negative result. Five workers had positive IgG for SARS-CoV-2 (four women and one man), with negative IgM. The mean age of the cases was 35 years old; two of them were asymptomatic; neither of them had a swab sample taken. The overall seroprevalence was 0.75%, with no significant differences between strata. DISCUSSION the seroprevalence found was low; indicating a large proportion of workers was susceptible to infection. We stress the need to complement passive epidemiological surveillance strategies with serological monitoring in health workers.