Rezafungin Versus Caspofungin in a Phase 2, Randomized, Double-blind Study for the Treatment of Candidemia and Invasive Candidiasis: The STRIVE Trial.

BACKGROUND: Rezafungin (RZF) is a novel echinocandin exhibiting distinctive pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics. STRIVE was a phase 2, double-blind, randomized trial designed to compare the safety and efficacy of RZF once weekly (QWk) to caspofungin (CAS) once daily for treatment of candidemia and/or invasive candidiasis (IC). METHODS: Adults with systemic signs and mycological confirmation of candidemia and/or IC were randomized to RZF 400 mg QWk (400 mg), RZF 400 mg on week 1 then 200 mg QWk (400/200 mg), or CAS 70 mg as a loading dose followed by 50 mg daily for ≤4 weeks. Efficacy assessments included overall cure (resolution of signs of candidemia/IC + mycological eradication) at day 14 (primary endpoint), investigator-assessed clinical response at day 14, and 30-day all-cause mortality (ACM) (secondary endpoints), and time to negative blood culture. Safety was evaluated by adverse events and ACM through follow-up. RESULTS: Of 207 patients enrolled, 183 were in the microbiological intent-to-treat population (~21% IC). Overall cure rates were 60.5% (46/76) for RZF 400 mg, 76.1% (35/46) for RZF 400/200 mg, and 67.2% (41/61) for CAS; investigator-assessed clinical cure rates were 69.7% (53/76), 80.4% (37/46), and 70.5% (43/61), respectively. In total, 30-day ACM was 15.8% for RZF 400 mg, 4.4% for RZF 400/200 mg, and 13.1% for CAS. Candidemia was cleared in 19.5 and 22.8 hours in RZF and CAS patients, respectively. No concerning safety trends were observed; ACM through follow-up was 15.2% (21/138) for RZF and 18.8% (13/69) for CAS. CONCLUSIONS: RZF was safe and efficacious in the treatment of candidemia and/or IC. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: NCT02734862.

Drug-Drug Interactions of Glecaprevir and Pibrentasvir Coadministered With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Antiretrovirals.

BACKGROUND: Treatment of patients coinfected with hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency viruses (HCV; HIV) requires careful consideration of potential drug-drug interactions between HCV direct-acting antiviral agents (DAA) and HIV antiretrovirals. Glecaprevir/pibrentasvir is a fixed-dose combination of an NS3/4A protease inhibitor and an NS5A inhibitor approved for the treatment of chronic HCV genotype 1-6 infection, including patients with HIV coinfection. METHODS: A series of phase 1 studies was conducted to evaluate potential interactions of glecaprevir and pibrentasvir with elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide, abacavir/dolutegravir/lamivudine, raltegravir, rilpivirine, atazanavir/ritonavir, darunavir/ritonavir, lopinavir/ritonavir, or efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Pharmacokinetics of the antiretrovirals and DAAs were characterized when administered alone and in combination to quantify changes in systemic drug exposure. RESULTS: Glecaprevir area under the curve increased >4-fold in the presence of ritonavir-boosted HIV protease inhibitors, while pibrentasvir concentrations were not significantly affected; elevations in alanine transaminase occurred in combination with atazanavir/ritonavir only. Exposures of glecaprevir and pibrentasvir may be significantly decreased by efavirenz. Coadministration with glecaprevir and pibrentasvir did not result in clinically significant changes in the exposure of any antiretroviral agents. CONCLUSIONS: Atazanavir is contraindicated with glecaprevir/pibrentasvir and use of boosted protease inhibitors or efavirenz is not recommended. No clinically significant interactions were observed with other studied antiretrovirals.

Efficacy and Safety of Glecaprevir/Pibrentasvir in Patients Coinfected With Hepatitis C Virus and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1: The EXPEDITION-2 Study.

Background: Once-daily glecaprevir coformulated with pibrentasvir (glecaprevir/pibrentasvir) demonstrated high rates of sustained virologic response 12 weeks after treatment (SVR12) in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1-6 infection. This phase 3 study evaluated the efficacy and safety of glecaprevir/pibrentasvir in patients with chronic HCV genotype 1-6 and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) coinfection, including patients with compensated cirrhosis. Methods: EXPEDITION-2 was a phase 3, multicenter, open-label study evaluating glecaprevir/pibrentasvir (300 mg/120 mg) in HCV genotype 1-6/HIV-1-coinfected adults without and with compensated cirrhosis for 8 and 12 weeks, respectively. Patients were either HCV treatment-naive or experienced with sofosbuvir, ribavirin, or interferon, and antiretroviral therapy (ART) naive or on a stable ART regimen. Treatment-experienced genotype 3-infected patients were excluded. The primary endpoint was the SVR12 rate. Results: In total, 153 patients were enrolled, including 16 (10%) with cirrhosis. The SVR12 rate was 98% (n = 150/153; 95% confidence interval, 95.8-100), with no virologic failures in 137 patients treated for 8 weeks. One genotype 3-infected patient with cirrhosis had on-treatment virologic failure. Most adverse events were mild in severity; 4 patients (2.6%) had serious adverse events, all deemed unrelated to glecaprevir/pibrentasvir. Treatment discontinuation was rare (<1%). All patients treated with ART maintained HIV-1 suppression (<200 copies/mL) during treatment. Conclusions: Glecaprevir/pibrentasvir for 8 weeks in noncirrhotic and 12 weeks in cirrhotic patients is a highly efficacious and well-tolerated treatment for HCV/HIV-1 coinfection, regardless of baseline HCV load or prior treatment with interferon or sofosbuvir. Clinical trial registration: NCT02738138.

TURQUOISE-I Part 1b: Ombitasvir/Paritaprevir/Ritonavir and Dasabuvir with Ribavirin for Hepatitis C Virus Infection in HIV-1 Coinfected Patients on Darunavir.

Background: Ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir with dasabuvir (OBV/PTV/r + DSV) ± ribavirin (RBV) is approved for hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1 (GT1) treatment in HIV-1 coinfected patients. In healthy controls, coadministration of OBV/PTV/r + DSV + darunavir (DRV) lowered DRV trough concentration (Ctrough) levels. To assess the clinical significance of this change, TURQUOISE-I, Part 1b, evaluated the efficacy and safety of OBV/PTV/r + DSV + RBV in coinfected patients on stable, DRV-containing antiretroviral therapy (ART). Methods: Patients were HCV treatment-naive or interferon-experienced, had CD4+ lymphocyte count ≥200 cells/µL or ≥14%, and plasma HIV-1 RNA suppression on once-daily (QD) DRV-containing ART at screening. Patients were randomized to maintain DRV 800 mg QD or switch to twice-daily (BID) DRV 600 mg; all received OBV/PTV/r + DSV + RBV for 12 weeks. Results: Twenty-two patients were enrolled and achieved SVR12. No adverse events led to discontinuation. Coadministration had minimal impact on DRV maximum observed plasma concentration and area under the curve; DRV Ctrough levels were slightly lower with DRV QD and BID. No patient experienced plasma HIV-1 RNA >200 copies/mL during treatment. Conclusions: HCV GT1/HIV-1 coinfected patients on stable DRV-containing ART achieved 100% SVR12 while maintaining plasma HIV-1 RNA suppression. Despite DRV exposure changes, episodes of intermittent HIV-1 viremia were infrequent.

Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Darunavir Administered Once or Twice Daily in Combination with Ritonavir or the Three-Direct-Acting Antiviral Regimen of Ombitasvir/Paritaprevir/Ritonavir and Dasabuvir in Adults Coinfected with Hepatitis C and Human Immunodeficiency Viruses.

The three-direct-acting antiviral (3D) regimen containing ombitasvir, paritaprevir, ritonavir, and dasabuvir with or without ribavirin (RBV) is approved for treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1 (GT1)/human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) coinfection. Results of a pharmacokinetic substudy of 3D and darunavir are presented. HCV/HIV-1-coinfected subjects were randomized to maintain an antiretroviral regimen with darunavir at 800 mg once daily (QD) or switched to a regimen with darunavir at 600 mg twice daily (BID). On study day 1, subjects received 3D and RBV plus darunavir for 12 weeks. Pharmacokinetic parameters were compared for darunavir and ritonavir with and without 3D (week 4 and day -1). Pharmacokinetic parameters of 3D were compared to historical data. Ten subjects received darunavir QD, and 12 subjects received darunavir BID. The central value ratios (90% confidence interval [CI]) for maximum concentrations (Cmax), area under the plasma concentration-time curve between 0 and 24 h postdose (AUC24), and trough plasma concentration at 24 h postdose (C24) of darunavir administered QD with 3D versus administration of darunavir alone were 0.92 (0.72, 1.18), 0.83 (0.71, 0.98), and 0.64 (0.44, 0.93), respectively. The ratios (90% CI) for darunavir Cmax, AUC12, and C12 administered BID with 3D were 0.92 (0.76, 1.12), 0.88 (0.73, 1.05), and 0.73 (0.58, 0.92), respectively. Exposures of 3D were similar to or slightly lower than those in historical data. All darunavir trough concentrations (Ctrough) associated with an HIV-1 RNA level of >40 copies/ml were above the darunavir 50% effective concentration (EC50) of 550 ng/ml for resistant virus. In conclusion, the 3D regimen with darunavir QD or BID did not affect darunavir Cmax and AUC, whereas the darunavir Ctrough decreased. Changes in pharmacokinetic parameters of 3D were not considered clinically significant. Episodes of intermittent HIV-1 viremia were infrequent and were not associated with darunavir Ctrough values below 550 ng/ml. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under identifier NCT01939197.).

Outpatient Treatment with AZD7442 (Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab) Prevented COVID-19 Hospitalizations over 6 Months and Reduced Symptom Progression in the TACKLE Randomized Trial.

INTRODUCTION: We assessed effects of AZD7442 (tixagevimab/cilgavimab) on deaths from any cause or hospitalizations due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and symptom severity and longer-term safety in the TACKLE adult outpatient treatment study. METHODS: Participants received 600 mg AZD7442 (n = 452) or placebo (n = 451) ≤ 7 days of COVID-19 symptom onset. RESULTS: Death from any cause or hospitalization for COVID-19 complications or sequelae through day 169 (key secondary endpoint) occurred in 20/399 (5.0%) participants receiving AZD7442 versus 40/407 (9.8%) receiving placebo [relative risk reduction (RRR) 49.1%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 14.5, 69.7; p = 0.009] or 50.7% (95% CI 17.5, 70.5; p = 0.006) after excluding participants unblinded before day 169 for consideration of vaccination). AZD7442 reduced progression of COVID-19 symptoms versus placebo through to day 29 (RRR 12.5%; 95% CI 0.5, 23.0) and improved most symptoms within 1-2 weeks. Over median safety follow-up of 170 days, adverse events occurred in 174 (38.5%) and 196 (43.5%) participants receiving AZD7442 or placebo, respectively. Cardiac serious adverse events occurred in two (0.4%) and three (0.7%) participants receiving AZD7442 or placebo, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: AZD7442 was well tolerated and reduced hospitalization and mortality through 6 months, and symptom burden through 29 days, in outpatients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT04723394. ( https://beta. CLINICALTRIALS: gov/study/NCT04723394 ).

Antibodies are proteins produced by the body's immune system to specifically combat foreign substances, such as viruses. Tixagevimab and cilgavimab are a pair of antibodies that bind to a specific part of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). When they bind to the virus, they reduce its ability to cause disease. These antibodies were tested in a clinical trial to see if they could prevent people with COVID-19 from being hospitalized or dying. Around 900 adults took part in this clinical trial. These people all had COVID-19 but were not sick enough to be in hospital. Half of this group were treated with a dose of tixagevimab and cilgavimab, given as two injections. The other half received a placebo (injections that look exactly like the tixagevimab and cilgavimab injections but contain no medicine). The study found that, over 6 months, people with COVID-19 who received tixagevimab and cilgavimab were less likely to need to go to hospital than people who received the placebo. They were also less likely to die of COVID-19. Tixagevimab and cilgavimab also helped to improve COVID-19 symptoms. People who received the antibodies saw their symptoms improve faster than people who received the placebo. They were also less likely to have symptoms that got worse. Most people felt better within 1­2 weeks of getting treatment. No safety issues were found with tixagevimab and cilgavimab compared with placebo.

Efficacy and safety of intramuscular administration of tixagevimab-cilgavimab for early outpatient treatment of COVID-19 (TACKLE): a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Early intramuscular administration of SARS-CoV-2-neutralising monoclonal antibody combination, tixagevimab-cilgavimab, to non-hospitalised adults with mild to moderate COVID-19 has potential to prevent disease progression. We aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tixagevimab-cilgavimab in preventing progression to severe COVID-19 or death. METHODS: TACKLE is an ongoing, phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study conducted at 95 sites in the USA, Latin America, Europe, and Japan. Eligible participants were non-hospitalised adults aged 18 years or older with a laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection (determined by RT-PCR or an antigen test) from any respiratory tract specimen collected 3 days or less before enrolment and who had not received a COVID-19 vaccination. A WHO Clinical Progression Scale score from more than 1 to less than 4 was required for inclusion and participants had to receive the study drug 7 days or less from self-reported onset of mild to moderate COVID-19 symptoms or measured fever. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either a single tixagevimab-cilgavimab 600 mg dose (two consecutive 3 mL intramuscular injections, one each of 300 mg tixagevimab and 300 mg cilgavimab) or placebo. Randomisation was stratified (using central blocked randomisation with randomly varying block sizes) by time from symptom onset, and high-risk versus low-risk of progression to severe COVID-19. Participants, investigators, and sponsor staff involved in the treatment or clinical evaluation and monitoring of the participants were masked to treatment-group assignments. The primary endpoints were severe COVID-19 or death from any cause through to day 29, and safety. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04723394. FINDINGS: Between Jan 28, 2021, and July 22, 2021, 1014 participants were enrolled, of whom 910 were randomly assigned to a treatment group (456 to receive tixagevimab-cilgavimab and 454 to receive placebo). The mean age of participants was 46·1 years (SD 15·2). Severe COVID-19 or death occurred in 18 (4%) of 407 participants in the tixagevimab-cilgavimab group versus 37 (9%) of 415 participants in the placebo group (relative risk reduction 50·5% [95% CI 14·6-71·3]; p=0·0096). The absolute risk reduction was 4·5% (95% CI 1·1-8·0; p<0·0001). Adverse events occurred in 132 (29%) of 452 participants in the tixagevimab-cilgavimab group and 163 (36%) of 451 participants in the placebo group, and were mostly of mild or moderate severity. There were three COVID-19-reported deaths in the tixagevimab-cilgavimab group and six in the placebo group. INTERPRETATION: A single intramuscular tixagevimab-cilgavimab dose provided statistically and clinically significant protection against progression to severe COVID-19 or death versus placebo in unvaccinated individuals and safety was favourable. Treating mild to moderate COVID-19 earlier in the disease course with tixagevimab-cilgavimab might lead to more favourable outcomes. FUNDING: AstraZeneca.

Mother-to-child HIV transmission in a cohort of pregnant women diagnosed by rapid HIV testing at Tijuana General Hospital, Baja California, Mexico.

This study evaluated an obstetrical program using rapid HIV testing for the prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission (MTCT) in Baja California, Mexico. Between 2003 and 2005, 45 women in labor and 17 prenatal care women were HIV infected. Among labor patients, 14 (31%) delivered by cesarean section compared with 17 (100%) prenatal care patients (P < .001). Intravenous maternal zidovudine (ZDV) and infant oral ZDV were more frequently administered in prenatal care compared to labor patients: 94% versus 33% (P < .001) and 100% versus 79% (P < .001), respectively. All prenatal care women received combination therapy. All 10 HIV-infected infants were in the labor group, resulting in a MTCT rate of 23% (95% confidence interval [CI] 9.5-34.8) compared to 0% (95% CI 0-1.8; P < .001) among the prenatal care group. Five (50%) of the HIV-infected infants had an AIDS diagnosis and 2 (20%) died within 18 months of birth. Women diagnosed during labor had a high HIV MTCT and poor postnatal outcome.

Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Dolutegravir in Treatment-Experienced Adolescents With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: Results of the IMPAACT P1093 Study.

BACKGROUND: P1093 is an ongoing phase I/II multicenter open-label study of dolutegravir plus an optimized background regimen in age-defined pediatric cohorts; here we report the long-term safety and virologic efficacy outcomes for the oldest cohort. METHODS: The study enrolled human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected treatment-experienced adolescents aged 12 to <18 years, with an HIV-1 RNA level ≥1000 copies/mL . Cumulative safety and HIV-1 RNA outcomes were assessed once the last enrolled participant reached 144 weeks of follow-up. RESULTS: Among 23 adolescents enrolled, 16 remained in the study at least 144 weeks; the median follow-up was 153 weeks (range, 55-193 weeks). Dolutegravir was well tolerated, with grade 3 clinical adverse events in 5 participants, grade 3 laboratory abnormalities in 3, and grade 4 laboratory abnormalities in 1; none of the adverse events or abnormalities were judged to be treatment related. In an-intent-to-treat analysis, an HIV-1 RNA level <400 copies/mL at week 144 was achieved in 43% (10 of 23 participants; 95% confidence interval, 23.2%-65.5%); in addition, 35% (8 of 23; 16.4%-57.3%) had an HIV-1 RNA level <50 copies/mL. Nine participants (39%) discontinued study treatment before 144 weeks, but none because of adverse events or drug intolerance. All participants with sustained virologic control had excellent adherence; most who experienced virologic failure had adherence levels <90%. HIV-1 genotypic drug resistance testing was available at time of failure from 6 participants; 1 had evolution in integrase resistance with E138T, S147G, and R263K mutations at week 192 and phenotypic dolutegravir resistance of a 5.1-fold change. CONCLUSIONS: Dolutegravir plus an optimized background regimen seemed safe, well tolerated, and efficacious in this cohort of treatment-experienced HIV-1-infected adolescents. Adherence remains problematic in this population. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: NCT01302847.

[Estimating the 2006 prevalence of HIV by gender and risk groups in Tijuana, Mexico]. / Estimaciones de prevalencia del VIH por género y grupo de riesgo en Tijuana, México: 2006.

OBJECTIVE: Estimate the 2006 HIV prevalence among adults aged 15-49 from the general population and at-risk subgroups in Tijuana, Mexico. METHODS: Demographic data was obtained from the 2005 Mexican census and HIV prevalence data was obtained from reports in the literature. We developed a population-based HIV prevalence model for the overall population and stratified it by gender. Sensitivity analysis consisted of estimating standard errors in the weighted-average point prevalence and calculating partial derivatives of each parameter. RESULTS: HIV prevalence among adults was 0.54% (N = 4347) (range 0.22-0.86% [N = 1750-6944]). This suggests that 0.85% (range 0.39-1.31%) of men and 0.22% (0.04-0.40%) of women could have been HIV-infected in 2006. Men who have sex with men (MSM), followed by female sex workers who are injection drug users (FSW-IDU), FSW-non IDU, female IDU, and male IDU were the most at risk groups of infected individuals. CONCLUSIONS: The number of HIV-infected adults among at-risk subgroups in Tijuana is significant, highlighting the need to design tailored prevention interventions that focus on the specific needs of certain groups. According to our model, as many as 1 in 116 adults could potentially be HIV-infected.

Morbidity and Mortality of a Cohort of Peruvian HIV-infected Children 2003-2012.

BACKGROUND: Data on pediatric HIV in Peru are limited. The National Institute of Child Health (Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño: INSN) cares for the most HIV-infected children under the age of 18 years in the country. We describe the outcomes of children seen at INSN's HIV clinic over the 10 years when antiretroviral therapy and prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) interventions became available in 2004. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of INSN HIV clinic patients between 2003 and 2012. Deidentified data were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 280 children were included: 50.0% (140/280) were male; 80.0% (224/280) lived in metropolitan Lima. Perinatal transmission was the mode of HIV infection in 91.4% (256/280) of children. Only 17% (32/191) of mothers were known to be HIV-infected at delivery; of these mothers, 41% (13/32) were receiving antiretroviral therapy at delivery, 72% (23/32) delivered by Cesarean section and 47% (15/32) of their infants received antiretroviral prophylaxis. Median age at HIV diagnosis for all children was 35.7 months (interquartile range 14.5-76.8 months), and 67% (143/213) had advanced disease (clinical stage C). After HIV diagnosis, the most frequent hospitalization discharge diagnoses were bacterial pneumonia, chronic malnutrition, diarrhea, anemia and tuberculosis. Twenty-four patients (8.6%) died at a median age of 77.4 months. CONCLUSIONS: Most cases of pediatric HIV were acquired via perinatal transmission; few mothers were diagnosed before delivery; and among mothers with known HIV status, PMTCT was suboptimal even after national PMTCT policy was implemented. Most children were diagnosed with advanced disease. These findings underscore the need for improving early pediatric HIV diagnosis and treatment, as well as PMTCT strategies.

A Phase 1 Study to Evaluate the Effect of Crushing, Cutting Into Half, or Grinding of Glecaprevir/Pibrentasvir Tablets on Exposures in Healthy Subjects.

Glecaprevir (GLE) and pibrentasvir (PIB) are direct-acting antivirals coformulated as a combination tablet for once-daily treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different methods of tablet manipulations-cutting in half, grinding into powder, or crushing-on the bioavailability of GLE and PIB relative to whole film-coated bilayer tablets. This was a phase 1, single-dose, open-label, randomized, 5-period, nonfasting crossover study in 25 healthy adult male and female subjects. Intensive pharmacokinetic measurements were carried out up to 48 h after dosing on day 1 of each period. Safety and tolerability was assessed throughout the study. Compared with the reference whole tablets, cutting into half had minimal impact on GLE and PIB exposures (≤15% difference), whereas grinding or crushing the tablets resulted in lower exposures (27% to 61%) for GLE and higher exposures (21% to 83%) for PIB. These results provide guidance on appropriate administration of GLE/PIB in patients who have difficulty swallowing whole tablets.

Ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir+dasabuvir+ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1b-infected cirrhotics (TURQUOISE-IV).

OBJECTIVE: An estimated 336 per 100 000 people in Russia are infected with hepatitis C virus, including up to 75% with genotype (GT) 1b. In the TURQUOISE-II/-III trials, a 12-week regimen of the direct-acting antiviral agents ombitasvir (OBV), paritaprevir (PTV), ritonavir, and dasabuvir (DSV) in GT1b-infected patients with compensated cirrhosis resulted in 12-week sustained virologic response (SVR) rates of 100%. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In TURQUOISE-IV, GT1b-infected patients (n=36) from Russia and Belarus with compensated cirrhosis, who were treatment naive or previously treated with pegylated interferon/ribavirin (RBV), received OBV/PTV/ritonavir+DSV+RBV for 12 weeks. The primary efficacy end point was SVR at 12 weeks. Safety assessments included adverse event (AE) monitoring and laboratory testing. RESULTS: At baseline, patients had Child-Pugh scores of 5 (92%) or 6 (8%). Overall, 69% were treatment experienced (44% prior null responders, 32% relapsers, and 16% partial responders). All patients achieved SVR at 12 weeks (36/36; 100%). No patient experienced a serious AE or discontinued treatment prematurely. Treatment-emergent AEs possibly related to study drugs occurring in greater than or equal to 10% of patients were asthenia (19%), anemia (14%), cough (14%), and headache (11%); most events were mild in severity. Clinically significant laboratory abnormalities were infrequent. CONCLUSION: In Russian and Belarusian patients with hepatitis C GT1b infection and compensated cirrhosis, 100% achieved SVR at 12 weeks after 12 weeks' treatment with OBV/PTV/ritonavir+DSV+RBV. The treatment was well tolerated.

Ombitasvir/Paritaprevir/Ritonavir With or Without Dasabuvir and With or Without Ribavirin for Adolescents With HCV Genotype 1 or 4.

In adults, treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection with ombitasvir (OBV)/paritaprevir (PTV)/ritonavir (r) with or without dasabuvir (DSV) and ±ribavirin (RBV) results in high rates of sustained virologic response (SVR). However, these regimens have not been investigated in adolescents. This ongoing, open-label, phase 2/3 study evaluated the pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of OBV/PTV/r+DSV±RBV treatment for 12 weeks in adolescents infected with HCV genotype (GT) 1 without cirrhosis (part 1) and the safety and efficacy of OBV/PTV/r±DSV±RBV treatment for 12 or 24 weeks in adolescents infected with GT1 or GT4 without cirrhosis or with compensated cirrhosis (parts 1 and 2). Patients were 12-17 years of age and treatment naive or interferon experienced. Treatment regimens were based on HCV GT and cirrhosis status. Endpoints were SVR at posttreatment week 12 (SVR12), adverse events (AEs), and pharmacokinetic parameters. Thirty-eight adolescents were enrolled, 66% were female patients, and 76% were White; 42%, 40%, and 18% of patients had HCV GT1a, GT1b, and GT4 infections, respectively. Median age was 15 years (range, 12-17 years), and 1 patient had cirrhosis. The SVR12 rate was 100% (38/38; 95% confidence interval [CI], 90.8%-100%). No treatment-emergent grade 3 or 4 laboratory abnormalities were reported. No serious AEs occurred on treatment, and no AEs led to study drug discontinuation. The most common AEs were headache (21%), fatigue (18%), nasopharyngitis (13%), pruritus (13%), and upper respiratory tract infection (11%). Intensive pharmacokinetic results showed OBV, PTV, DSV, and ritonavir drug exposures were comparable to those seen in adults. Conclusion: Treatment with OBV/PTV/r±DSV±RBV was well tolerated and highly efficacious in adolescents with HCV GT1 or GT4 infection.

Comparison of the QuantiFERON TB Gold In-tube Assay With Tuberculin Skin Test for the Diagnosis of Latent Tuberculosis Infection Among HIV-infected and Uninfected Children.

BACKGROUND: Diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is facilitated by tuberculin skin testing (TST) or interferon-gamma release assays such as the QuantiFERON TB Gold In-Tube (QTF-GIT) assays. Limited data exist on the utility of interferon-gamma release assays in HIV-infected children, which may be falsely negative due to immunosuppression. METHODS: A cross-sectional study comparing TST to QTF-GIT for the diagnosis of suspected LTBI was performed in children in Tijuana, Mexico, and in San Diego, California. Concordance between TST (≥5 mm for HIV infected and ≥10 mm for HIV uninfected) and QTF-GIT was evaluated utilizing kappa coefficients. Multivariate logistic regression assessed factors influencing the results. RESULTS: One hundred sixty-five children (70 HIV infected and 95 HIV uninfected) were evaluated (median age, 8.0 years). Among HIV-infected children, the median CD4 cell count was 913 cells/µL, with 92.9% of subjects on antiretroviral treatment and 80.0% with an HIV RNA load <400 copies/mL (76% <50 copies/mL). Among HIV-infected children with no history of tuberculosis, 12 HIV had either a positive QTF-GIT or TST ≥ 5 mm or both, giving a suspected LTBI prevalence of 20.3% (compared with 61.3% among HIV-uninfected children). Moderate concordance was demonstrated in HIV-infected children (both tests positive, κ = 0.42; 95% confidence interval: 8.9%-75.4%) and HIV-uninfected children (both tests positive, κ = 0.59; 95% confidence interval: 43.0%-76.5%). CONCLUSIONS: A moderate correlation exists between TST and QTF-GIT among HIV-infected and uninfected children with preserved immune function in an area of moderate tuberculosis endemicity.

Safety and Efficacy of Ombitasvir, Paritaprevir With Ritonavir ± Dasabuvir With or Without Ribavirin in Patients With Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 and Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 1 or Genotype 4 Coinfection: TURQUOISE-I Part 2.

BACKGROUND: Ombitasvir, paritaprevir with ritonavir, and dasabuvir (OBV/PTV/r ± DSV) ±ribavirin (RBV) are approved to treat hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1 and 4 infection. Here, we investigate the safety and efficacy of OBV/PTV/r + DSV ±RBV for HCV genotype 1, and OBV/PTV/r + RBV for HCV genotype 4, in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 coinfected patients with or without compensated cirrhosis. METHODS: TURQUOISE-I, Part 2 is a phase 3 multicenter study. Patients with or without cirrhosis were HCV treatment-naive or -experienced, on an HIV-1 antiretroviral regimen containing atazanavir, raltegravir, dolutegravir, or darunavir (for genotype 4 only), and had plasma HIV-1 ribonucleic acid <40 copies/mL at screening. Patients received OBV/PTV/r ± DSV ±RBV for 12 or 24 weeks. RESULTS: In total, 228 patients were treated according to guidelines. Sustained virologic response at posttreatment week 12 (SVR12) was achieved by 194 of 200 (97%) and 27 of 28 (96%) patients with HCV genotype 1 and genotype 4 infection, respectively. There were 2 virologic failures: 1 breakthrough and 1 relapse in a cirrhotic and a noncirrhotic patient with genotype 1b and 1a infection, respectively. One reinfection occurred at posttreatment week 12 in a genotype 1a-infected patient. Excluding nonvirologic failures, the SVR12 rates were 98% (genotype 1) and 100% (genotype 4). Adverse events were mostly mild in severity and did not lead to discontinuation. Laboratory abnormalities were rare. CONCLUSIONS: The OBV/PTV/r ±DSV was well tolerated and yielded high SVR12 rates in patients with HCV genotype 1 or genotype 4/HIV-1 coinfection. The OBV/PTV/r ± DSV ±RBV is a potent HCV treatment option for patients with HIV-1 coinfection, regardless of treatment experience.

In-Country Migration and Risk Factors for HIV Acquisition among Pregnant Women in Tijuana, Mexico.

OBJECTIVE: To compare HIV prevalence and HIV acquisition risk behaviors between pregnant women residents and migrants. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study of pregnant women of unknown HIV status seeking care at Tijuana General Hospital, Mexico. METHODS: Pregnant women attending the labor and delivery unit or the prenatal clinic had a rapid HIV test drawn, with positive results confirmed by Western blot. Migrants were defined as women who had resided in Tijuana for less than 5 years. RESULTS: Between 2007 and 2008, a total of 3331 pregnant women consented to participate. The HIV seroprevalence did not differ between Tijuana residents (18 of 2502, 0.72%) and migrants (3 of 829, 0.36%, P = .32). In multivariate regression analyses, HIV acquisition risk behaviors included methamphetamine use (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 6.03, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.3-15.8, P < .001) and first presentation at labor (adjusted OR: 5.0, 95% CI: 1.6-15.3, P = .005), adjusted for migrant status, age, and history of sexually transmitted infections. CONCLUSION: The overall HIV seroprevalence was 0.63% and did not differ between Tijuana residents and migrants.

Use of Integrase Inhibitors in HIV-Infected Children and Adolescents.

Resistance to antiretroviral drugs is an increasingly prevalent challenge affecting both the adult and pediatric HIV-infected populations. Though data on the safety, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of newer antiretroviral agents in children typically lags behind adult data, newer agents are becoming available for use in HIV-infected children who are failing to respond to or are experiencing toxicities with traditional antiretroviral regimens. Integrase strand transfer inhibitors are one such new class of antiretrovirals. Raltegravir has been US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved for use in patients over the age of 4 weeks. Elvitegravir is a second member of this class, and has the potential for use in children but does not yet have a Pediatric FDA indication. Dolutegravir, a second-generation integrase inhibitor, is approved for those older than 12 years. This review summarizes the use of integrase inhibitors in children and adolescents, and highlights the results of recent clinical trials.

Lack of knowledge about mother-to-child HIV transmission prevention in pregnant women at Tijuana General Hospital, Baja California, Mexico.

The objective of this study was to identify determinants of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) knowledge regarding mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) among pregnant women at Tijuana General Hospital, Baja California, Mexico. Between March and November 2003, patients from the prenatal care (n = 1294) and labor and delivery (L&D) units (n = 495) participated in a cross-sectional study to measure HIV knowledge. Less than one-third (30%) knew that HIV could be transmitted to a child during delivery, and 36% knew that HIV could be transmitted by breast-feeding. Only 27% knew that an MTCT could be prevented. Prenatal patients were more likely to know that MTCT was preventable (prenatal: 31% versus L&D 25%; P = .02). Logistic regression indicated that prenatal patients (odds ratio = 1.49, confidence interval 1.07-2.07) were more likely to know that HIV could be transmitted through breast-feeding. Overall, both groups had poor knowledge regarding MTCT of HIV.

Safety, Pharmacokinetics and Efficacy of Dolutegravir in Treatment-experienced HIV-1 Infected Adolescents: Forty-eight-week Results from IMPAACT P1093.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the pharmacokinetics (PK), safety and efficacy of dolutegravir plus optimized background regimen in HIV-infected treatment-experienced adolescents. METHODS: Children older than 12 to younger than 18 years received dolutegravir weight-based fixed doses at approximately 1.0 mg/kg once daily in a phase I/II multicenter open label 48-week study. Intensive PK evaluation was done at steady state after dolutegravir was added to a failing regimen or started at the end of a treatment interruption. Safety and HIV RNA and CD4 cell count assessments were performed through week 48. RESULTS: Twenty-three adolescents were enrolled and 22 (96%) completed the 48-week study visit. Median age and weight were 15 years and 52 kg, respectively. Median [interquartile range (IQR)] baseline CD4+ cell count was 466 cells/µL (297, 771). Median (IQR) baseline HIV-1 RNA log10 was 4.3 log10 copies/mL (3.9, 4.6). Dolutegravir geometric mean of the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time of administration to 24 hours after dosing (AUC0-24) and 24 hour postdose concentration (C24) were 46.0 µg hours/mL and 0.90 µg/mL, respectively, which were within the study targets based on adult PK ranges. Virologic success with an HIV RNA <400 copies/mL was achieved in 74% [95% confidence interval (CI): 52-90%] at week 48. Additionally, 61% (95% CI: 39-80%) had an HIV RNA <50 copies/mL at week 48. Median (IQR) gain in CD4 cell count at week 48 was 84 cells/µL (-81, 238). Dolutegravir was well tolerated, with no grade 4 adverse events, serious adverse events or discontinuations because of serious adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: Dolutegravir achieved target PK exposures in adolescents. Dolutegravir was safe and well tolerated, providing good virologic efficacy through week 48.