Interprofessional education as an approach for reforming health professions education in Brazil: emerging findings.

Interprofessional education (IPE) is an important issue to insert in the debate on the reform of the education of health professions in Brazil. This paper provides details on an emerging study, based in Brazil, whose aim is to explore the use of IPE as a strategy to reform health professional education to become more collaborative in nature. The study has adopted a sequential mixed-methods approach, and will conduct focus groups, individual interviews and surveys with students, teachers and administrators based in two universities. Initial findings have indicated that, at present, participants were not aware of systematic strategies to bring students from different courses together for IPE, which has created problems for the development of knowledge and skills for collaborative work. Further data will be gathered to expand this analysis. Nevertheless, there is already clear evidence that there is a need to integrate and strengthen the use of IPE in Brazil, as a key route forward to strengthening the process of reorientation training of health professionals.

A longitudinal study reveals persistence of antimicrobial resistance on livestock farms is not due to antimicrobial usage alone.

Introduction: There are concerns that antimicrobial usage (AMU) is driving an increase in multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria so treatment of microbial infections is becoming harder in humans and animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate factors, including usage, that affect antimicrobial resistance (AMR) on farm over time. Methods: A population of 14 cattle, sheep and pig farms within a defined area of England were sampled three times over a year to collect data on AMR in faecal Enterobacterales flora; AMU; and husbandry or management practices. Ten pooled samples were collected at each visit, with each comprising of 10 pinches of fresh faeces. Up to 14 isolates per visit were whole genome sequenced to determine presence of AMR genes. Results: Sheep farms had very low AMU in comparison to the other species and very few sheep isolates were genotypically resistant at any time point. AMR genes were detected persistently across pig farms at all visits, even on farms with low AMU, whereas AMR bacteria was consistently lower on cattle farms than pigs, even for those with comparably high AMU. MDR bacteria was also more commonly detected on pig farms than any other livestock species. Discussion: The results may be explained by a complex combination of factors on pig farms including historic AMU; co-selection of AMR bacteria; variation in amounts of antimicrobials used between visits; potential persistence in environmental reservoirs of AMR bacteria; or importation of pigs with AMR microbiota from supplying farms. Pig farms may also be at increased risk of AMR due to the greater use of oral routes of group antimicrobial treatment, which were less targeted than cattle treatments; the latter mostly administered to individual animals. Also, farms which exhibited either increasing or decreasing trends of AMR across the study did not have corresponding trends in their AMU. Therefore, our results suggest that factors other than AMU on individual farms are important for persistence of AMR bacteria on farms, which may be operating at the farm and livestock species level.

[Prevalence of mental disorders and assessment of quality of life in the climaterium]. / Prevalência de transtornos mentais comuns e avaliação da qualidade de vida no climatério.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate prevalence of mental distress and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in climacteric women. METHODS: A total of 191 women (45 to 65 years of age) were included in this cross-sectional study. A questionnaire about personal information, habits/health, and demographic data was administered in association with the two validated instruments to measure HRQoL, SF-36, Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short-Form Health Survey and to estimate prevalence of common mental distress (20-item SRQ, Self Reporting Questionnaire). RESULTS: By using the 20-item SRQ for assessing mental distress, and establishing a cut-off level of at least 8 items, 39.8% of the women were categorized as having mental distress. A higher prevalence of mental distress and lower SF-36 scores were found in women in the perimenopause, particularly those with poor education and low family income who did not work outside the home. All SF-36 domains were significantly lower in women with mental distress than those in women without mental distress. CONCLUSION: Prevalence of mental distress is high in this sample of climacteric women and is associated with negative repercussions on the quality of life. This shows that psychosocial factors are significantly involved and psychological support strategies should be instituted in the form of health policies for climacteric women.

Avaliação em uma residência de radiologia: elaboração de um novo instrumento e experiência inicial / Assessment in a radiology residency: development of a new method and initial experience

Resumo: Introdução: A educação médica baseada em competências tem despertado interesse nas últimas décadas. A avaliação do educando constitui um de seus pilares centrais, devendo ser contínua, fundamentada em critérios claros e eminentemente formativa, sempre provendo feedback. A sistematização dos métodos de avaliação envolve variáveis como confiabilidade, validade, aceitabilidade, impacto educacional e custo. Na radiologia, a literatura carece de instrumentos específicos de avaliação, especialmente em programas de residência médica no Brasil. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivos elaborar e implementar um instrumento avaliativo com caráter formativo para o Programa de Residência Médica em Radiologia e Diagnóstico por Imagem (PRM-RDI) do Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (Huol-UFRN), que englobe competências específicas e crie oportunidades para feedback nos cenários de prática. Método: Trata-se de um estudo de abordagem descritiva, exploratória e de intervenção, com três etapas. As duas primeiras consistiram em oficinas com médicos residentes e preceptores: uma para conceituação e compreensão da avaliação por competências e de técnicas de feedback, e outra para construção coletiva de um instrumento avaliativo adequado à radiologia, definindo as competências mais importantes a serem avaliadas. Na terceira etapa, os pesquisadores acompanharam a aplicação inicial do instrumento pelos preceptores. Resultado: As duas oficinas tiveram participação de três pesquisadores, 16 preceptores e cinco residentes. O instrumento de avaliação resultante contém inicialmente um cabeçalho para preenchimento de dados do residente e do avaliador, do local e exame realizado. Há ainda sete competências que devem ser avaliadas em relação ao esperado para o nível do residente e uma escala para conceito geral da avaliação, seguida de campos para comentários do preceptor e do residente. O instrumento foi aplicado 33 vezes nos cenários de prática, num período de seis meses. Conclusão: A realização de oficinas de capacitação para os preceptores, com a introdução de uma nova cultura de avaliação, foi fundamental para a construção e experiência inicial na aplicação do instrumento no referido programa. O instrumento apresentou viabilidade, baixo custo e teve boa aceitabilidade entre preceptores e residentes, servindo como marco inicial na busca por uma avaliação sistematizada na residência médica na área de radiologia.

Abstract: Introduction: There has been a growing interest in competency-based medical education over the past few decades. Student assessment is one of its central pillars, and should be continuous, based on clear and eminently formative criteria, and provide constant feedback. The systematization of assessment methods involves variables such as reliability, validity, acceptability, educational impact and cost. In Radiology, the literature lacks specific assessment instruments, especially in Medical Residency Programs in Brazil. Objective: Our aim was to develop and implement an assessment tool with a formative character for the Radiology program of the Onofre Lopes University Hospital of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, which encompasses specific skills and creates opportunities for feedback in practice scenarios. Method: The study has a descriptive, exploratory and interventionist approach, divided into three stages. The first two consisted of workshops with residents and preceptors, one to conceptualize and understand competency assessment and feedback techniques, and the other to collectively build an assessment tool appropriate for Radiology, defining the most important competencies to be assessed. In the third stage, the researchers monitored how the instrument was initially applied by the preceptors. Result: Both workshops were attended by the three researchers, sixteen preceptors and five residents. The resulting assessment instrument contains a header for resident and evaluator data, location and examination performed. Next, seven competencies that should be assessed in relation to what is expected for the resident's level, and an overall scale of the evaluation, followed by fields for comments by the preceptor and the resident. The instrument was applied 33 times in practice scenarios, over a six-month period. Conclusion: The execution of training workshops for preceptors, with the introduction of a new culture of assessment, was fundamental for the construction and initial experience in the application of the assessment tool in that program. This tool was found to be feasible, low cost and had good acceptability among preceptors and residents, serving as a starting point in the search for a systematic assessment in the Radiology residency program.

Skin is the most frequently damaged system in recent-onset systemic lupus erythematosus in a tropical region.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the early damage as measured by the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index (SLICC/ACR DI) in Brazilian systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients with disease duration of 2 and 3 years and to evaluate the possible association between SLICC/ACR DI score and sociodemographic and clinical data. The SLICC/ACR DI was measured in 54 patients with SLE according to the ACR criteria for SLE and a mean (SD) disease duration of 29 (3.8) months. The patients were provided by outpatient clinics and hospitals of the public health network and private clinics in the city of Natal in Brazil. The SLICC/ACR DI scores for each type of organ damage, prevalence of damage within organ systems, and the association with sociodemographic variables were assessed. Disease duration was considered as the time from diagnosis until the study. Organ damage was present in 18 (33%) of the 54 patients while 36 patients (67%) had no damage. The skin (11%), renal (9%), and pulmonary (7.4%) systems were the most frequently involved, followed by the neuropsychiatric and musculoskeletal systems, premature gonadal failure, and diabetes. The most frequent individual items on the SLICC/ACR DI were scarring chronic alopecia and pleural fibrosis. No association was demonstrated between organ damage (SLICC/ACR scores) and sociodemographic and clinical variables. Early organ damage demonstrated in Brazilian patients with SLE was similar to other populations studied in the world, despite a low socioeconomic status. In contrast to reports in other studies, a cutaneous lesion was the most frequent cause of damage in our patients.

Arterial occlusion in systemic lupus erythematosus: a good prognostic sign?

Arterial occlusion with subsequent amputation of extremities is a rare manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). It may be caused by local arteritis and/or thrombosis. We describe the clinical and laboratory manifestations and treatment administered to six SLE patients who developed peripheral arterial necrosis necessitating amputation of extremities secondary to the arterial occlusion. All patients were female, with ages ranging from 16 to 65 years. Arterial occlusion took place in the initial months of disease (median: 7 months). Only one of five patients tested for antiphospholipid antibodies had these antibodies who also had vasculitis and thrombosis in a histopathological study. Most patients presented a very benign outcome after the amputation of extremities and stayed in remission for several years. The satisfactory outcome of most patients after the vascular phenomenon allows us to consider the possibility that such a complication could be, for unknown reasons, a marker for good prognosis in SLE or, alternatively, that the aggressive therapy administrated for patients with this complication at the beginning of the disease could recover the balance of the immune system, avoiding future relapses.

Surgical site infection in a university hospital in northeast Brazil.

We examined prevention of surgical site infection (SSI) in a tertiary teaching hospital in northeast Brazil, from January 1994 to December 2003. The survey included 5,742 patients subjected to thoracic, urologic, vascular and general surgery. The criteria for diagnosing SSI were those of the Centers for Disease Control, USA, and the variables of the National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance risk index were used. Data analysis revealed that anesthetic risk scores, wound class and duration of surgery were significantly associated with SSI. A total of 296 SSIs were detected among the 5,742 patients (5.1%). The overall incidence of SSI was 8.8% in 1994; it decreased to 3.3% in 2003. In conclusion, the use of educational strategies, based on guidelines for SSI prevention reduced SSI incidence. Appropriate management of preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative incision care, and a surveillance system based on international criteria, were useful in reducing SSI rates in our hospital.

Aspectos institucionais para a adoção da Educação Interprofissional na formação em enfermagem e medicina / Institutional aspects for the adoption of Interprofessional Education in nursing and medical training

RESUMO Os marcos teórico-conceituais e metodológicos da Educação Interprofissional (EIP) em saúde vêm sendo amplamente reconhecidos em todo o mundo como úteis para o desenvolvimento de competências colaborativas para o efetivo trabalho em equipe. O artigo teve como objetivo explorar as percepções de estudantes de enfermagem e medicina sobre os fatores institucionais que interferem na adoção de iniciativas de EIP em seus contextos de formação. Trata-se de um estudo de caso, que adotou a abordagem qualitativa e a perspectiva exploratória. Os participantes da pesquisa foram estudantes de enfermagem e medicina de duas universidades públicas de um estado do Nordeste - uma estadual e outra federal. O grupo focal foi escolhido para coleta de dados, e foi utilizada a técnica de análise de conteúdo categorial, observando as fases de pré-análise, exploração do material e tratamento dos resultados. Três categorias temáticas foram construídas a posteriori: a importância do trabalho em equipe, contextos institucionais para adoção da EIP e desafios para a adoção da EIP. Embora as realidades pesquisadas apresentem avanços nas mudanças curriculares, como a aproximação do ensino com a realidade dos serviços, a adoção de métodos mais ativos para a formação de sujeitos críticos e reflexivos, ainda são notórias as lacunas no desenvolvimento de competências colaborativas.

ABSTRACT The theoretical-conceptual and methodological frameworks of Interprofessional Education in Health (IPE) have been widely recognized throughout the world as useful for the development of collaborative competences for effective teamwork. This article aims to explore the perceptions of nursing and medical students regarding the institutional factors that interfere in the adoption of IPE initiatives in their training contexts. It is a case study, which adopted the qualitative approach and the exploratory perspective. The research participants were nursing and medical students from two public universities from a Brazilian Northeastern state - one state and one federal. The focus group was chosen for data collection, and the categorical content analysis technique was used, observing the phases of pre-analysis, material exploration and treatment of results. Three thematic categories were built a posteriori: the importance of teamwork, the institutional contexts for the adoption of the IPE and challenges for the adoption of the IPE. Although the realities researched present advances in curricular changes, such as the approximation of teaching with the reality of services, the adoption of more active methods for the formation of critical and reflexive subjects, the gaps in the development of collaborative competences are still notorious.

Resilience and treatment adhesion in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

BACKGROUND: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune, rheumatic inflammatory disease that can cause significant morbidity with evident psychological impacts and obvious harm to quality-of-life that require the patient to adapt treatment. OBJECTIVE: Assessment of resilience and the self-reported treatment adhesion behaviors of patients with SLE, investigating which of these factors are associated to resilience. METHOD: Cross-sectional study of 40 women with SLE. A questionnaire with social demographic data, health history and the Wagnild Young Resilience Scale were used. RESULTS: 62.5% followed the medical treatment properly but 55% found it difficult. 27.5% of the patients presented low resilience, 57.5% medium and 15% high resilience. Resilience was associated in the chi-square test (p-value < 0.05) with the variables work, understanding SLE, trying to find out about SLE, following the treatment correctly, difficulty in following the treatment and stopping some activity because of the disease. In the correlation analysis, resilience was associated with age (-0.3960), number of working hours (0.5533), specialized treatment duration (-0.8103) and disease duration from diagnosis (-0.8014). CONCLUSION: Patients with high resilience tended to follow treatment correctly, tried to understand the disease and adhered more to the treatment to avoid risks and promote protection factors. Therefore knowledge of resilience in patients with SLE is necessary. It is important that the state takes necessary actions to facilitate access to treatment, to educational programs and to medical support. Awareness and counselling sessions must be initiated to develop and promote individual capacities to learn how to tackle with the disease for which psychological support of family and doctors can play a significant role.

Measuring eosinophiluria, urinary eosinophil cationic protein and urinary interleukin-5 in patients with Lupus Nephritis.

BACKGROUND: Urine is increasingly becoming an attractive biological fluid in clinical practice due to being an easily obtained, non-invasive sampling method, containing proteins and peptides. The aim of this study was to investigate eosinophiluria, urinary eosinophil cationic protein (uECP) and urinary IL-5 (uIL-5) in patients with Lupus Nephritis. METHODS: Seventy-four patients with SLE-20 with clinical and laboratory evidence of lupus nephritis (LN group) and 54 without evidence of renal involvement (non-LN group)-were analyzed regarding eosinophiluria, uECP and uIL-5. Eosinophiluria was observed by Hansel's stain, ECP by fluoroenzymeimmunoassay and uIL-5 by quantitative sandwich enzyme immunoassay. Both uECP and urinary IL-5 (uIL-5) were corrected by urinary creatinine. Eosinophiluria and uECP were compared with glomerular erythrocyturia, protein/creatinine ratio (Pr/Cr ratio), serum creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA), serum levels of complement (C3 and C4), uIL-5/Cr ratio, and SLE disease activity index. RESULTS: Patients of the LN group had higher eosinophiluria, uECP, uECP/Cr ratio levels, and uIL-5 than patients of the non-LN group (p<0.001 for all). These variables showed a statistically significant correlation with glomerular erythrocyturia, casts, Pr/Cr ratio, serum creatinine, eGFR, anti-dsDNA, uIL-5/Cr, and SLE disease activity index (all p<0.05). CONCLUSION: These results provide evidence of increased urinary eosinophils, ECP and IL-5 in patients with SLE and LN; uECP/Cr ratio showed better correlation with markers of renal function and SLE disease activity.

Palliative care: A proposal for undergraduate education in Medicine / Cuidados paliativos: Uma proposta para o ensino da graduação em Medicina

Objective: to propose essential competencies for the teaching of palliative care on undergraduate Medicine courses. Method: a documentary analysis of the literature on general competencies in palliative care was initially carried out, to construct a framework with suggestions of essential competencies for undergraduate education in Brazil. The elaborated material was then presented individually to eight professionals from a range of areas for analysis. All the professionals had specialized training in palliative care, and the material was accompanied by an interview with three open questions. The categorical thematic content analysis proposed by Bardin was used in the documentary analysis and the interviews with the professionals. Results: the initial documentary analysis resulted in five categories, eight subcategories and 96 units of analysis, based on which the researcher was able to construct the suggestions for competences, which were distributed with their respective contents in a framework with five modules. Six categories, 12 subcategories and 168 analysis units emerged from the interviews with the professionals following a reading of the material. From the discourse contained in the subcategories and units of analysis, suggestions emerged for a better distribution of the modules, resulting in the renaming of the same (Basic principles of palliative care, Symptom management, Teamwork, Ethical and legal issues, Care in the last moments of life). Conclusion: the discussion and improvement of the palliative care competencies suggested in this study will be essential at medical education forums, providing clarity about what is really required in general practitioner training.

Objetivo: Propor competências essenciais para o ensino de Cuidados Paliativos nos cursos de graduação em Medicina. Método: Inicialmente, foi feita uma análise documental na literatura sobre competências gerais em Cuidados Paliativos, no sentido de construir um quadro com sugestões de competências essenciais para o ensino de graduação no Brasil. A seguir, o material elaborado foi apresentado individualmente a oito profissionais com formação especializada em cuidados paliativos de diferentes áreas para análise, acompanhado de uma entrevista com três questões abertas. Na análise documental e nas entrevistas com os profissionais, foi utilizada a análise de conteúdo temática categorial proposta por Bardin. Resultados: A análise documental inicial resultou em cinco categorias, oito subcategorias e 96 unidades de análise que deram subsídio ao pesquisador para construção das sugestões de competências, distribuídas num quadro em cinco módulos, com seus respectivos conteúdos. Das entrevistas com os profissionais, após leitura do material que lhes foi entregue, emergiram seis categorias, 12 subcategorias e 168 unidades de análise. Das falas contidas nas subcategorias e unidades de análise, emergiram sugestões para melhor distribuição dos módulos, resultando na renomeação destes (Princípios básicos dos Cuidados Paliativos, Manejo de sintomas, Trabalho em Equipe, Questões Éticas e Legais, Assistência nos Últimos Momentos de Vida). Conclusão: A discussão e aprimoramento das competências em Cuidados Paliativos sugeridas nesse estudo serão essenciais durante os fóruns de educação médica, para que possamos ter mais clareza do que realmente é necessário para a formação do médico generalista.

[Back school for patients with non-specific chronic low-back pain: benefits from the association of an exercise program with patient's education]. / Escola de coluna para pacientes com lombalgia crônica inespecífica: benefícios da associação de exercícios e educação ao paciente.

OBJECTIVE: <> has been used as a way of preventing and treating back pain since 1969, but reports in the literature on its effectiveness remain controversial. The purpose of this trial was to evaluate efficacy of a back school program for non- -specific chronic low-back pain. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Seventy patients were randomized into two groups: experimental group (34 patients) and control group (36 patients). Experimental group patients participated in a theoretical and practical back school program, which was composed of 4 weekly classes of 60 minutes. Control group patients were allocated at a waiting list. Three evaluations took place (baseline, after 4 and 16 weeks). The following variables were analyzed: pain intensity (visual numeric analogue scale), functional disability (Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire) and spinal mobility (Schöber index). Statistical analysis for intra-group and inter-group used significance level of p < 0.05. RESULTS: 57 patients were analyzed (29 in experimental group and 28 in control group). A statistically significant improvement was observed only in the experimental group, regarding pain intensity, functional disability and spine mobility. Such improvements have persisted after 16 weeks in pain intensity and functional disability variables. In the inter-group analysis we observed a statistically significant difference in the second and third evaluations concerning the functional disability variables and spinal mobility. CONCLUSION: The Back School program proposed in this study seems to be effective for non-specific chronic low back pain.

Thalassotherapy for fibromyalgia: a randomized controlled trial comparing aquatic exercises in sea water and water pool.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of aerobic exercise in water pool compared with aerobic exercise performed in sea by women with fibromyalgia (FM). A total of 46 patients were randomly allocated into two groups: pool group (23 patients) and sea group (23 patients) that performed the same aerobic exercise program. Patients were evaluated baseline and after 12 weeks using: VAS, number of tender points, FIQ, SF-36, PSQI, and BDI. Both groups improved significantly in post-treatment for all the evaluated variables. There were no significant differences between two groups, except for BDI (F=2.418, P<0.0001). Aerobic exercise program performed in water (pool or sea) was effective for patients with FM. However, sea water exercises have been shown to bring more advantages related to emotional aspects. Then, exercise performed sea water (thalassotherapy) is an option for effective treatment with low cost for patients with FM.

Double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial of clofazimine compared with chloroquine in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of clofazimine (CFZ) compared with chloroquine diphosphate (CDP) for the treatment of cutaneous involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS: A prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind clinical trial was carried out in SLE patients with active cutaneous lesions, of whom 16 were randomized to receive CFZ at 100 mg/day and 17 received CDP at 250 mg/day for 6 months. All drugs had a similar appearance to avoid identification. Both groups received broad-spectrum sunscreens twice a day and the prednisone dose was kept stable during the study. Cutaneous lesions were evaluated by 2 blinded observers at baseline and at months 1, 2, 4, and 6. RESULTS: Thirty-three patients were randomized to a treatment group, of whom 27 completed 6 months of treatment. The groups were homogeneous and comparable in terms of demographic and clinical characteristics. Five CFZ-treated patients and 1 CDP-treated patient (P = 0.15) dropped out due to development of severe lupus flare. At the end of the study, 12 CFZ-treated patients (75%) and 14 CDP-treated patients (82.4%) had complete or near-complete remission of skin lesions; intention-to-treat analysis showed no significant difference in the response rates between groups. Side effects, mainly skin and gastrointestinal events, were frequent in both groups, but no patients had to discontinue their treatment. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that CFZ is equally as effective as CDP in controlling cutaneous lesions in SLE patients. However, we cannot exclude the possibility that the CFZ itself could be the cause of systemic lupus flare.

A humanização e a formação médica na perspectiva dos estudantes de medicina da UFRN - Natal - RN - Brasil / Humanization of undergraduate medical education from the perspective of medical students at the Federal University in Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil

Este estudo, por meio de uma abordagem qualitativa, busca compreender a percepção dos estudantes de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN) acerca da humanização no contexto da formação médica. Foi utilizada a técnica de grupo focal, envolvendo uma equipe multidisciplinar com profissionais das áreas de antropologia, psicologia e medicina, que estudou dois grupos de nove estudantes do último ano do curso. Os dados foram analisados pela técnica de análise de conteúdo temática categorial, da qual emergiram três categorias: relação estudante-paciente, ensino-aprendizagem e relação estudante-professor. A primeira categoria permite identificar que a experiência do contato do estudante com o paciente é essencial à construção de uma identidade profissional humanizada. Em relação à segunda categoria, percebe-se que professores sem capacitação nas práticas pedagógicas, inerentes à profissão de professor, e a dicotomia teoria-prática dificultam a formação autônoma do conhecimento e uma visão integral do indivíduo. Da terceira categoria emergiram duas subcategorias antagônicas (professor-modelo e relações assimétricas), que refletem a importância da postura ético-humanista do professor em detrimento de uma atitude autoritária para a construção da identidade profissional do estudante. Esses dados apontam aspectos da formação médica que podem respaldar uma discussão acerca da humanização no contexto das novas diretrizes curriculares.

This study used a qualitative approach to understand the perspective of medical students at the Federal University in Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, concerning humanization in the context of medical training. A focus group technique was used, involving a multidisciplinary team from anthropology, psychology, and medicine that studied two groups of nine students each from the last year of medical school. Data were submitted to categorical thematic content analysis, revealing three categories: the student-patient, teaching-learning, and student-professor relationships. The first category showed that the student's experience of contact with patients is essential for constructing a humanized professional identity. In the second category, professors with no training in inherent pedagogical practices, plus the dichotomy between theory and practice, hinder the autonomous formation of knowledge and a comprehensive view of the individual. Two opposing sub-categories emerged from the third category (model professor and asymmetric relations) that reflect the importance of the professor's ethical-humanist stance rather than an authoritarian attitude in the construction of the student's professional identity. These data highlight aspects of medical training that can substantiate a discussion of humanization in the context of the new curricular guidelines.

Benefícios da talassoterapia e balneoterapia na fibromialgia / Benefits of thalassotherapy and balneotherapy for fibromyalgia

Talassoterapia e balneoterapia são modalidades terapêuticas utilizadas há vários anos em outras regiões do mundo na prevenção e no tratamento de diversas enfermidades, incluindo doenças reumáticas. No entanto, só recentemente têm sido descritas na literatura em fibromialgia (FM), contribuindo para a redução da dor e de outros sintomas da doença e melhorando a qualidade de vida dos pacientes. Nesta revisão são relatados os principais estudos que avaliam a talassoterapia e/ou a balneoterapia como abordagem terapêutica na FM, abordando aspectos a serem investigados no intuito de estabelecer o valor dessa forma de tratamento. Os autores ainda destacam a necessidade da realização de estudos no Brasil, utilizando principalmente a talassoterapia, uma vez que o baixo custo, aliado ao fácil acesso de boa parte das pessoas ao litoral, podem beneficiar pacientes com FM.

Thalassotherapy and balneotherapy are therapeutic strategies commonly used in other countries for the prevention and treatment of several diseases, including rheumatic diseases. However, only in the recent years its use in the treatment of fibromyalgia (FM) has been reported. The potential beneficial effects include the reduction of pain and other related symptoms of FM, thus improving the quality of life. The authors revise studies focusing on thalassotherapy and/or balneotherapy in the treatment of FM, discussing their benefits and methodological biases that still preclude a more precise evaluation on the efficacy of these methods. Finally, the authors emphasize the need for such studies in Brazil, mainly thalassotherapy, since the low cost and good accessibility to sea, might well provide benefit to our patients.

Prevalência de transtornos mentais comuns e avaliação da qualidade de vida no climatério / Prevalence of mental disorders and assessment of quality of life in the climaterium

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência de transtornos mentais comuns e a qualidade de vida (QV) relacionados à saúde em mulheres no climatério. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídas 191 mulheres (entre 45 e 65 anos) em estudo analítico transversal. Um questionário, contendo informações pessoais, hábitos/saúde e dados demográficos, foi administrado em associação a instrumentos validados para medir qualidade de vida (SF-36, Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short-Form Health Survey) e estimar a prevalência de transtornos mentais comuns (SRQ-20, Self Reporting Questionnaire). RESULTADOS: Com a utilização do SRQ-20 e empregando ponto de corte de oito ou mais respostas afirmativas, 39,8 por cento das mulheres foram classificadas como apresentando transtornos mentais comuns. Evidenciou-se maior prevalência de transtornos mentais comuns e piores escores de QV nas mulheres com pouca escolaridade, baixa renda familiar e que não exerciam atividades profissionais fora do domicílio. Os escores médios para todos os domínios do SF-36 foram significativamente mais baixos nas mulheres categorizadas por apresentarem transtornos mentais comuns. CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência de transtornos mentais comuns é elevada na amostra de mulheres no climatério e está associada com repercussões negativas sobre sua qualidade de vida. Fatores psicossociais exercem significativa influência, e estratégias de suporte psicológico deveriam ser instituídas no contexto das políticas de saúde voltadas para mulheres no climatério.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate prevalence of mental distress and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in climacteric women. METHODS: A total of 191 women (45 to 65 years of age) were included in this cross-sectional study. A questionnaire about personal information, habits/health, and demographic data was administered in association with the two validated instruments to measure HRQoL, SF-36, Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short-Form Health Survey and to estimate prevalence of common mental distress (20-item SRQ, Self Reporting Questionnaire). RESULTS: By using the 20-item SRQ for assessing mental distress, and establishing a cut-off level of at least 8 items, 39.8 percent of the women were categorized as having mental distress. A higher prevalence of mental distress and lower SF-36 scores were found in women in the perimenopause, particularly those with poor education and low family income who did not work outside the home. All SF-36 domains were significantly lower in women with mental distress than those in women without mental distress. CONCLUSION: Prevalence of mental distress is high in this sample of climacteric women and is associated with negative repercussions on the quality of life. This shows that psychosocial factors are significantly involved and psychological support strategies should be instituted in the form of health policies for climacteric women.

Disseminação seletiva da informação na área da saúde: o caso do Web Site Amedeo / Selective dissemination of information (SDI) in health: the case of the website Amedeo

O objetivo deste estudo é empreender uma análise aprofundada das motivações dos estudantes de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte para a escolha profissional, como também compreender suas vivências no cotidiano acadêmico. A metodologia foi qualitativa, utilizando-se a entrevista semi-estruturada como procedimento metodológico. A casuística foi constituída por 30 estudantes do primeiro ao sexto ano, distribuídos eqüitativamente entre os diferentes níveis do curso. Os dados foram analisados por meio da técnica análise de conteúdo temática categorial. A análise permitiu identificar que a influência familiar, a identificação pessoal, a busca da independência financeira e de status profissional e o desejo de ajudar e de ser útil às pessoas foram fatores que influenciaram os estudantes na escolha do curso de Medicina. Em relação aos momentos vividos durante o curso, o reconhecimento da família e dos amigos, a experiência com o paciente e o contato com professores-modelo foram os mais gratificantes, enquanto provas extensas e pouco tempo para estudo, aulas monótonas com professores desatualizados, contato com pacientes terminais e com a morte e cansaço físico foram considerados pelos estudantes como os momentos mais angustiantes. Os dados apontam importantes aspectos do cotidiano dos estudantes de Medicina, que podem orientar estratégias de apoio psicopedagógico no contexto das novas diretrizes curriculares