Dengue Vaccination: Towards a New Dawn of Curbing Dengue Infection.

Dengue is an infectious disease caused by dengue virus (DENV) and is a serious global burden. Antibody-dependent enhancement and the ability of DENV to infect immune cells, along with other factors, lead to fatal Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever and Dengue Shock Syndrome. This necessitates the development of a robust and efficient vaccine but vaccine development faces a number of hurdles. In this review, we look at the epidemiology, genome structure and cellular targets of DENV and elaborate upon the immune responses generated by human immune system against DENV infection. The review further sheds light on various challenges in development of a potent vaccine against DENV which is followed by presenting a current account of different vaccines which are being developed or have been licensed.

Receptivity and Remating Propensity in Female Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) after Mating with an Irradiated Male or Its F1 Male Progeny.

The 'Inherited or F1 sterility technique' (IS), using sub-sterilized male moths, is a widely proposed pest management tool for Lepidoptera pests in general, and the tobacco cutworm Spodoptera litura (Fabr.) in particular. However, the multiple mating tendency of female moths and the ejaculate quality of male moths might influence the efficiency of this technique. Reduced ejaculate quality was observed in irradiated males, as evidenced by radiation's impact on certain bio-parameters, such as the weight of the spermatophores and their protein content, sperm count, the molecular expression of the sex peptide receptor (SPR) and egg fertility, with a greater impact in F1 male progeny. During the remating of females with untreated males, irrespective of the irradiation status of the first male, there was an increase in calling behavior, remating propensity and fertility in females, with a larger time gap between consecutive matings. The ability of F1 male progeny to check remating propensity in females 24 h after the initial mating was lower than that of unirradiated males. Partially sterile (130 Gy) males were as successful as unirradiated males in inducing the level of mating refractoriness in females. Decreased ejaculate quality in F1 male progeny could be associated with increased female receptivity during remating. Understanding the influence of male moth irradiation, insemination quality and post (initial)-mating intervals on the remating behavior of normal female moths and induced sterility might help in simulation modeling and optimizing IS insect programs.

Effect of Irradiation on Reproduction of Female Spodoptera litura (Fabr.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Relation to the Inherited Sterility Technique.

Radiobiological investigations on the reproductive behavior of female Spodoptera litura (Fabr.) were conducted with the aim of determining the suitable radio-sterilizing dose for females in order to release them along with sub-sterile males for effective implementation of the Inherited Sterility technique against this pest. Calling and copulation duration significantly increased, while mating success, oviposition, fertility and longevity significantly decreased with increasing radiation dose (100-200 Gy) compared to control. In view of the effect of irradiation on mating behavior and reproductive viability of female S. litura, 130 Gy was identified as a suitable radio-sterilization dose. Further molecular studies were conducted to corroborate this dose for female sterilization, along with a higher dose of 200 Gy in order to validate the gradational response of ionizing radiation. GC-MS analysis indicated decreased sex pheromone titer at 130 Gy, which was more pronounced at 200 Gy. Pheromone-associated genes, PBAN and PBAN-R showed decreased expression at 130 Gy, and were drastically reduced at 200 Gy. The fertility-related Vg gene also showed a negative correlation with radiation exposure. Based on these radiation responses of female S. litura, 130 Gy might be considered a suitable dose for complete female sterility and its inclusion in sterile insect programs against S. litura.

Radiation Hormesis to Improve the Quality of Adult Spodoptera litura (Fabr.).

Mass rearing of insects of high biological quality is a crucial attribute for the successful implementation of sterile insect release programs. Various ontogenetic stages of Spodoptera litura (Fabr.) were treated with a range of low doses of ionizing radiation (0.25-1.25 Gy) to assess whether these gamma doses could elicit a stimulating effect on the growth and viability of developing moths. Doses in the range of 0.75 Gy to 1.0 Gy administered to eggs positively influenced pupal weight, adult emergence, and growth index, with a faster developmental period. The enhanced longevity of adults derived from eggs treated with 0.75 Gy and 1.0 Gy, and for larvae and pupae treated with 1.0 Gy, indicated a hormetic effect on these life stages. Furthermore, the use of these hormetic doses upregulated the relative mRNA expression of genes associated with longevity (foxo, sirtuin 2 like/sirt1, atg8) and viability/antioxidative function (cat and sod), suggesting a positive hormetic effect at the transcriptional level. These results indicated the potential use of low dose irradiation (0.75-1 Gy) on preimaginal stages as hormetic doses to improve the quality of the reared moths. This might increase the efficiency of the inherited sterility technique for the management of these lepidopteran pests.