Arteriovenous Fistula Maturation in Patients with Ipsilateral Versus Contralateral Tunneled Dialysis Catheter: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Although it is evident that a prior history of tunneled dialysis catheter (TDC) affects arteriovenous fistula (AVF) function, it is unclear whether its location (contralateral versus ipsilateral to AVF) has any effect on AVF maturation and failure rates. We aimed to document this possible effect. METHODS: This systematic review and meta-analysis were performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Studies comparing outcomes between patients with contralateral TDC (CONTRA group) and those with ipsilateral one (IPSI group) were examined for inclusion. A random effects model meta-analysis of the odds ratio (OR) was conducted. Primary outcomes were AVF functional maturation, assisted maturation, and failure rates. RESULTS: Four eligible studies comprising 763 patients were included in the meta-analysis. There were no significant differences in terms of AVF functional maturation (OR: 1.49; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.64-3.47; I2 = 83.4%), assisted maturation (OR: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.29-1.19; I2 = 61.4%), and failure rates (OR: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.29-1.58; I2 = 83.3%) between the 2 study groups. CONCLUSIONS: TDC laterality seems not to affect fistula maturation rate in patients requiring TDC placement and concurrent AVF creation, but rather, vein- and patient-related characteristics might play a more important role in choosing TDC access site. Further studies are needed to validate these results.

Geniculate Artery Endovascular Embolization Post-Total Knee Arthroplasty for Hemarthrosis Treatment: A Systematic Review of the Literature.

PURPOSE: To provide an updated systematic review on the use of geniculate artery embolization (GAE) in the management of recurrent hemarthrosis post-total knee arthroplasty (TKA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic literature review was conducted, and all clinical reports in the English language from inception to July 2022 were identified. References were manually reviewed to identify additional studies. Demographics, procedural techniques, post-procedural complications, and follow-up data were extracted and analyzed using STATA 14.1. RESULTS: A total of 20 studies (9 case reports, 11 case series; n= 214) were included for review. In all cases, patients underwent coil embolization of one or more geniculate arteries. Procedure success was reported in 94.8% (n=203/214) of cases without perioperative adverse events. Improvement of symptoms was seen in 72.6% (n=119/164) of cases, with 30.7% (n=58/189) of cases requiring repeat embolization. Recurrent hemarthrosis occurred in 22.2% (n=22/99) of cases over a mean follow-up of 48 months. CONCLUSION: GAE appears to be a safe and effective treatment for recurrent hemarthrosis following TKA. Future studies in the form of randomized controlled trials should be conducted to further evaluate such embolization techniques and compare outcomes between GAE and standard techniques. CLINICAL IMPACT: Conservative management of post total knee arthroplasty (TKA) hemarthrosis is successful in only one third of cases. Geniculate artery embolization (GAE) has recently gained attention due to its minimally invasive nature compared to open or arthroscopic synovectomy promising faster rehabilitation, decreased infection rates and less additional surgeries. The purpose of this article was to summarize current literature, provide an updated review on the use of GAE in the management of recurrent hemarthrosis post-TKA and describe immediate and long-term outcomes in an effort to help optimize current treatment algorithms.

Endovascular Repair of Popliteal Artery Injury Post-total Knee Arthroplasty is Safe and Effective: A Case Report and Systematic Review of the Literature.

BACKGROUND: Popliteal artery pseudoaneurysms are a rare but serious complication following total knee arthroplasty that have been traditionally managed with open surgical repair. Endovascular stenting, while relatively new, offers a promising alternative that is less invasive and may reduce the risk of perioperative complications. METHODS: A systematic literature review was conducted, and all clinical reports in the English language from inception to July 2022 were identified. References were manually reviewed to identify additional studies. Demographics, procedural techniques, postprocedural complications, and followup data were extracted and analyzed using STATA 14.1. Additionally, we present a case of a patient with a popliteal pseudoaneurysm treated with a covered endovascular stent. RESULTS: A total of 14 studies (12 case reports, 2 case series; n = 17) were included for review. In all cases, a stent-graft was placed across the popliteal artery lesion. In 5 out of 11 cases, popliteal artery thrombus was present and treated with adjacent modalities (i.e., mechanical thrombectomy, balloon angioplasty, etc.). Procedure success was reported in all cases without perioperative adverse events. Stents remained patent over a median followup of 32 weeks (interquartile range: 36). In all but one case, the patients experienced immediate symptom relief and had an uneventful recovery. For our case, at the 12-month followup the patient was asymptomatic, and ultrasound demonstrated vessel patency. CONCLUSIONS: Endovascular stenting is a safe and effective treatment for popliteal pseudoaneurysms. Future studies should be aimed at evaluating the long-term outcomes of such minimally invasive techniques.

Superficial Femoral Artery Remote Endarterectomy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Remote superficial femoral artery endarterectomy (RSFAE) is a hybrid procedure with low risk for perioperative complications and promising patency rates over time. The aim of this study was to summarize current literature and to determine the role of RSFAE in limb salvage with regards to technical success, limitations, patency rates and long-term outcomes. METHODS: This systematic review and meta-analysis was performed according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines. RESULTS: Overall 19 studies were identified, comprising 1,200 patients with extensive femoropopliteal disease among whom 40% presented with chronic limb threatening ischemia. The average technical success rate was 96%, with a 7% rate for perioperative distal embolization and 13% rate for superficial femoral artery perforation. The primary patency was 64% and 56%, primary assisted patency was 82% and 77%, and secondary patency was 89% and 72% at 12 and 24 months follow-up, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: For long femoropopliteal TransAtlantic InterSociety ConsensusC/D lesions, RSFAE appears to be a minimally invasive hybrid procedure with acceptable perioperative morbidity, low mortality, and acceptable patency rates. RSFAE should be considered an alternative to open surgery or a bridge to bypass.

Basilic vein tunnel transposition versus elevation transposition for brachiobasilic arteriovenous fistula creation: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

This study aimed to compare basilic vein tunnel transposition (BVTT) to basilic vein elevation transposition (BVET) technique for superficialization of a basilic arteriovenous fistula. This is a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing outcomes between BVTT and BVET for brachiobasilic arteriovenous fistula (AVF) creation. Primary endpoints were primary patency at several time intervals during follow-up and postoperative local complications, whereas secondary endpoints included primary assisted patency and secondary patency. A random effects model meta-analysis was conducted, and the I2 statistic was used to assess heterogeneity. Nine eligible studies were identified, including 543 patients (247 in the BVTT group and 296 in the BVET group). BVTT group was associated with inferior primary patency rate at 6 months compared to BVET group (three studies; OR: 0.43; 95% CI: 0.22-0.83; I2 = 0%; p = 0.012). However, primary patency rates were similar between the two study groups at 12 months (six studies; OR: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.33-1.22; I2 = 40.7%; p = 0.176), and at 24 months (six studies; OR: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.32-2.29; I2 = 74.9%; p = 0.764). No significant differences in terms of primary assisted patency, secondary patency, and postoperative complications were detected between the groups. More specifically, wound infection (BVTT: n = 9/150; BVET: n = 6/186; OR: 1.39; 95% CI: 0.48-4.06; I2 = 0%; p = 0.542) and healing of the scar, particularly regarding arm edema (BVTT: n = 18/100; BVET: n = 27/165; OR: 1.11; 95% CI: 0.57-2.18; I2 = 0%; p = 0.755) and hematoma formation (BVTT: n = 14/173; BVET: n = 42/209; OR: 0.40; 95% CI: 0.13-1.19; I2 = 49%; p = 0.101), did not differ significantly between the two study groups. BVET achieved superior primary patency at 6 months compared to BVTT, but this benefit seems to be lost during longer follow-up intervals. Therefore, both surgical techniques provide similar long-term outcomes.

A Unique Case Of A Giant Popliteal Artery Aneurysm Presenting As Popliteal Mass.

INTRODUCTION: Popliteal artery aneurysms (PAA) can be very challenging, especially in cases of very large PAAs, with a minimal number of case reports published in the literature. METHODS: This is a case report of a 68-year-old male patient with hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and schizophrenia who was found to have a giant (10x8x6cm) partially thrombosed PAA, treated with interposition polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) graft via a posterior approach. RESULTS: Under general anesthesia, the patient was placed in a prone position, and an extended lazy "S" incision was made on the popliteal fossa. After obtaining proximal and distal exposure, the aneurysm sac was skeletonized, preserving the popliteal vein and the tibial nerve. After proximal and distal control was obtained, the patient was systemically heparinized, and the aneurysm sac was opened. Some genicular branches were ligated inside the aneurysm, and part of the aneurysm sac was excised. A 7 mm PTFE graft was used for reconstruction in an end-to-end fashion. Suction drains were placed in the popliteal space, and the fascia and skin were approximated. The patient was discharged home on the 2nd postoperative day on aspirin and statin with ultrasound surveillance. The patient has remained asymptomatic during follow-up with a patent graft. CONCLUSIONS: Open surgical repair constitutes the gold standard of care for huge PAAs to prevent distal thromboembolic events and mass pressure effects from the aneurysm. Documentation of additional experience with open repair of huge PAAs would be beneficial and could help clinical decision-making.

Bilateral retroesophageal course of the carotid arteries.

Many variations in the anatomy of the carotid artery are described in the literature. There are few case reports of hypoplasia or the retropharyngeal course of the internal carotid artery. We describe the unique case of a 72-year-old woman with bilateral complete retroesophageal common carotid arteries and concomitant hypoplasia of the right carotid system. Anatomical detection of such a variation is critical because the misidentification of a retroesophageal carotid artery carries the risk of potential injury during orotracheal intubation and oropharyngeal procedures.

Specialty Balloons for Vessel Preparation During Infrainguinal Endovascular Revascularization Procedures: A Review of Literature.

Balloon angioplasty with/without utilizing drug eluting technology or stenting constitutes the treatment of choice for a significant percentage of patients with peripheral artery disease requiring an intervention. However, in cases of diffuse disease and plaque complexity, angioplasty may lead to dissection, recoil, and/or early restenosis, making vessel preparation a key component for successful and durable endovascular revascularization outcome. This review of literature aims to present contemporary data for several commercially available specialty balloons that have been designed to minimize the arterial wall stress of conventional balloon angioplasty and facilitate technical success, as well as long-term patency.

Intravascular Ultrasound in Treating Iliac Vein Compression With Endovascular Stenting: A Necessary Tool for Optimal Outcomes.

Symptomatic compression of the left common iliac vein between the right common iliac artery and spinal vertebrae is referred to as May-Thurner Syndrome (MTS). Atypical cases of MTS including compression of the left external iliac vein, right iliac vein or the inferior vena cava can also coexist and cause double vein compression. Current literature suggests that endovascular treatment including thrombolysis, thrombectomy, venoplasty and stent placement to correct the mechanical obstruction together with anticoagulation therapy is safe and a reasonable management for patients with MTS. Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) can aid in the diagnosis and the operative planning of MTS, especially regarding sizing and precise deployment of venous stents. Here we present 2 unique atypical cases of MTS with double left iliac vein compression treated endovascularly with stent placement along the common and external iliac vein with the assistance of IVUS.

De novo acute type B aortic dissection in two patients with previous infrarenal endovascular aortic aneurysm repair with EndoAnchors.

Acute aortic dissection in the immediate postoperative period after endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR) has been linked to technical factors such as excessive endograft oversizing or aortic wall injuries during the procedure. In contrast, dissections that occur later are more likely to be de novo. Regardless of their etiology, aortic dissection can extend into the abdominal aorta, causing collapse and occlusion of the endograft with devastating complications. To the best of our knowledge, no studies have reported on aortic dissection in EVAR patients in whom EndoAnchors (Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN) had been used. We present two cases of de novo type B aortic dissection after EVAR with entry tears in the descending thoracic aorta. In both of our patients, the dissection flap appeared to stop abruptly at the site of endograft fixation with the EndoAnchors, suggesting that EndoAnchors might prevent the propagation of aortic dissection beyond the EndoAnchor fixation level and thus protect the EVAR from collapse.

A unique case of hypoplastic inferior vena cava leading to bilateral iliofemoral venous outflow obstruction and review of literature.

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common cardiovascular disease associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality whereas it induces substantial health care costs and increased use of resources. The current standard of treatment for acute deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is anticoagulation, although revascularization can be considered in younger patients with severe symptoms and extensive thrombus burden to prevent long-term sequalae of VTE (eg, recurrent DVTs, post-thrombotic syndrome post-pulmonary embolism syndrome, and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension). A rare cause of VTE is anomalous development of the inferior vena cava (IVC) and can challenge endovascular revascularization. This case report describes a case of hypoplastic supra hepatic IVC, associated with distal IVC occlusion and bilateral lower extremity DVTs treated successfully with suction thrombectomy and on table only thrombolysis, avoiding the higher risk for major bleeding, intensive care unit admission and prolonged hospitalization associated with prolonged tissue plasminogen activator infusion.

Prospective determination of candidates for thrombolysis in patients with acute proximal deep vein thrombosis.

PURPOSE: To prospectively determine the distribution, extent, and age of venous thrombosis in patients presenting with acute signs and symptoms of venous thromboembolism and identify candidates for thrombolysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five hundred seventy-six consecutive patients (281 male, 295 female; mean age 58) referred for lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT) assessment between November 2007 and April 2008 were included in the study. Documented cases of DVT were categorized by age (acute, chronic, and acute on chronic), anatomic location, and extent. Patients with iliofemoral and femoropopliteal DVT were evaluated for thrombolysis using standard criteria. RESULTS: DVT was found in 19% of patients (112/576). Of these, 31 patients (27.7%, 31/112) had isolated calf DVT, 61 patients (54.5%, 61/112) had proximal vein thrombosis extending into the femoropopliteal venous segments, and 20 patients (17.9%, 20/112) presented with iliofemoral DVT. Using standard criteria, 12 patients were selected as potential candidates for pharmacomechanical thrombolysis (PhMT). This equated to an incidence of 2% (12/576) in the population studied, 11% of patients (12/112) with DVT, 26.1% of patients (12/46) presenting with acute proximal DVT, and 20% of patients (4/20) with iliofemoral DVT. CONCLUSION: The incidence of potential candidates for thrombolysis is low. These data should be considered when recruiting centers to participate in ongoing clinical trials assessing the efficacy of these techniques.

Creation of gastric conduit free-graft with intraoperative perfusion imaging during pancreaticoduodenectomy in a patient post esophagectomy.

As surgery becomes more successful for complicated malignancies, patients survive longer and can unfortunately develop subsequent malignancies. Surgical resection in these settings can be treacherous and manipulations of the patient's anatomy need to be closely considered before embarking on major operations. We report a case of a patient who survived esophageal resection for locally advanced esophageal cancer only to develop a new pancreatic head malignancy. Careful upfront planning allowed for a successful resection with an uncomplicated recovery. She underwent open pancreaticoduodenectomy, and to maintain perfusion to the gastric conduit a microvascular anastomosis of the gastroepiploic pedicle was performed to the middle colic vessels. Intraoperative fluorescent imaging was used to evaluate the anastomosis as well as gastric and duodenal perfusion during the case.