An overview of rehabilitation approaches for focal hand dystonia in musicians: A scoping review.

OBJECTIVE: To provide a comprehensive overview of rehabilitation treatment strategies for focal hand dystonia (FHD) in musicians, examining their evolution and effectiveness. DATA SOURCES: A systematic search of five databases, PubMed, PEDro, Cochrane Library, Trip, and Google Scholar, to identify relevant articles on FHD rehabilitation. The last search was performed on 20 December 2023. METHODS: Inclusion criteria were applied to 190 initially identified articles, resulting in 17 articles for review. Exclusions were made for duplicates, irrelevant titles, abstracts, and non-rehabilitation interventions. RESULTS: Ten different rehabilitation approaches were identified over 20 years. While no definitive intervention protocol exists, a multimodal approach is commonly recommended. CONCLUSIONS: This scoping review underscores the diversity of rehabilitation strategies for FHD. It suggests the potential of multimodal approaches, emphasizing the need for further large-scale clinical efficacy studies.

Is there a skeletal age index that can predict accurate curve progression in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis? A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis requires clinical and radiographic evaluation; the management options vary depending on the severity of the curve and potential for progression. Identifying predictors of scoliosis progression is crucial to avoid incorrect management; clinical and radiographic factors have been studied as potential predictors. The present study aims to review the literature on radiological indexes for the peak height velocity or curve acceleration phase to help clinicians manage treatment of patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. METHODS: This systematic review was carried out in accordance with Preferential Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The search was carried out including only peer-reviewed articles written in English that described the radiological indexes assessing skeletal maturity in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and evaluated their correlation with curve progression, expressed as peak height velocity and/or curve acceleartion phase. RESULTS: Thirteen studies were included and showed promising results in terms of reliable radiological indexes. Risser staging gives a general measure of skeletal maturity, but it cannot be used as a primary index for driving the treatment of patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis since more reliable indexes are available. CONCLUSION: Skeletal maturity quantification for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis has the potential to significantly modify disease management. However, idiopathic scoliosis is a complex and multifactorial disease: therefore, it is unlikely that a single index will ever be sufficient to predict its evolution. Therefore, as more adolescent idiopathic scoliosis progression-associated indexes are identified, a collective scientific effort should be made to develop a therapeutic strategy based on reliable and reproducible algorithms.

Ultrasound assessment and scoring of tendinopathy in hemophilia: Development of the Tendon Haemophilic Damage - Ultrasound (THD-US) method.

This study aimed to develop and validate the tendinopathy hemophilia detection with ultrasonography (THD-US) protocol for assessing hemophilia-related tendinopathy. Twenty male patients with hemophilic arthropathy underwent ultrasound evaluations of 200 tendons. The THD-US scoring method assessed structural changes, hyperemia, and calcifications, revealing various tendon abnormalities. This protocol provides a standardized, efficient method for assessing tendinopathy in hemophilia patients, potentially improving patient management and outcomes.

A comprehensive scoring system for the diagnosis and staging of adhesive capsulitis: development, application, and implications.

INTRODUCTION: Adhesive capsulitis (AC), often referred to as frozen shoulder, presents a diagnostic challenge due to its insidious onset and progressive nature. The condition is characterized by pain and restricted motion in the shoulder, with a predilection for individuals between 40 and 60 years of age. A novel scoring system was developed to enhance the accuracy of diagnosing AC and distinguishing between its stages, aiming to streamline clinical decision-making and treatment planning. METHODS: A cohort of patients with symptoms suggestive of AC was assessed using the new scoring system, which integrates clinical, radiological, and patient history factors. Parameters included comorbidities like diabetes mellitus, recent immobility, rotator cuff tears, and specific ultrasound findings. Patients were scored and categorized into definitive AC, uncertain diagnosis, or exclusion from AC, with scores > 7, 6-2, and < 2, respectively. RESULTS: The scoring system effectively categorized patients, with those scoring > 7 demonstrating pronounced symptoms and ultrasound changes consistent with Phase 2 AC. Patients with scores between 6 and 2 were classified into uncertain Phase 1 or Phase 3, necessitating further observation. Scores < 2 effectively excluded AC, indicating a need to explore alternative diagnoses. CONCLUSION: The structured scoring system demonstrated potential as a comprehensive tool for diagnosing AC. By quantitatively assessing a range of contributory factors, it allowed for the stratification of the disease into distinct stages. This system is anticipated to improve early diagnosis and the precision of treatment interventions, although further validation in larger cohorts is warranted. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II-III.

Mechanobiology of the Human Intervertebral Disc: Systematic Review of the Literature and Future Perspectives.

Low back pain is an extremely common condition with severe consequences. Among its potential specific causes, degenerative disc disease (DDD) is one of the most frequently observed. Mechanobiology is an emerging science studying the interplay between mechanical stimuli and the biological behavior of cells and tissues. The aim of the presented study is to review, with a systematic approach, the existing literature regarding the mechanobiology of the human intervertebral disc (IVD), define the main pathways involved in DDD and identify novel potential therapeutic targets. The review was carried out in accordance with the Preferential Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Studies were included if they described biological responses of human IVD cells under mechanical stimulation or alterations of mechanical properties of the IVD determined by different gene expression. Fifteen studies were included and showed promising results confirming the mechanobiology of the human IVD as a key element in DDD. The technical advances of the last decade have allowed us to increase our understanding of this topic, enabling us to identify possible therapeutic targets to treat and to prevent DDD. Further research and technological innovations will shed light on the interactions between the mechanics and biology of the human IVD.

Epigenetic Factors Related to Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review of the Current Literature.

Low back pain (LBP) is one of the most common causes of pain and disability. At present, treatment and interventions for acute and chronic low back pain often fail to provide sufficient levels of pain relief, and full functional restoration can be challenging. Considering the significant socio-economic burden and risk-to-benefit ratio of medical and surgical intervention in low back pain patients, the identification of reliable biomarkers such as epigenetic factors associated with low back pain could be useful in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to review the available literature regarding the epigenetic factors associated with low back pain. This review was carried out in accordance with Preferential Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The search was carried out in October 2022. Only peer-reviewed articles were considered for inclusion. Fourteen studies were included and showed promising results in terms of reliable markers. Epigenetic markers for LBP have the potential to significantly modify disease management. Most recent evidence suggests that epigenetics is a more promising field for the identification of factors associated with LBP, offering a rationale for further investigation in this field with the long-term goal of finding epigenetic biomarkers that could constitute biological targets for disease management and treatment.

Ultrasound-Guided Infiltrative Treatment Associated with Early Rehabilitation in Adhesive Capsulitis Developed in Post-COVID-19 Syndrome.

Background and Objectives: Post-COVID-19 syndrome is commonly used to describe signs and symptoms that continue or develop after acute COVID-19 for more than 12 weeks. The study aimed to evaluate a treatment strategy in patients with adhesive capsulitis (phase 1) developed in post-COVID-19 syndrome. Materials and Methods: The method used was an interventional pilot study in which 16 vaccinated patients presenting with the clinical and ultrasound features of adhesive capsulitis (phase 1) developed during post-COVID-19 syndrome were treated with infiltrative hydrodistension therapy under ultrasound guidance associated with early rehabilitation treatment. Results: Sixteen patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome treated with ultrasound-guided infiltration and early rehabilitation treatment showed an important improvement in active joint ROM after 10 weeks, especially in shoulder elevation and abduction movements. The VAS mean score before the treatment was 6.9 ± 1.66. After 10 weeks of treatment, the VAS score was 1 ± 0.63. Conclusions: The study demonstrated that the management of adhesive capsulitis (phase 1) developed in post-COVID-19 syndrome, as conducted by physiotherapists in a primary care setting using hydrodistension and a rehabilitation protocol, represented an effective treatment strategy.

Surgical resolution of chronic thoracic pain stemming from a rare osteo-muscular conflict: A case report.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic thoracic pain presents significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges, particularly when arising from rare osteo-muscular conflicts. This report details a unique case of chronic pain due to an osteo-muscular conflict between the right tenth rib and the internal oblique muscle, highlighting the complexities involved in diagnosis and the potential for surgical resolution. CASE PRESENTATION: A 33-year-old male with a decade-long history of chronic right hemithorax pain, unresponsive to conservative treatments, underwent diagnostic evaluation. Advanced imaging techniques, including a thoracic CT scan, revealed an ipodense area between the ninth and tenth ribs, suggesting an osteo-muscular conflict. Surgical intervention, specifically a partial costectomy of the right tenth rib, was pursued, resulting in significant symptom relief and improved quality of life. CLINICAL DISCUSSION: This case underscores the importance of considering advanced diagnostic evaluations in persistent chronic pain cases and the effectiveness of targeted surgical interventions in resolving anatomical conflicts. It contributes to the body of knowledge on managing complex musculoskeletal conditions and underscores the need for personalized treatment approaches. CONCLUSION: Surgical intervention in selected cases of chronic pain due to rare anatomical conflicts can offer significant relief and enhance patient outcomes. This case advocates for a nuanced approach to the diagnosis and treatment of chronic thoracic pain, emphasizing the role of advanced imaging and the potential benefits of surgical resolution.

Combined repair of scapholunate ligament (SL) and triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) lesions in chronic trauma of the wrist: surgical treatment of 14 patients.

PURPOSE: Injuries of the scapholunate ligament (SL) and of the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) represent the main ligament injuries of the traumatic wrist. A double injury of the SL and TFCC ligaments is quite common in the trauma setting, and clinical examination is fundamental. MRI allows to detection of a TFCC and SL ligament injury, but wrist arthroscopy is still the gold standard for diagnosis. We present the clinical results of the combined reconstruction of chronic scapholunate ligament and TFCC injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fourteen patients were treated at our hospital with a combined scapholunate ligament and TFCC complex repair. All patients were surgically treated by the same senior author, after a diagnostic arthroscopy that revealed a lesion of both structures. A comparison between the pre-operative and post-operative pain and function was carried out using VAS, Disability of Arm, Shoulder and Hand score (DASH) and Patient-Related Wrist/Hand Evaluation score (PRWHE). Wrist range of motion and strength were also compared following surgery. RESULTS: All patients had a mean follow-up of 54 months. A statistically significant improvement was observed both with the reduction in pain (VAS from 8.9 to 5) and with the improvement of functionality scores (DASH from 63 to 40 and PRWHE from 70 to 57) and with the increase in ROM and strength. In only one patient (7%), because of pain and instability, a supplement operation was needed (Sauve-Kapandji procedure) 3 months after the initial surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The simultaneous repair of the SL and TFCC complex has shown a good success rate in both decreasing pain and regaining functionality.

Comparing endoscopic and conventional surgery techniques for carpal tunnel syndrome: A retrospective study.

Introduction: This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of endoscopic carpal tunnel release (ECTR) versus open carpal tunnel release (OCTR) in treating carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), focusing on symptom relief, functional recovery and post-operative complications. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 44 patients diagnosed with CTS, randomly assigned to undergo either ECTR (n=23) or OCTR (n=21). Parameters evaluated included post-operative pain, grip strength, functional status using the Disability of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) score and time to return to work. Results: Patients who underwent ECTR demonstrated superior functional recovery and quicker return to daily and work activities compared to those in the OCTR group. Grip strength improvement post-surgery showed no significant difference between the groups. However, ECTR patients reported significantly lower DASH scores and faster return to work, indicating better outcomes. There were fewer reports of post-operative complications and scar sensitivity in the ECTR group. Conclusion: ECTR provides an effective alternative to OCTR for CTS treatment, with advantages in functional recovery speed, reduced post-operative discomfort and faster return to work. These findings support the adoption of ECTR as a preferred surgical approach for CTS, highlighting its potential to improve patient outcomes with minimal complications.

Arthroscopic surgery for scaphoid nonunion: a 10-year systematic literature review.

The purpose of the study was to investigate whether arthroscopic treatment of carpal scaphoid nonunions by osteosynthesis with bone grafting represents a successful surgical technique. This systematic literature review, conducted following the PRISMA guidelines, explores the past 10 years of clinical studies concerning the arthroscopic treatment of scaphoid nonunions. The most relevant keywords were used to search the databases, and the Downs and Black 27-item checklist has been used as quality assessment tool. Twelve papers that meet the premised eligibility criteria have been identified. These studies demonstrate the efficacy of this surgical solution, achieving a postoperative union rate of 96% in the average time of 13.5 weeks. Regardless of the method of synthesis and the origin of the graft used, excellent results were obtained. Patients who underwent this procedure reported a pain reduction of almost 80% compared to the preoperative level, improvement in grip strength close to 40%, and recovery in wrist function during daily activities. Arthroscopy has numerous advantages compared to the open approach. These are technically recognized by the surgeon and by the patient. Some disadvantages include a longer intraoperative time and considerable significant technical difficulty. Arthroscopic treatment of scaphoid nonunion by osteosynthesis with bone graft achieves a 96% union rate of the treated scaphoid with satisfying clinical results.

Efficacy of Ultrasound-Guided Hydrodissection for Treating De Quervain's Tenosynovitis.

Objective: This study evaluated the effectiveness of ultrasound-guided hydrodissection treatment for De Quervain's stenosing tenosynovitis, characterized by the narrowing of the first extensor compartment of the wrist. Notably, approximately 2% of cases involve a fibrous septum that divides the compartment. Subjects and Methods: Ninety-five patients diagnosed with De Quervain's disease using ultrasound underwent hydrodissection treatment. When a septum was present, the needle was redirected into each sub-compartment to distribute the therapeutic solution evenly and facilitate the breaking of the septum. Results: Ninety patients reported significant improvements in pain and functionality within 2 months of the initial treatment, with a marked decrease in the mean visual analog scale score from 7.65 ± 1.31 to 1.65 ± 2.32. A second infiltration, administered 2 months later, further alleviated pain and enhanced hand functionality. However, 5 patients with septum required surgical intervention after nonconclusive results from the infiltrative treatment. Conclusions: This study confirms that ultrasound-guided hydrodissection is an effective treatment for approximately 95% of patients with De Quervain's disease, achieving substantial pain relief and improved joint mobility after the first treatment. These findings support the continued use of ultrasound guidance to enhance the precision and efficacy of treatment in complex cases.

Restoration of Spinopelvic Alignment After Reduction of High-grade Spondylolisthesis: Myth or Reality? A Systematic Review of the literature and Meta-analysis.

STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis of literature. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the presented study is to assess whether the reduction of high-grade spondylolisthesis (HGS) through the correction of lumbosacral kyphosis leads to a decrease in the sagittal spinopelvic compensatory mechanisms. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: HGS is as an anterior translation of a vertebra, >50%. It is also characterized by a kyphotic deformity of the affected level. This combination of translation and kyphosis leads to compensatory mechanisms on the sagittal plane [pelvic retroversion, increased lumbar lordosis (LL), reduction in thoracic kyphosis (TK)]. METHODS: A systematic search of electronic databases was conducted. Inclusion criteria were diagnosis of HGS (Meyerding >II, Slip% >50%), partial or complete reduction surgery (with a significant decrease in Slip%), and report of spinopelvic parameters (pelvic incidence, pelvic tilt, or sacral slope). Clinical and radiographic outcomes were extracted and summarized. Meta-analyses were performed to estimate the differences between preoperative and postoperative spinopelvic alignment measures. P<0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Eighteen studies were included. PT showed a statistically significant decrease of -2.1217 (95% CI: -3.4803 to -0.7630), while SS showed a significant increase of 4.8349 (95% CI: 2.7462-6.9236). Conversely, both LL and TK showed nonsignificant changes, -4.7043 (95% CI: -10.4535 to 1.0449) and 6.3881 (95% CI: -0.8344 to 13.6106), respectively. VAS significantly decreased by -3.1950 (95% CI: -4.9462 to -1.4439). CONCLUSIONS: The meta-analysis showed mild, yet statistically significant, decrease of PT and an increase in SS after HGS reduction. Conversely, nonstatically significant decrease in LL and an increase in TK occurred. The clinical significance of these results remains questionable. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV.

Fibro-adhesive Bursitis: A Novel Sonographic Finding in Adhesive Capsulitis Patients and a Proposal of Management.

INTRODUCTION: Adhesive capsulitis, also known as "frozen shoulder," is a debilitating shoulder condition increasingly linked to fibroadhesive bursitis, particularly after COVID-19 and related vaccinations. There is no definitive gold standard for its treatment, the primary therapeutic objectives of which are the reduction of pain and the restoration of shoulder range of motion. The aim of our study was to analyze treatment outcomes based on quantitative measures of shoulder function and symptom relief. METHOD: Conducted between January 2022 and April 2023, the research involved 45 patients initially diagnosed with adhesive capsulitis and associated fibroadhesive bursitis. After excluding nine patients for other concomitant pathologies (five for calcific tendinopathy and four for rotator cuff injury), 36 patients were randomized into two groups: one group was treated with glenohumeral hydrodistension, the other with glenohumeral hydrodistension combined with bursal injection. Assessments were conducted at baseline and then 2, 4, and 6 months after treatment, focusing on changes in pain levels, functional scores, and range of motion in all planes. Each group followed a home-based rehabilitation protocol. RESULTS: Significant improvements were observed in both treatment groups, with the combined hydrodistension and bursal injection group showing notably superior outcomes. Specifically, the range of motion in flexion improved from an initial median of 80° to 155° in the combined treatment group, compared to an increase from 75.5° to 129° in the group treated with hydrodistension alone. This enhancement was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Regarding pain reduction, the combined treatment group demonstrated a dramatic decrease in visual analogue scale (VAS) scores, from a baseline median of 7 to 1 at the 6-month follow-up. In contrast, the hydrodistension-only group showed a reduction from 7 to 3, with these differences also proving statistically significant (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound-guided hydrodistension of the glenohumeral joint, if combined with bursal injection and specific exercises, effectively reduces pain, decreases disability, and improves range of motion in patients with second-stage adhesive capsulitis. This study highlights the importance of a combined approach in the management of this complex condition, especially after the histological changes that occurred after COVID-19 and related vaccinations. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT06062654.

Adhesive capsulitis: the importance of early diagnosis and treatment.

BACKGROUND: Adhesive capsulitis (AC), more commonly known as "frozen shoulder", is a painful shoulder condition. The illness progresses through three phases: freezing, frozen and thawing. A gold standard treatment for adhesive capsulitis is not defined. The goal of any treatment is to reduce pain and restore shoulder movement. OBJECTIVE: Objective of the present study is to evaluate the efficacy of gleno-humeral hydrodistension associated with physical therapy in patients with diagnosed adhesive capsulitis comparing the outcomes in term of pain and range of motion in patients with a phase 1 and a phase 2 disease. METHOD: Between January 2022 and April 2023, We evaluated 87 patients with adhesive capsulitis, 47 were excluded for others concomitant pathologies, finally 40 patients were enrolled for the study, of whom 23 had capsulitis in stage 1 and 17 in stage 2. Patients were evaluated at baseline and at 2, 4 and 6 months after infiltration recording range of motion in all planes, pain and functionality scores. RESULTS: A significant improvement was recorded in shoulder range of motion in all planes with the except of extension in both groups. Phase 2 patients were able to regain shoulder range of motion in all planes except internal rotation which was recovered with more difficulty. Pain and functionality scores improved significantly between baseline and follow-up visits. CONCLUSION: Ultrasound-assisted hydrodistention of the glenohumeral joint combined with targeted exercise has been successful in improving pain relief, reducing disability, and increasing range of motion in subjects with stage 1 and 2 adhesive capsulitis, especially if diagnosed before phase 2 (when the range of motion is completely reduced).

Unveiling Timetable for Physical Therapy after Single-Level Lumbar Surgery for Degenerative Disc Disease: Insights from a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: Postoperative physical therapy emerges as a pivotal element of the rehabilitation process, aimed at enhancing functional recovery, managing pain, and mitigating the risk of further complications. The debate concerning the optimal timing of physical therapy intervention post-surgery remains unresolved; in particular, whether to initiate physical therapy immediately or to wait weeks is of particular interest. The aim of this study is to review the available literature regarding the optimal timing of physical therapy initiation and the outcomes obtained. Methods: This review was carried out in accordance with the Preferential Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. This search was carried out in February 2024. Only peer-reviewed articles were considered for inclusion. Results: Fourteen studies were included. The primary outcomes assessed in the included studies were the following: 12-week and 12-month low back pain, return to work, function and disability, psychological status, patient satisfaction, and complications associated with early physical therapy. A meta-analysis was performed concerning low back pain after lumbar discectomy at 12 weeks and 12 months and complications after early physical therapy after lumbar discectomy and lumbar interbody fusion. A significant difference was found between early and standard physical therapy in terms of low back pain at 12-18 months (p = 0.0062); no significant differences were found in terms of complications, both for discectomy and arthrodesis. Conclusions: This review indicates that employing early rehabilitation strategies for intervertebral disc disease could enhance results in terms of pain and disability without an enhanced risk of complications.

The Effectiveness of Ultrasound-Guided Infiltrations Combined with Early Rehabilitation in the Management of Low Back Pain: A Retrospective Observational Study.

Background and Aims: Low back pain is a prevalent condition affecting 60-85% of individuals during their lifetime. Despite various proposed mechanisms, the etiology of low back pain remains unclear. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of combining ultrasound-guided infiltrations with early rehabilitation in reducing pain and improving functional limitations in patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted, reviewing data from January to April 2024 involving 40 patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain. Each patient received two cycles of ultrasound-guided lidocaine and corticosteroid infiltrations at the level of the posterior lower iliac spine, followed by 10 rehabilitation sessions. Patients were assessed at baseline (T0), after the first treatment cycle (T1), and after the second cycle (T2) using the Oswestry Disability Index, Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale, Roland Disability Questionnaire, and Numeric Rating Scale. Results: Significant improvements were observed across all assessment scales. The ODI scores decreased from 33.5 at baseline to 3.5 after treatment (p < 0.001). Similar reductions were noted in the QBPDS (from 61.5 to 10.3), RDQ (from 18 to 3.4), and NRS (from 7.4 to 1.3). The combination of ultrasound-guided infiltrations and early rehabilitation resulted in a significant reduction in pain and disability, with the most notable improvements occurring after the second treatment cycle. Conclusions: The integration of ultrasound-guided infiltrations with early rehabilitation is highly effective in managing chronic nonspecific low back pain, significantly reducing both pain and functional limitations.

Can Secondary Adhesive Capsulitis Complicate Calcific Tendinitis of the Rotator Cuff? An Ultrasound Imaging Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Adhesive capsulitis (AC) of the glenohumeral joint is a recognized cause of pain associated with both active and passive restricted ranges of movement. AC can be subdivided into primary and secondary forms. Trauma, surgery, immobilization, and diabetes mellitus are the leading well-recognized causes of secondary AC. Calcific tendinitis/tendinitis (CT) of the rotator cuff is considered a possible trigger for AC, as reported in a few previous articles. However, there are no original investigations that assess the frequency and characteristics of this association. The aim of our research was to evaluate the presence of AC in a cohort of patients with a known CT condition of the rotator cuff by an ultrasound (US) examination. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We prospectively enrolled all the patients admitted at our single institution (October 2022-June 2023) for the preoperative US evaluation of a known CT condition. In these patients, we searched for parameters related to secondary AC. An axillary pouch (AP) thickness equal to or greater than 4 mm (or greater than 60% of the contralateral AP) was considered diagnostic of AC. Moreover, rotator interval (RI) thickness and the presence of effusion within the long-head biceps tendon (LHBT) sheath was also assessed in all patients. RESULTS: A total of 78 patients (54F, 24M-mean age = 50.0 and range = 31-71 y.o.) were enrolled in the study. In 26 of those patients (26/78-33.3%), US signs of AC were detected. Notably, the mean AP thickness in patients with AC and CT was 3.96 ± 1.37 mm (Group 1) and 2.08 ± 0.40 mm in patients with CT only (Group 2). RI thickness was significantly greater in patients with superimposed AC: 2.54 ± 0.38 mm in Group 1 and 1.81 ± 0.41 mm in Group 2 (p < 0.00001). Moreover, effusion within the LHBT was significantly more frequently detected in patients with AC: 84.61% in Group 1 versus 15.79% in Group 2-p < 0.00001. CONCLUSION: US signs of AC are found in one-third of patients with CT of the rotator cuff, demonstrating that AC represents a frequent complication that should be routinely evaluated during US investigation to provide more personalized treatment strategies.

Image-Guided Minimally Invasive Treatment Options for Degenerative Lumbar Spine Disease: A Practical Overview of Current Possibilities.

Lumbar back pain is one of the main causes of disability around the world. Most patients will complain of back pain at least once in their lifetime. The degenerative spine is considered the main cause and is extremely common in the elderly population. Consequently, treatment-related costs are a major burden to the healthcare system in developed and undeveloped countries. After the failure of conservative treatments or to avoid daily chronic drug intake, invasive treatments should be suggested. In a world where many patients reject surgery and prefer minimally invasive procedures, interventional radiology is pivotal in pain management and could represent a bridge between medical therapy and surgical treatment. We herein report the different image-guided procedures that can be used to manage degenerative spine-related low back pain. Particularly, we will focus on indications, different techniques, and treatment outcomes reported in the literature. This literature review focuses on the different minimally invasive percutaneous treatments currently available, underlining the central role of radiologists having the capability to use high-end imaging technology for diagnosis and subsequent treatment, allowing a global approach, reducing unnecessary surgeries and prolonged pain-reliever drug intake with their consequent related complications, improving patients' quality of life, and reducing the economic burden.