Atlantic butterflies: a data set of fruit-feeding butterfly communities from the Atlantic forests.

Butterflies are one of the best-known insect groups, and they have been the subject of numerous studies in ecology and evolution, especially in the tropics. Much attention has been given to the fruit-feeding butterfly guild in biodiversity conservation studies, due to the relative ease with which taxa may be identified and specimens sampled using bait traps. However, there remain many uncertainties about the macroecological and biogeographical patterns of butterflies in tropical ecosystems. In the present study, we gathered information about fruit-feeding butterfly species in local communities from the Atlantic Forests of South America. The ATLANTIC BUTTERFLIES data set, which is part of ATLANTIC SERIES data papers, results from a compilation of 145 unpublished inventories and 64 other references, including articles, theses, and book chapters published from 1949 to 2018. In total, the data set contains 7,062 records (presence) of 279 species of fruit-feeding butterflies identified with taxonomic certainty, from 122 study locations. The Satyrini is the tribe with highest number of species (45%) and records (30%), followed by Brassolini, with 13% of species and 12.5% of records. The 10 most common species correspond to 14.2% of all records. This data set represents a major effort to compile inventories of fruit-feeding butterfly communities, filling a knowledge gap about the diversity and distribution of these butterflies in the Atlantic Forest. We hope that the present data set can provide guidelines for future studies and planning of new inventories of fruit-feeding butterflies in this biome. The information presented here also has potential use in studies across a great variety of spatial scales, from local and landscape levels to macroecological research and biogeographical research. We expect that such studies be very important for the better implementation of conservation initiatives, and for understanding the multiple ecological processes that involve fruit-feeding butterflies as biological indicators. No copyright restrictions apply to the use of this data set. Please cite this Data paper when using the current data in publications or teaching events.

Vectors of arboviruses in the state of São Paulo: 30 years of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the infestation of the municipalities of São Paulo by the vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, characterize seasonality and analyze average temperatures and larval densities. METHODS: We used maps with information on the infestation of municipalities between 1986 and 2015. The analysis of larval density of the species by the Wilcoxon test used the Breteau index values for Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus obtained from the Superintendency for Endemic Diseases Control database. In the seasonal description, arithmetic means of each vector were calculated by month and year. Mean temperature analyses were presented on maps with color gradients. RESULTS: The state of São Paulo is currently almost totally infested, with co-occurrence of species in 93.64% of the municipalities. The seasonality analysis showed the first quarter as the most favorable period for larval abundance. The increase of mean temperatures in geographical areas coincided with the temporal trajectory of Ae. aegypti territorial expansion. The mean larval density found was higher for Ae. aegypti than for Ae. albopictus (p = 0.00). CONCLUSIONS: Initially, these Culicidae occupied distinct and opposing areas. Over time, however, co-occurrence showed how great their capacity for adaptation is, even in the face of different social and urban conjunctures. The increase of the mean temperature contributed to Ae. Aegypti 's geographic expansion, as well as to the clearly seasonal profile of both species. In general, larval infestation by Ae. aegypti prevailed, which evidenced its competitive superiority. These data provide a better understanding of the dynamics of arboviral transmission in the state of São Paulo and can be used in vector surveillance and control.

[Seasonal variation of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in a city of Southeastern Brazil]. / Variação sazonal de Aedes aegypti e Aedes albopictus no município de Potim, São Paulo.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the seasonal variation of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus and to estimate the association between the species abundance and abiotic factors. METHODS: Tire-traps were kept for a period of 15 days monthly in an urban area of the city of Potim in the state of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil, from November 2002 to October 2003. Samples of immature forms were followed up under laboratory conditions for 29 days and species were identified. The association between abundance and temperature, rainfall and air relative humidity was tested using Spearman correlations (r s). The descriptive statistics were presented by the average and the standard error (alpha=0.05). RESULTS: From a total of 20,727 immatures collected, 95.3% were Ae. aegypti and 4.7%, Ae. albopictus. Ae. aegypti was found throughout the whole year while Ae. albopictus was found from November to July. The association between these species and abiotic factors was significant for Ae. aegypti (p=0.04) as for maximum temperature and for Ae. albopictus as for maximum temperature (p=0.01) and rainfall (p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Both species presented seasonal variation. However, Ae. aegypti was found throughout the whole year showing a decrease between April and May and June and July. Ae. albopictus, less abundant, was found only between November, 2002 and July, 2003 with a peak in April, 2003. The higher abundance of Ae. aegypti compared to Ae. albopictus in an urban area showed Ae. aegypti has greater capacity of colonizing tires. Such a breeding site in the environment may be important to the maintenance and abundance of Ae. aegypti.

Density of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus and its association with number of residents and meteorological variables in the home environment of dengue endemic area, São Paulo, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Measure the populations of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus adults according to sex and location inside or outside the residence, estimate Ae. aegypti female density per house and per resident, and test the association with abiotic factors. METHODS: Adult mosquitoes were collected monthly with a hand net and portable electric catcher in the peridomiciliary and intradomiciliary premises of residences in an urban area with ongoing dengue transmission in the municipality of São Sebastião, Brazil, from February 2011 to February 2012. RESULTS: Of the 1,320 specimens collected, 1,311 were Ae. aegypti, and nine were Ae. albopictus. A total of 653 male and 658 female of Ae. aegypti were recorded, of which 80% were intradomiciliary. The mean density of Ae. aegypti adult females was 1.60 females/house and 0.42 females/resident. There was an association between the number of females and the number of residents in both intradomiciliary and peridomiciliary premises (r(2) = 0.92; p < 0.001 and r(2) = 0.68; p < 0.001, respectively). There was an association between the number of females and the mean and total rainfall; the correlation was better in peridomiciliary premises (p = 0.00; r(2) = 77%) than intradomiciliary premises in both cases (p = 0.01; r(2) = 48%). Minimum temperature was associated in both environments, exhibiting the same coefficient of determination (p = 0.02; r(2) = 40%). The low frequency of Ae. albopictus (seven females and two males) did not allow for detailed evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: Ae. aegypti is well established within the urban area studied, and the frequency of isolation is higher inside the houses. Female density was directly proportional to the number of residents in the houses. Our data show that human population density positively affects the number of Ae. aegypti females within the residence. Meteorological variables also affected mosquito populations. These data indicate a high probability of human-vector contact, increasing the possible transmission and spread of the DEN virus. Entomological indicators of adult females revealed important information complimenting what was obtained with traditional Stegomyia indices. This information should be a part of an interconnected data set for evaluating and controlling the vector.

[Sweeping method to scan breeding places for dengue and urban yellow fever vectors]. / Método de varredura para exame de criadouros de vetores de dengue e febre amarela urbana.

To estimate the minimum numbers of "sweepings" for a representative sampling of larvae in a large container. 200 larvae in 4th stage were added in an 80-liter drum to carry out the experiment, in each retort was made 10 sweepings using a plastic sieve. Two hundred larvae in stage 4 were added to an 80-liter-drum and using a plastic sieve10 sweepings were carried out in each experiment replicate. The results showed that 8 sweepings were enough to collect up to 72% of the total sample in the container, i.e., an average of 143 +/- 1.97. The proposed method proved to be easily and effectively implemented and allowed for the inspection of containers with large water volumes. These findings reinforce its use as an important potential tool in the routine vectorial surveillance of control programs of dengue and yellow fever.

Vectors of arboviruses in the state of São Paulo: 30 years of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus / Vetores de arboviroses no estado de São Paulo: 30 anos de Aedes aegypti e Aedes albopictus

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the infestation of the municipalities of São Paulo by the vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, characterize seasonality and analyze average temperatures and larval densities. METHODS We used maps with information on the infestation of municipalities between 1986 and 2015. The analysis of larval density of the species by the Wilcoxon test used the Breteau index values for Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus obtained from the Superintendency for Endemic Diseases Control database. In the seasonal description, arithmetic means of each vector were calculated by month and year. Mean temperature analyses were presented on maps with color gradients. RESULTS The state of São Paulo is currently almost totally infested, with co-occurrence of species in 93.64% of the municipalities. The seasonality analysis showed the first quarter as the most favorable period for larval abundance. The increase of mean temperatures in geographical areas coincided with the temporal trajectory of Ae. aegypti territorial expansion. The mean larval density found was higher for Ae. aegypti than for Ae. albopictus (p = 0.00). CONCLUSIONS Initially, these Culicidae occupied distinct and opposing areas. Over time, however, co-occurrence showed how great their capacity for adaptation is, even in the face of different social and urban conjunctures. The increase of the mean temperature contributed to Ae. Aegypti 's geographic expansion, as well as to the clearly seasonal profile of both species. In general, larval infestation by Ae. aegypti prevailed, which evidenced its competitive superiority. These data provide a better understanding of the dynamics of arboviral transmission in the state of São Paulo and can be used in vector surveillance and control.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Descrever a infestação dos municípios paulistas pelos vetores Aedes aegypti e Aedes albopictus , caracterizar a sazonalidade e analisar as temperaturas médias e as densidades larvárias. MÉTODOS Foram empregados mapas com informações sobre a infestação dos municípios entre 1986 e 2015. A análise da densidade larvária das espécies pelo teste de Wilcoxon utilizou os valores do índice de Breteau para Ae. aegypti e Ae. albopictus obtidos no banco de dados da Superintendência de Controle de Endemias. Na descrição sazonal, foram calculadas as médias aritméticas de cada um por mês e ano. As análises de temperaturas médias foram apresentadas em mapas com gradientes de cores. RESULTADOS O estado de São Paulo apresenta-se na atualidade quase totalmente infestado, com coocorrência das espécies em 93,64% dos municípios. A análise da sazonalidade evidenciou o primeiro trimestre como o período mais favorável para a abundância larval. Observou-se elevação das temperaturas médias em áreas geográficas coincidentes com a trajetória temporal da expansão territorial de Ae. aegypti . O valor médio da densidade larvária de Ae. aegypti foi maior do que o verificado para Ae. albopictus (p = 0,00). CONCLUSÕES Esses culicídeos apresentaram, inicialmente, ocupação em áreas distintas e opostas. Entretanto, no decorrer do tempo, a coocorrência mostrou quão grande é a capacidade de adaptação, mesmo em face de conjunturas sociais e urbanas diferentes. A elevação da temperatura média contribuiu para a expansão geográfica de Ae. aegypti , assim como para o perfil nitidamente sazonal de ambas as espécies. No geral, a infestação larvária por Ae. aegypti foi predominante, o que evidenciou sua superioridade competitiva. Tais dados propiciam maior entendimento da dinâmica de transmissão de arboviroses no estado de São Paulo e são subsídios para a vigilância e o controle desses vetores.

Study of the distribution and abundance of the eggs of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus according to the habitat and meteorological variables, municipality of São Sebastião, São Paulo State, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: This study focused on the distribution and abundance of the eggs of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. METHODS: Eighty ovitraps were exposed for four days of each month in peri- and intradomiciliary environments of 40 urban residences on 20 street blocks that were drawn monthly in Sebastião, SP, between February 2011 and February 2012. The monthly distribution of positive ovitrap indices (POI) and mean egg counts per trap (MET) of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by the Dwass-Steel-Critchlow-Fligner (DSCF) test. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient and simple linear regression were used to determine the association between the meteorological variables of temperature and rainfall and the number of ovitraps with eggs and the egg count. RESULTS: The POI and MET of Ae. aegypti were higher in peridomiciliary premises. A positive correlation was found between the temperature and the number of ovitraps with eggs and the egg count of this species in domestic environments. There was no difference in the POI and MET of Ae. albopictus between the environments. A positive correlation was found between temperature and positive ovitraps of Ae. albopictus in peridomiciliary premises. The POI and MET of Ae. aegypti were higher than those of Ae. albopictus. CONCLUSIONS: Peridomiciliary premises were the preferred environments for oviposition of Ae. aegypti. The use of ovitraps for surveillance and vector control is reiterated.

[Competition between Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus larvae in the laboratory]. / Competição entre larvas de Aedes aegypti e Aedes albopictus em laboratório.

This study had the aim of evaluating the effects of intra and interspecies larval competition between Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, survival of larvae time taken to develop and wing length. The experiment was carried out with three densities and five proportions of the species. Aedes aegypti survival was greater than Aedes albopictus survival at intermediate density, while it was lower at high density. Only the time taken for Aedes albopictus to develop was affected. The differences found in comparing the species combinations demonstrated that the mean wing length of Aedes aegypti was generally greater than that of Aedes albopictus. For both species, competition had greater effect on wing length and survival than on the time taken to develop. Aedes aegypti seems to present better competitive capacity than does Aedes albopictus, at intermediate density.

[Effect of larval rearing water on Aedes aegypti oviposition in the laboratory]. / Efeito da água de criação larval na oviposição de Aedes aegypti em laboratório.

To evaluate the influence of larval rearing water on Aedes aegypti oviposition, four types of water were provided for gravid females. It was observed that more eggs were laid in the mixed larval rearing water (2,837) than in the Aedes albopictus water (690) or control water (938), but that this number was similar to what was seen in the Aedes aegypti water (2,361).

Competição entre larvas de Aedes aegypti e Aedes albopictus em laboratório / Competition between Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus larvae in the laboratory

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da competição larval intra e interespecífica entre Aedes aegypti e Aedes albopictus, sobre sobrevivência de larvas, tempo de desenvolvimento e comprimento de asa. O experimento foi realizado em três densidades com 5 proporções das espécies. A sobrevivência de Aedes aegypti apresentou-se superior a de Aedes albopictus em densidade intermediária e inferior em densidade alta. Somente Aedes albopictus teve seu tempo de desenvolvimento afetado. Diferenças encontradas nas comparações das combinações das espécies demonstraram que o comprimento médio de asas de Aedes aegypti, no geral, foi maior que Aedes albopictus. Nas duas espécies, a competição afetou mais o comprimento de asa e a sobrevivência que o tempo de desenvolvimento. Aedes aegypti parece apresentar maior capacidade competitiva em relação a Aedes albopictus em densidade intermediária.

This study had the aim of evaluating the effects of intra and interspecies larval competition between Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, survival of larvae time taken to develop and wing length. The experiment was carried out with three densities and five proportions of the species. Aedes aegypti survival was greater than Aedes albopictus survival at intermediate density, while it was lower at high density. Only the time taken for Aedes albopictus to develop was affected. The differences found in comparing the species combinations demonstrated that the mean wing length of Aedes aegypti was generally greater than that of Aedes albopictus. For both species, competition had greater effect on wing length and survival than on the time taken to develop. Aedes aegypti seems to present better competitive capacity than does Aedes albopictus, at intermediate density.

Efeito da água de criação larval na oviposição de Aedes aegypti em laboratório / Effect of larval rearing water on Aedes aegypti oviposition in the laboratory

Para avaliar a influência da água de criação larval na oviposição de Aedes aegypti, quatro tipos de águas foram oferecidos a fêmeas grávidas. Foram observados mais ovos na água de criação larval mista (2.837) do que na água de Aedes albopictus (690) e controle (938) porém, semelhante à Aedes aegypti (2.361).

To evaluate the influence of larval rearing water on Aedes aegypti oviposition, four types of water were provided for gravid females. It was observed that more eggs were laid in the mixed larval rearing water (2,837) than in the Aedes albopictus water (690) or control water (938), but that this number was similar to what was seen in the Aedes aegypti water (2,361).

Avaliação preliminar da citotoxicidade e genotoxicidade, da água da bacia do rio Tapanhon (SP- Brasil) através do teste Allium (Allium cepa) / Preliminary evaluation of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity, of water from the Tapanhon river basin (SP - Brazil) through Allium test (Allium cepa)

The present study aimed to verify the genotoxic and citotoxic potential in water samples from the basin of Tapanhon River, Pindamonhangaba, São Paulo, by using the Allium test. Water samples of the Tapanhon River and its affluents (the Primeira Água and Segunda Água Streams, the Galega Brook) as well as a sample from the Borba Spring have been collected for negative control. Six bulbs of Allium cepa have been submitted to each of the samples for 24 hours. The roots have been fixed in ethanol/acetic acid 3:1; they have also been submitted to the Feulgen reaction, and the meristematic portion has been crushed in slide for cellular analysis. As such, 6000 cells have been collected for evaluation of the mitotic index (MI) and micronuclei (MNC) as well as 300 cells in the metaphase and anaphase phases, to evaluate chromosome aberrations (CA). No MNC has been found in the samples tested. The MI values have shown to be elevated in all samples tested when compared to the control with statistical relevance, however, only for the samples from the Primeira Água Stream and the Galega Brook (p<0,05). Chromosome aberrations have been observed in all samples (p<0,05). These data suggest that along this bay there are substances which induce the citotoxic and genotoxic effects, which, in turn, have promoted alterations in the organism tested.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar o potencial citotóxico e genotóxico em amostras de água da bacia do rio Tapanhon, Pindamonhangaba, São Paulo, utilizando o teste Allium. Foram coletadas amostras de água do rio Tapanhon e seus tributários (córregos Primeira Água e Segunda Água, ribeirão Galega) e amostra de nascente da bica Borba para o controle negativo. Seis bulbos de Allium cepa foram submetidos a cada uma das amostras por 24h. As raízes foram fixadas em etanol/ácido acético 3:1, submetidas à reação de Feulgen e a porção meristemática esmagada em lâmina para análise celular. Foram contadas 6000 células, para avaliação do índice mitótico (IM) e micronúcleos (MNC) e 300 células nas fases de metáfase/anáfase, para a avaliação de aberrações cromossômicas (AC). Não foi observado MNC nas amostras testadas. Os valores do IM mostraram-se elevados em todas as amostras testadas quando comparados ao controle, porém com relevância estatística apenas nas amostras do córrego Primeira Água e ribeirão Galega (p < 0,05). Aberrações cromossômicas foram observadas em todas as amostras (p < 0,05). Estes dados sugerem que ao longo desta bacia há substâncias indutoras de efeito citotóxico e genotóxico que promoveram alterações no organismo testado.

Variação sazonal de Aedes aegypti e Aedes albopictus no município de Potim, São Paulo / Seasonal variation of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in a city of Southeastern Brazil

OBJETIVO: Verificar a variação sazonal de Aedes aegypti e Aedes albopictus e testar a associação da abundância das espécies com fatores abióticos. MÉTODOS: De novembro de 2002 a outubro de 2003 foram realizadas coletas mensais de imaturos de culicídeos em pneus-armadilha expostos por 15 dias em área urbana de Potim, Vale do Paraíba, SP, Brasil. Os imaturos foram criados em laboratório por 29 dias e identificados segundo espécie. A associação com temperatura, pluviosidade e umidade relativa do ar foram testadas utilizando-se correlações de Spearman (r s). As estatísticas descritivas foram apresentadas pela média e erro-padrão (EP) e nos testes foi utilizado alfa=0,05. RESULTADOS: Do total de 20.727 imaturos coletados, 95,3 por cento eram Ae. aegypti e 4,7 por cento Ae. albopictus. A espécie Ae. aegypti esteve presente em todas as estações/meses do ano e Ae. albopictus somente de novembro a julho. As associações das espécies coletadas com fatores abióticos foram significantes em relação à temperatura máxima para Ae. aegypti (p=0,04) e Ae. albopictus (p=0,01), e pluviosidade (p=0,02) para esta última espécie. CONCLUSÕES: Ambas espécies apresentaram variação sazonal. Porém, Ae. aegypti esteve presente durante todo ano, com maiores quedas de densidade entre abril e maio e entre junho e julho. Ae. albopictus menos abundante, foi encontrado apenas de novembro a julho, com o pico em abril. A maior abundância de Ae. aegypti em relação à Ae. albopictus em área urbana mostrou maior capacidade de Ae. aegypti em colonizar pneus. A existência de tal criadouro no ambiente pode ser importante na manutenção e abundância de Ae. aegypti.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the seasonal variation of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus and to estimate the association between the species abundance and abiotic factors. METHODS: Tire-traps were kept for a period of 15 days monthly in an urban area of the city of Potim in the state of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil, from November 2002 to October 2003. Samples of immature forms were followed up under laboratory conditions for 29 days and species were identified. The association between abundance and temperature, rainfall and air relative humidity was tested using Spearman correlations (r s). The descriptive statistics were presented by the average and the standard error (alpha=0.05). RESULTS: From a total of 20,727 immatures collected, 95.3 percent were Ae. aegypti and 4.7 percent, Ae. albopictus. Ae. aegypti was found throughout the whole year while Ae. albopictus was found from November to July. The association between these species and abiotic factors was significant for Ae. aegypti (p=0.04) as for maximum temperature and for Ae. albopictus as for maximum temperature (p=0.01) and rainfall (p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Both species presented seasonal variation. However, Ae. aegypti was found throughout the whole year showing a decrease between April and May and June and July. Ae. albopictus, less abundant, was found only between November, 2002 and July, 2003 with a peak in April, 2003. The higher abundance of Ae. aegypti compared to Ae. albopictus in an urban area showed Ae. aegypti has greater capacity of colonizing tires. Such a breeding site in the environment may be important to the maintenance and abundance of Ae. aegypti.

Método de varredura para exame de criadouros de vetores de dengue e febre amarela urbana / Sweeping method to scan breeding places for dengue and urban yellow fever vectors

Com objetivo de estimar o número mínimo de varreduras para coletar uma amostra representativa das larvas presentes em um grande recipiente, foram adicionadas 200 larvas de quarto estádio em um tambor de 80 litros de água. Com auxílio de peneira plástica, foram feitas dez varreduras em cada réplica do experimento. Os resultados indicaram que oito varreduras foram suficientes para coletar até 72 por cento do total de 200 larvas de quarto estadio presentes no criadouro, ou seja, uma média de 143Ý1,97. A técnica mostrou ser de fácil e eficiente execuçäo quanto à inspeçäo de criadouros com grande volume de água. Isto reforça sua utilizaçäo como instrumento com grande potencial para vigilância vetorial na rotina dos programas de controle de vetores do dengue e febre amarela