Relationship between parasitism and morphology of Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) on Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

In this study, 5 species of Trichogramma Westwood were evaluated for the biological control of Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith), concerning the physical characteristics of female Trichogramma. The results showed that Trichogramma chilonis Ishii, Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura, and Trichogramma ostriniae Pang et Chen exhibited high parasitism rates, emergence rates, and offspring numbers, with the highest values observed for T. ostriniae. The ovipositor length of Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead and T. dendrolimi were longer than those of other species, and the hind tibia length was the shortest in Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchal. We further evaluated relationships between the parasitism ability of Trichogramma and various morphological indexes based on Spearman's rank correlation coefficients. A positive correlation was found between the parasitism rate and hind tibia length of T. cacoeciae. In T. dendrolimi, the parasitism rate was negatively correlated with ovipositor width and positively correlated with the length-width ratio of the ovipositor. A significant positive correlation was observed between the proportion of female offspring and the mother's ovipositor length in T. japonicum. However, there were no significant correlations between morphological indexes and indexes of parasitism in T. ostriniae. Overall, the parasitic abilities of T. chilonis on S. frugiperda eggs were significantly correlated with the morphology of the female ovipositors.

Knockdown of vitellogenin receptor based on minute insect RNA interference methods affects the initial mature egg load in the pest natural enemy Trichogramma dendrolimi.

Vitellogenin receptor (VgR) plays a crucial role in oogenesis by mediating endocytosis of vitellogenin and a portion of the yolk proteins in many insect species. However, the function of VgR in minute parasitoid wasps is largely unknown. Here, we applied Trichogramma dendrolimi, a minute egg parasitoid, as a study model to investigate the function of VgR in parasitoids. We developed RNA interference (RNAi) methods based on microinjection of prepupae in T. dendrolimi. RNAi employs nanomaterial branched amphipathic peptide capsules (BAPC) as a carrier for double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), significantly enhancing delivery efficiency. Also, artificial hosts without medium were used to culture the injected prepupae in vitro. Utilizing these methods, we found that ovarian growth was disrupted after knockdown of TdVgR, as manifested by the suppressed development of the ovariole and the inhibition of nurse cell internalization by oocytes. Also, the initial mature egg load in the ovary was significantly reduced. Notably, the parasitic capacity of the female adult with ovarian dysplasia was significantly decreased, possibly resulting from the low availability of mature eggs. Moreover, ovarian dysplasia in T. dendrolimi caused by VgR deficiency are conserved despite feeding on different hosts. The results confirmed a critical role of TdVgR in the reproductive ability of T. dendrolimi and provided a reference for gene functional studies in minute insects.

[Study on the traditional lime mortar from the memorial archway in the southern Anhui province].

The traditional lime mortar was investigated by means of scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffractometry and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR). The results show that the mortar from the memorial archway in the southern Anhui province was the organic-inorganic composite materials composed of lime with tung oil or sticky rice. It was found that the excellent performance of the tung oil-lime mortar can be explained by the compact lamellar organic-inorganic composite structure that was produced by carbonization reaction of lime, cross-linking reactions of tung oil and oxygen and complexing reaction of Ca2+ and -COO-. The compact micro-structure of sticky rice-lime mortar, which was produced due to carbonation process of lime controlled by amylopectin, should be the cause of the good performance of this kind of organic-inorganic mortar.

Surgical management of primary and secondary tumors in the pterygopalatine fossa.

OBJECTIVE: This article describes a surgical approach that has been applied to managing primary tumors in the pterygopalatine fossa and secondary tumors involving the pterygopalatine fossa. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The Barbosa approach was modified by adding a lateral incision in the mandibular gingivobuccal fold from the canine tooth to the retromolar area. This technique was applied to nine patients with primary and secondary tumors in the pterygopalatine fossa. All patients had been observed by clinical examinations, MRI, and CT examinations. RESULTS: This technique allowed a large, inferiorly based flap to be raised, which includes the parotid gland. The masseter and temporalis muscles were divided horizontally, and the ascending ramus of the mandible was osteotomied between the mandibular angle and the sigmoid notch and reflected to expose the tumor in the pterygopalatine fossa and maxillary sinus. We have applied this technique in 9 patients. Of the 9 patients in our study, 5 (55%) were male and 4 (45%) were female. The median age of the patients at the time of operation for primary and secondary tumors in the pterygopalatine fossa was 49.5 years (range, 19-66 years). Four of the 9 patients had primary tumors in the pterygopalatine fossa. One patient had a tumor in the pterygoaplatine fossa extending into the maxillary sinus, 2 patients had tumors occurring in the maxilla involving the pterygopalatine fossa, 2 patients had tumors from the deep lobe of the parotid gland to the pterygopalatine fossa, and 1 patient had extracranial meningioma. Nine patients have been followed up from 3 months to 9 years and 6 months, and 1 patient had recurrence 2 years and 2 months postoperatively. CONCLUSION: This technique is especially useful to tumors in the pterygopalatine fossa and tumors in the pterygopalatine fossa extending into the maxillary sinus.