Adrenomedullin/FOXO3 enhances sunitinib resistance in clear cell renal cell carcinoma by inhibiting FDX1 expression and cuproptosis.

Cuproptosis, a new type of copper-induced cell death, is involved in the antitumor activity and resistance of multiple chemotherapeutic drugs. Our previous study revealed that adrenomedullin (ADM) was engaged in sunitinib resistance in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). However, it has yet to be investigated whether and how ADM regulates sunitinib resistance by cuproptosis. This study found that the ADM expression was elevated in sunitinib-resistant ccRCC tissues and cells. Furthermore, the upregulation of ADM significantly enhanced the chemoresistance of sunitinib compared with their respective control. Moreover, cuproptosis was involved in ADM-regulated sunitinib resistance by inhibiting mammalian ferredoxin 1 (FDX1) expression. Mechanically, the upregulated ADM activates the p38/MAPK signaling pathway to promote Forkhead box O3 (FOXO3) phosphorylation and its entry into the nucleus. Consequently, the increased FOXO3 in the nucleus inhibited FDX1 transcription and cell cuproptosis, promoting chemoresistance. Collectively, cuproptosis has a critical effector role in ccRCC progress and chemoresistance and thus is a relevant target to eradicate the cell population of sunitinib resistance.

Effects of Intestinal Microbiota on the Biological Transformation of Arsenic in Zebrafish: Contribution and Mechanism.

Both the gut microbiome and their host participate in arsenic (As) biotransformation, while their exact roles and mechanisms in vivo remain unclear and unquantified. In this study, as3mt-/- zebrafish were treated with tetracycline (TET, 100 mg/L) and arsenite (iAsIII) exposure for 30 days and treated with probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG, 1 × 108 cfu/g) and iAsIII exposure for 15 days, respectively. Structural equation modeling analysis revealed that the contribution rates of the intestinal microbiome to the total arsenic (tAs) and inorganic As (iAs) metabolism approached 44.0 and 18.4%, respectively. Compared with wild-type, in as3mt-/- zebrafish, microbial richness and structure were more significantly correlated with tAs and iAs, and more differential microbes and microbial metabolic pathways significantly correlated with arsenic metabolites (P < 0.05). LGG supplement influenced the microbial communities, significantly up-regulated the expressions of genes related to As biotransformation (gss and gst) in the liver, down-regulated the expressions of oxidative stress genes (sod1, sod2, and cat) in the intestine, and increased arsenobetaine concentration (P < 0.05). Therefore, gut microbiome promotes As transformation and relieves As accumulation, playing more active roles under iAs stress when the host lacks key arsenic detoxification enzymes. LGG can promote As biotransformation and relieve oxidative stress under As exposure.

High Carrier Mobility and Controllable Electronic Property of the h-BN/SnSe2 Heterostructure.

Building two-dimensional (2D) vertical van der Waals heterostructures (vdWHs) is one of the effective methods to regulate the properties of single 2D materials. In this paper, we stack the hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) monolayer (ML) on the SnSe2 ML to construct the stable h-BN/SnSe2 vdWH, of which the crystal and electronic structures, together with the optical properties, are also analyzed by the first-principles calculations. The results show that the h-BN/SnSe2 vdWH belongs to a type-I heterostructure with an indirect bandgap of 1.33 eV, in which the valence band maximum and conduction band minimum are both determined by the component SnSe2 ML. Interestingly, the h-BN/SnSe2 vdWH under the tensile strain or electric field undergoes the transitions both from type-I to type-II heterostructure and from the indirect to direct bandgap semiconductor. In addition, the carrier mobility of the h-BN/SnSe2 heterostructure has a significant enhancement relative to that of the SnSe2 ML, up to 104 cm2 V-1 s-1. Meanwhile, the h-BN/SnSe2 heterostructure presents the superb optical absorption and unique type-II hyperbolic property. Our findings will broaden the potential applications of SnSe2 ML and provide theoretical guidance for the related experimental studies.

First-principles study on the catalytic performance of transition metal atom-doped CrSe2 for the oxygen reduction reaction.

Since the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is the cathodic reaction of energy storage and conversion devices such as fuel cells and metal-air batteries, the search for catalysts with high-performance toward ORR has become the focus of attention. Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have the advantages of easy integration, inexpensive, harmless, good stability, and have vast application prospects in stabilizing the single atom. Hence, in this study, we investigated the feasibility of several 4d/5d single transition metals (TM = Rh, Pd, Ag, Ir, Pt, and Au) doped with CrSe2 for ORR electrocatalysis on the basis of density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Our results demonstrated that most of the TM-doped systems are stable, exhibiting metal conductivity, and can well activate the adsorbed O2. Interestingly, compared with end-on adsorption configuration, O2 is more likely to be adsorbed on the catalysts by a side-on adsorption configuration. Among all the candidate ORR catalysts, Pd-doped and Pt-doped CrSe2 have the best catalytic performance with a low overpotential of 0.43 and 0.50 V, respectively, making them good ORR candidate high performance catalysts. Our DFT work helps to understand the interaction between the O2 molecule and transition metal single atoms on CrSe2 supports and provides ideas for designing stable and efficient ORR catalysts.

DoSDefender: A Kernel-Mode TCP DoS Prevention in Software-Defined Networking.

The limited computation resource of the centralized controller and communication bandwidth between the control and data planes become the bottleneck in forwarding the packets in Software-Defined Networking (SDN). Denial of Service (DoS) attacks based on Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) can exhaust the resources of the control plane and overload the infrastructure of SDN networks. To mitigate TCP DoS attacks, DoSDefender is proposed as an efficient kernel-mode TCP DoS prevention framework in the data plane for SDN. It can prevent TCP DoS attacks from entering SDN by verifying the validity of the attempts to establish a TCP connection from the source, migrating the connection, and relaying the packets between the source and the destination in kernel space. DoSDefender conforms to the de facto standard SDN protocol, the OpenFlow policy, which requires no additional devices and no modifications in the control plane. Experimental results show that DoSDefender can effectively prevent TCP DoS attacks in low computing consumption while maintaining low connection delay and high packet forwarding throughput.

Measurement of atmospheric nanoparticles: Bridging the gap between gas-phase molecules and larger particles.

Atmospheric nanoparticles are crucial components contributing to fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and therefore have significant effects on visibility, climate, and human health. Due to the unique role of atmospheric nanoparticles during the evolution process from gas-phase molecules to larger particles, a number of sophisticated experimental techniques have been developed and employed for online monitoring and characterization of the physical and chemical properties of atmospheric nanoparticles, helping us to better understand the formation and growth of new particles. In this paper, we firstly review these state-of-the-art techniques for investigating the formation and growth of atmospheric nanoparticles (e.g., the gas-phase precursor species, molecular clusters, physicochemical properties, and chemical composition). Secondly, we present findings from recent field studies on the formation and growth of atmospheric nanoparticles, utilizing several advanced techniques. Furthermore, perspectives are proposed for technique development and improvements in measuring atmospheric nanoparticles.

Clinical application of directional dilation in transurethral columnar balloon dilation of the prostate.

Objectives: To investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of directional dilation in transurethral columnar balloon dilation of the prostate (TUCBDP), and summarize relevant experience. Methods: Retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data of 38 patients with prostatic hyperplasia admitted to the Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University from October 2017 to January 2020 who underwent TUCBDP with directional dilation (12 o'clock direction). Complications related to surgery including hemorrhage, urinary incontinence and pain were analyzed. Moreover, patients were followed up for six months postoperatively, and their preoperative and postoperative maximum urine flow rate (Qmax), residual bladder volume (PVR), international prostate symptom score (IPSS), and quality of life score (QoL) were compared. Results: Thirty-eight patients underwent TUCBDP successfully, with dilation positions all in the 12 o'clock direction and no ectopic dilation point. All patients had no severe hematuria postoperatively. Numeric rating scales (NRS) was utilized twice at 8h and 24hour postoperatively to score the pain degree, with no statistically significant difference (P=0.157). Hb was reexamined on the first day postoperatively, with no statistically significant difference compared with that preoperatively (P>0.05). The bladder irrigation time was 1-2 Day postoperatively, while the urethra was removed five days postoperatively, with no severe hematuria in all patients. Two patients developed mild urinary incontinence, which disappeared on the 2nd and 5th day after extubation, respectively, while no patients had dysuria and urinary retention. All 38 patients were detected for Qmax and PVR after urethral removal, with a statistically significant difference compared with those preoperatively (P<0.001), and were reexamined three months postoperatively for Qmax and PVR, with a statistically significant difference compared with those postoperatively (P<0.001); IPSS and QoL were significantly different from those preoperatively with statistically significance (P<0.001). At the follow-up six months postoperatively, Qmax, PVR and IPSS showed statistically significant differences compared with that at three months postoperatively (P<0.05), while QoL showed no statistically significant differences compared with that at 3 months postoperatively (P=0.088). Conclusion: Directional dilation is improved in TUCBDP as having the advantages of safety and effectiveness, and it is worthy of clinical promotion.

Chronic Exposure to PM2.5 Nitrate, Sulfate, and Ammonium Causes Respiratory System Impairments in Mice.

Water-soluble inorganic (WSI) ions are major components of ambient air PM2.5 (particulate matter of diameter ≤2.5 µm); however, their potential health effects are understudied. On C57BL/6 mice, we quantified the effect of three major PM2.5 WSIs (NO3-, SO42-, and NH4+) on respiratory systems. Exposure scenarios include different WSI types, concentrations, animal development stages (young vs adult), and sex. The exposure effects were comprehensively assessed, with special focus on the respiratory function and tissue/cell level changes. Chronic PM2.5 NO3- exposure produced significant respiratory function decline, mainly presented as airflow obstruction. The decline was more profound in young mice than in adult mice. In young mice, exposure to 22 µg/m3 PM2.5 NO3- reduced FEV0.05 (forced expiratory volume in 0.05 s) by 11.3% (p = 9.6 × 10-3) and increased pulmonary neutrophil infiltration by 7.9% (p = 7.1 × 10-3). Causality tests identified that neutrophil infiltration was involved in the biological mechanism underlying PM2.5 NO3- toxicity. In contrast, the effects of PM2.5 SO42- were considerably weaker than NO3-. PM2.5 NO3- exposure was 3.4 times more potent than PM2.5 SO42- in causing reduction of the peak expiratory flow. PM2.5 NH4+ exposure had no statistically significant effects on the respiratory function. In summary, this study provided strong evidence on the adverse impacts of PM2.5 WSIs, where the impacts were most profound in young mice exposed to PM2.5 NO3-. If confirmed in humans, toxicity of PM2.5 WSI will have broad implications in environment health and policy making.

Changes in metabolomics and lipidomics in brain tissue and their correlations with the gut microbiome after chronic food-derived arsenic exposure in mice.

Arsenic can cause neurodegenerative diseases of the brain, but the definite mechanism is still unknown. In this study, to discuss the disturbances on brain metabolome and lipidome under subchronic arsenic exposure, we treated mice with the arsenic-containing feed (concentration of total arsenic = 30 mg/kg) prepared in accordance with the proportion of rice arsenicals for 16 weeks and performed metabolomics and lipidomics studies respectively using UHPLC-Triple-TOF-MS/MS and UHPLC-Q Exactive Focus MS/MS on mice brain. In addition, the distributions of arsenical metabolites along the feed-gut-blood-brain chain were analyzed by ICP-MS and HPLC-ICP-MS, and fecal microbial variations were investigated by 16 s sequencing. The data showed that although only a tiny amount of arsenic (DMA=0.101 mg/kg, uAs=0.071 mg/kg) enters the brain through the blood-brain barrier, there were significant changes in brain metabolism, including 118 metabolites and 17 lipids. These different metabolites were involved in 30 distinct pathways, including glycometabolism, and metabolisms of lipid, nucleic acid, and amino acid were previously reported to be correlated with neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, these different metabolites were significantly correlated with 12 gut bacterial OTUs, among which Lachnospiraceae, Muribaculaceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Erysipelotrichaceae were also previously reported to be related to the distortion of metabolism, indicating that the disturbance of metabolism in the brain may be associated with the disturbance of gut microbes induced by arsenic. Thus, the current study demonstrated that the brain metabolome and lipidome were significantly disturbed under subchronic arsenic exposure, and the disturbances also significantly correlated with some gut microbiome and may be associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Although preliminary, the results shed some light on the pathophysiology of arsenic-caused neurodegenerative diseases.

A comparative study on the Efficacy of Retroperitoneoscopic Pyeloplasty and Open Surgery for Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction in Children.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the therapeutic effect of retroperitoneoscopic dismembered pyeloplasty and open ureteropelvic junction plasty on the ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) in children. METHODS: After the retrospective analysis of clinical data, 78 children with ureteropelvic junction stenosis treated from January, 2012 to June, 2018 were divided into two groups: OP (open pyeloplasty) group (38 cases) and LP (laparoscopic dismembered pyeloplasty) group (40 cases) according to the surgical methods. The operation time, intraoperative bleeding volume, postoperative length of stay (LOS), postoperative complication rate, postoperative hydronephrosis improvement and other indicators were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: All patients underwent surgery successfully, without conversion to open surgery in LP group. The incidence of postoperative urine leakage and the recovery of hydronephrosis between LP group and OP group 12 months after operation showed no statistically significant difference (P>0.05). The intraoperative bleeding volume, the incidence of postoperative retroperitoneal hematoma, and the postoperative LOS in LP group were lower than those in OP group, while the operation time was longer than that in the OP group, with statistically significant difference (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Retroperitoneoscopic dismembered pyeloplasty had similar effect with open dismembered pyeloplasty, but faster recovery and fewer complications, so it has become the preferred treatment method for UPJO in children.

Cobalt Nanoparticles and Atomic Sites in Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Frameworks for Highly Sensitive Sensing of Hydrogen Peroxide.

In situ monitoring of hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) during its production process is needed. Here, an electrochemical H2 O2 sensor with a wide linear current response range (concentration: 5 × 10-8 to 5 × 10-2 m), a low detection limit (32.4 × 10-9 m), and a high sensitivity (568.47 µA mm-1 cm-2 ) is developed. The electrocatalyst of the sensor consists of cobalt nanoparticles and atomic Co-Nx moieties anchored on nitrogen doped carbon nanotube arrays (Co-N/CNT), which is obtained through the pyrolysis of the sandwich-like urea@ZIF-67 complex. More cobalt nanoparticles and atomic Co-Nx as active sites are exposed during pyrolysis, contributing to higher electrocatalytic activity. Moreover, a portable screen-printed electrode sensor is constructed and demonstrated for rapidly detecting (cost ≈40 s) H2 O2 produced in microbial fuel cells with only 50 µL solution. Both the synthesis strategy and sensor design can be applied to other energy and environmental fields.

Airway microbiome is associated with respiratory functions and responses to ambient particulate matter exposure.

BACKGROUND: Ambient particulate matter (PM) exposure has been associated with respiratory function decline in epidemiological studies. We hypothesize that a possible underlying mechanism is the perturbation of airway microbiome by PM exposure. METHODS: During October 2016-October 2017, on two human cohorts (n = 115 in total) in Shanghai China, we systematically collected three categories of data: (1) respiratory functions, (2) airway microbiome from sputum, and (3) PM2.5 (PM of ≤ 2.5 µm in diameter) level in ambient air. We investigated the impact of PM2.5 on airway microbiome as well as the link between airway microbiome and respiratory functions using linear mixed regression models. RESULTS: The respiratory function of our primary interest includes forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1st second (FEV1). FEV1/FVC, an important respiratory function trait and key diagnosis criterion of COPD, was significantly associated with airway bacteria load (p = 0.0038); and FEV1 was associated with airway microbiome profile (p = 0.013). Further, airway microbiome was significantly influenced by PM2.5 exposure (p = 4.48E-11). CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, for the first time, we demonstrated the impact of PM2.5 on airway microbiome, and reported the link between airway microbiome and respiratory functions. The results expand our understanding on the scope of PM2.5 exposure's influence on human respiratory system, and point to novel etiological mechanism of PM2.5 exposure induced diseases.

Bio3Air, an integrative system for monitoring individual-level air pollutant exposure with high time and spatial resolution.

BACKGROUND: Air pollution is a leading cause of global disease burden. Lack of suitable methods for long term measuring exposure level at individual level is crippling environmental epidemiology research of air pollution. METHODS: We report an integrative system, Bio3Air, for long term measurement of individual level air pollution exposure, currently focusing on ambient particulate matter (PM). The novel system in real-time quantifies individual's outdoor/indoor status, geological location, lung ventilation rate and PM concentration of individual's surrounding environment, and these metrics are subsequently incorporated in calculating PM exposure. RESULTS: The system is fully developed and tested in China, USA and Canada, and has been successfully applied in epidemiology study. Bio3Air offers high reliability, sensitivity, reproducibility (>99%) and accuracy. It has high time- and spatial- resolution (≤ 2 min and ≤ 20 m, respectively). Bio3Air achieved 91.89% consistency with "gold-standard" method (membrane collection and off-line analysis). CONCLUSIONS: Bio3Air represents a substantial methodological advance in environmental health research of air pollution. It captures information relevant in measuring individual's PM exposure (e.g. real-time outdoor/indoor status, location and lung ventilation rate). Such information is typically missed by conventional approaches. Additional features of Bio3Air include easy-to-use, cost-effectiveness and automated data collection, making it a powerful tool facilitating studies of air pollution exposure and health consequences.

Nitrogen-rich core-shell structured particles consisting of carbonized zeolitic imidazolate frameworks and reduced graphene oxide for amperometric determination of hydrogen peroxide.

Core-shell structured particles were prepared from carbonized zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The particles possess a nitrogen content of up to 10.6%. The loss of nitrogen from the ZIF is avoided by utilizing the reduction and agglomeration of graphene oxide with suitable size (>2 µm) during pyrolysis. The resulting carbonized ZIF@rGO particles were deposited on a glassy carbon electrode to give an amperometric sensor for H2O2, typically operated at a voltage of -0.4 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). The sensor has a wide detection range (from 5 × 10-6 to 2 × 10-2 M), a 3.3 µM (S/N = 3) detection limit and a 0.272 µA·µM-1·cm-2 sensitivity, much higher than that of directly carbonized ZIFs. The sensor material was also deposited on a screen-printed electrode to explore the possibility of application. Graphical abstract Nitrogen doped carbon (NC) derived from carbonized zeolitic imidazolate frameworks is limited because of low nitrogen content. Here, nitrogen-rich NC@reduced graphene oxide (rGO) core-shell structured particles are described. The NC@rGO particles show distinctly better H2O2 detection performance than NC.

Carbonic anhydrase 1 is a promising biomarker for early detection of non-small cell lung cancer.

This study aimed to identify candidate biomarkers associated with stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Sera from three groups, a lung cancer group (n = 11), benign control group (n = 12), and normal control group (n = 10), were collected and pooled. Protein expression profiles were analyzed by a combination of two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). These methods were used to separate, screen, and identify proteins that were differentially expressed between stage I NSCLC and controls. Differentially expressed proteins were validated by both Western blot and ELISA in an expanded sample size (22, 18, and 18 in three groups, respectively). MALDI-MS identified 12 differentially expressed proteins in the lung cancer group compared to the two control groups. Expression of carbonic anhydrase 1 (CA1) was validated by Western blot. CA1 was significantly elevated in the lung cancer group compared to controls. ELISA results confirmed that CA1 in the lung cancer group (3.18 ± 1.27 ng/mL, n = 22) was highly expressed in stage I NSCLC patients compared to those in the benign control group (2.21 ± 0.71 ng/mL, n = 18) and the normal control group (2.04 ± 0.63 ng/mL, n = 18) (P = 0.001). In conclusion, we provide evidence that CA1 is highly expressed in the sera of stage I NSCLC patients. Additionally, CA1 might serve as a novel biomarker for early detection of NSCLC.

Prognostic Significance of the Preoperative Lymphocyte to Monocyte Ratio in Patients With Stage I Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Undergoing Complete Resection.

In this study, we investigated the correlation between lymphocyte to monocyte ratio (LMR) and clinical outcomes in stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. A total of 439 stage I NSCLC patients were enrolled in this study. Multivariate analyses identified LMR as an independent prognostic factor for recurrence-free survival and overall survival (hazard ratio (HR: 0.469, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.325-0.677, and p < 0.001, and HR: 0.478, 95% CI: 0.332-0.688, and p < 0.001; respectively). Compared with the high LMR group, the proportion of patients who developed distant metastasis was significantly higher in the low LMR group.

The relative importance of tailpipe and non-tailpipe emissions on the oxidative potential of ambient particles in Los Angeles, CA.

This study examines the associations between the oxidative potential of ambient PM2.5 and PM0.18, measured by means of the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay, and their chemical constituents and modeled sources. Particulate matter (PM) samples were collected from 2012-2013 in Central Los Angeles (LA) and 2013-2014 in Anaheim, California, USA. Detailed chemical analyses of the PM samples, including carbonaceous species, inorganic elements and water-soluble ions, were conducted. Univariate analysis indicated a high correlation (R > 0.60) between the DTT activity and the concentrations of carbonaceous species at both sites. The strongest correlations were observed between DTT and organic tracers of primary vehicle tailpipe emissions including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and hopanes as well as EC, with higher correlations for PM0.18versus PM2.5 components. Moreover, metals and trace elements (e.g., Ba, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Sb) in both size ranges were also associated with DTT activity. Multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis was performed on DTT activity and PM sources identified by a Molecular Marker-Chemical Mass Balance (MM-CMB) model (i.e. major carbonaceous sources: vehicle tailpipe emissions, wood smoke, primary biogenic and secondary organic carbon) together with other typical sources of ambient PM (i.e. crustal material, vehicular abrasion, secondary ions and sea salt). Overall, our findings illustrate the relative importance of different traffic sources on the oxidative potential of ambient PM. Despite major reductions of tailpipe emissions, the lack of similar reductions (and possibly an increase) in non-tailpipe emissions makes them an important source of traffic-related PM in Los Angeles and their increasing role in the overall PM toxicity raises concerns for public health.

Persistent pollution of genetic materials in a typical laboratory environment.

From the onset of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, there are concerns regarding the disease spread and environmental pollution of biohazard since studies on genetic engineering flourish and numerous genetic materials were used such as the nucleic acid test of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). In this work, we studied genetic material pollution in an institute during a development cycle of plasmid, one of typical genetic materials, with typical laboratory settings. The pollution source, transmission routes, and pollution levels in laboratory environment were examined. The Real-Time quantitative- Polymerase Chain Reaction results of all environmental mediums (surface, aerosol, and liquid) showed that a targeted DNA segment occurred along with routine experimental operations. Among the 79 surface and air samples collected in the genetic material operation, half of the environment samples (38 of 79) are positive for nucleic acid pollution. Persistent nucleic acid contaminations were observed in all tested laboratories and spread in the public area (hallway). The highest concentration for liquid and surface samples were 1.92 × 108 copies/uL and 5.22 × 107 copies/cm2, respectively. Significant amounts of the targeted gene (with a mean value of 74 copies/L) were detected in the indoor air of laboratories utilizing centrifuge devices, shaking tables, and cell homogenizers. Spills and improper disposal of plasmid products were primary sources of pollution. The importance of establishing designated experimental zones, employing advanced biosafety cabinets, and implementing highly efficient cleaning systems in laboratories with lower biosafety levels is underscored. SYNOPSIS: STATEMENT. Persistent environmental pollutions of genetic materials are introduced by typical experiments in laboratories with low biosafety level.

Incidence and influence factors of venous thromboembolism in traumatic rib fracture patient: a multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to determine the incidence and influencing factors of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients with traumatic rib fractures. METHODS: The retrospective study analyzed medical records of patients with traumatic rib fractures from 33 hospitals. RESULTS: The overall incidence of VTE in hospitalized patients with traumatic rib fractures was 8.1%. Patients with isolated traumatic rib fractures had a significantly lower incidence of VTE (4.4%) compared to patients with rib fractures combined with other injuries (12.0%). Multivariate analysis identified the number of rib fractures as an independent risk factor for thrombosis. Surgical stabilization of isolated rib fractures involving three or more ribs was associated with a lower VTE incidence compared to conservative treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with rib fractures have a higher incidence of VTE, positively correlated with the number of rib fractures. However, the occurrence of thrombosis is relatively low in isolated rib fractures. Targeted thromboprophylaxis strategies should be implemented for these patients, and surgical stabilization of rib fractures may be beneficial in reducing the risk of VTE.

The fecal arsenic excretion, tissue arsenic accumulation, and metabolomics analysis in sub-chronic arsenic-exposed mice after in situ arsenic-induced fecal microbiota transplantation.

Arsenic can be specifically enriched by rice, and the health hazards caused by high arsenic rice are gradually attracting attention. This study aimed to explore the potential of microbial detoxification via gut microbiome in the treatment of sub-chronic arsenic poisoning. We first exposed mice to high-dose arsenic feed (30 mg/kg, rice arsenic composition) for 60 days to promote arsenic-induced microbes in situ in the gastrointestinal tract, then transplanted their fecal microbiota (FMT) into another batch of healthy recipient mice, and dynamically monitored the microbial colonization by 16S rRNA sequencing and ITS sequencing. The results showed that in situ arsenic-induced fecal microbiome can stably colonized and interact with indigenous microbes in the recipient mice in two weeks, and established a more stable network of gut microbiome. Then, the recipient mice continued to receive high-dose arsenic exposure for 52 days. After above sub-chronic arsenic exposure, compared with the non-FMT group, fecal arsenic excretion, liver and plasma arsenic accumulation were significantly lower (P < 0.05), and that in kidney, hair, and thighbone present no significant differences. Metabolomics of feces- plasma-brain axis were also disturbed, some up-regulated metabolites in feces, plasma, and cerebral cortex may play positive roles for the host. Therefore, microbial detoxification has potential in the treatment of sub-chronic arsenic poisoning. However, gut flora is an extremely complex community with different microorganisms have different arsenic metabolizing abilities, and various microbial metabolites. Coupled with the matrix effects, these factors will have various effects on the efflux and accumulation of arsenic. The definite effects (detoxification or non-detoxification) could be not assured based on the current study, and more systematic and rigorous studies are needed in the future.