Organic Intercalation Induced Kinetic Enhancement of Vanadium Oxide Cathodes for Ultrahigh-Loading Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries.

Vanadium-based oxides have attracted much attention because of their rich valences and adjustable structures. The high theoretical specific capacity contributed by the two-electron-transfer process (V5+ /V3+ ) makes it an ideal cathode material for aqueous zinc-ion batteries. However, slow diffusion kinetics and poor structural stability limit the application of vanadium-based oxides. Herein, a strategy for intercalating organic matter between vanadium-based oxide layers is proposed to attain high rate performance and long cycling life. The V3 O7 ·H2 O is synthesized in situ on the carbon cloth to form an open porous structure, which provides sufficient contact areas with electrolyte and facilitates zinc ion transport. On the molecular level, the added organic matter p-aminophenol (pAP) not only plays a supporting role in the V3 O7 ·H2 O layer, but also shows a regulatory effect on the V5+ /V4+ redox process due to the reducing functional group on pAP. The novel composite electrode with porous structure exhibits outstanding reversible specific capacity (386.7 mAh g-1 , 0.1 A g-1 ) at a high load of 6.5 mg cm-2 , and superior capacity retention of 80% at 3 A g-1 for 2100 cycles.

Dynamic Covalent Bonds Regulate Zinc Plating/Stripping Behaviors for High-Performance Zinc Ion Batteries.

Artificial interfaces provide a comprehensive approach to controlling zinc dendrite and surface corrosion in zinc-based aqueous batteries (ZABs). However, due to consistent volume changes during zinc plating/stripping, traditional interfacial layers cannot consistently adapt to the dendrite surface, resulting in uncontrolled dendrite growth and hydrogen evolution. Herein, dynamic covalent bonds exhibit the Janus effect towards zinc deposition at different current densities, presenting a holistic strategy for stabilizing zinc anode. The PBSC intelligent artificial interface consisting of dynamic B-O covalent bonds is developed on zinc anode to mitigate hydrogen evolution and restrict dendrite expansion. Owing to the reversible dynamic bonds, PBSC exhibits shape self-adaptive characteristics at low current rates, which rearranges the network to accommodate volume changes during zinc plating/stripping, resisting hydrogen evolution. Moreover, the rapid association of B-O dynamic bonds enhances mechanical strength at dendrite tips, presenting a shear-thickening effect and suppressing further dendrite growth at high current rates. Therefore, the assembled symmetrical battery with PBSC maintains a stable cycle of 4500 hours without significant performance degradation and the PBSC@Zn||V2O5 pouch cell demonstrates a specific capacity exceeding 170 mAh g-1. Overall, the intelligent interface with dynamic covalent bonds provides innovative approaches for zinc anode interfacial engineering and enhances cycling performance.

Toward Simultaneous Dense Zinc Deposition and Broken Side-Reaction Loops in the Zn//V2 O5 System.

The Zn//V2 O5 system not only faces the incontrollable growth of zinc (Zn) dendrites, but also withstands the cross-talk effect of by-products produced from the cathode side to the Zn anode, inducing interelectrode talk and aggravating battery failure. To tackle these issues, we construct a rapid Zn2+ -conducting hydrogel electrolyte (R-ZSO) to achieve Zn deposition modulation and side reaction inhibition in Zn//V2 O5 full cells. The polymer matrix and BN exhibit a robust anchoring effect on SO4 2- , accelerating Zn2+ migration and enabling dense Zn deposition behavior. Therefore, the Zn//Zn symmetric cells based on the R-ZSO electrolyte can operate stably for more than 1500 h, which is six times higher than that of cells employing the blank electrolyte. More importantly, the R-ZSO hydrogel electrolyte effectively decouples the cross-talk effects, thus breaking the infinite loop of side reactions. As a result, the Zn//V2 O5 cells using this modified hydrogel electrolyte demonstrate stable operation over 1,000 cycles, with a capacity loss rate of only 0.028 % per cycle. Our study provides a promising gel chemistry, which offers a valuable guide for the construction of high-performance and multifunctional aqueous Zn-ion batteries.

Lithium Salt Dissociation Promoted by 18-Crown-6 Ether Additive toward Dilute Electrolytes for High Performance Lithium Oxygen Batteries.

Lithium-oxygen batteries (LOBs) are well known for their high energy density. However, their reversibility and rate performance are challenged due to the sluggish oxygen reduction/evolution reactions (ORR/OER) kinetics, serious side reactions and uncontrollable Li dendrite growth. The electrolyte plays a key role in transport of Li+ and reactive oxygen species in LOBs. Here, we tailored a dilute electrolyte by screening suitable crown ether additives to promote lithium salt dissociation and Li+ solvation through electrostatic interaction. The electrolyte containing 100 mM 18-crown-6 ether (100-18C6) exhibits enhanced electrochemical stability and triggers a solution-mediated Li2 O2 growth pathway in LOBs, showing high discharge capacity of 10 828.8 mAh gcarbon -1 . Moreover, optimized electrode/electrolyte interfaces promote ORR/OER kinetics on cathode and achieve dendrite-free Li anode, which enhances the cycle life. This work casts new lights on the design of low-cost dilute electrolytes for high performance LOBs.

Large Interlayer Distance and Heteroatom-Doping of Graphite Provide New Insights into the Dual-Ion Storage Mechanism in Dual-Carbon Batteries.

Dual-ion batteries (DIBs) is a promising technology for large-scale energy storage. However, it is still questionable how material structures affect the anion storage behavior. In this paper, we synthesis graphite with an ultra-large interlayer distance and heteroatomic doping to systematically investigate the combined effects on DIBs. The large interlayer distance of 0.51 nm provides more space for anion storage, while the doping of the heteroatoms reduces the energy barriers for anion intercalation and migration and enhances rapid ionic storage at interfaces simultaneously. Based on the synergistic effects, the DIBs composed of carbon cathode and lithium anode afford ultra-high capacity of 240 mAh g-1 at current density of 100 mA g-1 . Dual-carbon batteries (DCBs) using the graphite as both of cathode and anode steadily cycle 2400 times at current density of 1 A g-1 . Hence, this work provides a reference to the strategy of material designs of DIBs and DCBs.

The risk of perchlorate and iodine on the incidence of thyroid tumors and nodular goiter: a case-control study in southeastern China.

BACKGROUND: The incidence rates of thyroid tumors and nodular goiter show an upward trend worldwide. There are limited reports on the risk of perchlorate and iodine on thyroid tumors, but evidence from population studies is scarce, and their impact on thyroid function is still uncertain. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the association of perchlorate and iodine with the risk of nodular goiter (NG), papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC), and papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and to assess the correlation between perchlorate and iodine with thyroid function indicators. METHODS: A case-control population consisting of 184 pairs of thyroid tumors and nodular goiter matched by gender and age (±2 years) was recruited in this study. Serum and urine samples were collected from each participant. Thyroid function indicators in serum were tested by automatic chemical immunofluorescence, and perchlorate and iodine levels in urine were determined by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, respectively. Conditional logistic regressions and multiple linear regressions were used to analyze the associations. RESULTS: Urinary perchlorate concentration was significantly higher in total cases, NG and PTC than in the corresponding controls (P < 0.05). Perchlorate was positively associated with PTC (OR = 1.058, 95% CI: 1.009, 1.110) in a non-linear dose-response relationship, but there was no association between perchlorate and NG or PTMC. Iodine was not associated with the risk of thyroid tumors and NG and did not correlate with the thyroid function indicators. Furthermore, perchlorate showed a positive correlation with thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) at iodine adequate levels (P < 0.05), and a negative correlation with free triiodothyronine (FT3) and a positive correlation with thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) at iodine more than adequate or excess levels (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Perchlorate can increase the risk of PTC in a non-linear dose-response relationship and disturb the thyroid hormone homeostasis and thyroid autoantibody levels.

FPR2-based anti-inflammatory and anti-lipogenesis activities of novel meroterpenoid dimers from Ganoderma.

Four pairs of novel meroterpenoid dimers, (±)-applandimeric acids A-D (1-4) with an unprecedented spiro[furo[3,2-b]benzofuran-3,2'-indene] core were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma applanatum. Their planar structures were unambiguously determined via extensive spectroscopic analysis. Their relative and absolute configurations were confirmed through calculated internuclear distance, coupling constant, 13C NMR with DP4 + analysis and electronic circular dichroism (ECD). Furthermore, the molecular docking-based method was used to evaluate their interaction with formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) associated with inflammation. Interestingly, (±)-applandimeric acid D (4) can bond with FPR2 by some key hydrogen bonds. Furthermore, an in vitro bioassay verified that 4 can inhibit the expression of FPR2 with IC50 value of 7.93 µM. In addition, compared to the positive control LiCl (20 mM), 4 showed comparable anti-lipogenesis activity at the concentration of 20 µM. Meanwhile, 4 can suppress the protein levels of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-ß (C/EBP-ß), adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4), and fatty acid synthase (FAS) through activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway. Thus, our findings indicate that compound 4 could be a lead compound to treat obesity and obesity-related diseases by inhibiting lipid accumulation in adipocyte and alleviating inflammation.

In-Plane Lithium Growth Enabled by Artificial Nitrate-Rich Layer: Fast Deposition Kinetics and Desolvation/Adsorption Mechanism.

An artificial lithium-nitrate (LiNO3 )-rich layer (LN-RL) is developed to address dendritic lithium (Li) growth by a fusing-infusing strategy, in which LiNO3 is loaded into stainless steel mesh and a Li-metal anode (LN-RL@Li) is obtained by casting this LN-RL onto Li foil. The LN-RL enables fast Li deposition kinetics in carbonates and endows LN-RL@Li with excellent cycleability. The underneath mechanism on the contribution of LN-RL is uncovered by detailed characterizations combining with theoretical simulations. The LN-RL promotes the desolvation and capacitive adsorption of Li ions and induces in-plane Li growth along the edges of preplated Li with planar morphology. The improved cycleability of LN-RL(@Li) is demonstrated by LiǁCu cell that presents a coulombic efficiency of 97.2% after 280 cycles and LiǁLi cell that proceeds over 1000 h at 0.5 mA cm-2 in carbonates. Additionally, the LiǁLiFePO4 cell shows a capacity retention of 58% after 400 cycles at 1 C (1 C = 170 mA g-1 ), compared to the 35% after 180 cycles for the control. This work presents not only a promising strategy for practical applications of Li-metal batteries, but also a new understanding on the role of nitrate in Li plating/stripping kinetics.

A Controllable, Centrifugal-Based Hydrodynamic Microfluidic Chip for Cell-Pairing and Studying Long-Term Communications between Single Cells.

Investigation of cell-cell interactions between individual cells in a well-defined microenvironment is critical for the understanding of specific intercellular communications and interactions. However, most current studies in multicellular systems are often overwhelmed by additional complicated interactions. Cell-pairing based on a microfluidic chip provides a potential strategy to simplify the studies. Here, we report a robust and straightforward method, relying on a combination of hydrodynamic single-cell capture and centrifugation-assisted relocation of individual cells, which can be applied, in general, to various cell types for cell-pairing and studying cell interactions at the single-cell level. This microfluidic chip is simple to operate and easily controlled, which requires only two operational steps-capturing individual cells with hydrodynamic traps and subsequently relocating the capture cells by centrifugation. With this microfluidic chip, we demonstrated homotypic cell-pairing, heterotypic cell-pairing, and long-term cell coculture, which exhibited better or comparable performance compared with previous cell-pairing methods. Its single-cell trapping and cell-pairing efficiencies are ∼74% and ∼20%, respectively. As a proof of concept, we paired individual dHL-60 cells and HeLa cells (HeLa-IL8, HeLa-IL10, and wild-type HeLa cells) in multiple cell chambers. The HeLa-IL8 and HeLa-IL10, both engineered with a light-induced gene expression system, can secret interleukin-8 and interleukin-10, respectively, under blue light illumination. We found that these three HeLa cell lines have very different influences on the migration of dHL-60 cells. This platform demonstrates its potential applications in studies of intercellular communication (paracrine), and it can be extended to trap three or more individual cells for more complex biological systems.

Comparison of Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics of General Paresis and Non-Neurosyphilis Dementia.

BACKGROUND: The differential diagnosis of general paresis (GP) and non-neurosyphilis (NS) dementia is not clearly defined. The present study examined the differences in clinical and laboratory features of GP and non-NS dementia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively examined clinical and laboratory features of 85 GP patients and 196 non-NS dementia patients. Data were collected from Zhongshan Hospital between June 2005 and June 2014. RESULTS: The GP group had a higher percentage of males (83.53%, 71/85) and younger median age ([52 [interquartile range 47.0-61.0] vs. 76 [68.3-82.0] years) than the non-NS dementia group. GP have higher Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE; Z = -5.809; p = 0.000) than non-NS dementia. Distribution of CDR scores were significantly higher in the non-NS group than GP group (χ2 = 29.153; p = 0.000). The laboratory findings showed significantly different total cholesterol (CH), low-density lipoprotein CH and homocysteine levels between the 2 groups. Serologic testing for syphilis revealed that the GP group had higher seropositive rapid plasma reagin (RPR) and Treponema pallidum particle agglutination (TPPA) rates than the non-NS dementia group (96.47% [82/85] vs. 0.51% [1/196], Z = -2.663, p = 0.008; 100% [85/85] vs. 1.02% [2/196], Z = -2.663, p = 0.008). Interestingly, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biochemical indices, including pleocytosis rates, increased protein levels, and positive RPR and TPPA rates in the GP group were higher than that in the non-NS dementia group. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these preliminary data, patients with clinically evident symptoms of dementia, especially middle-aged males, should undergo blood tests for syphilis. All patients with positive serology results should undergo CSF examinations to diagnose GP dementia before further pharmaceutical and behavioral interventions.

Manipulating the tumour immune microenvironment by N6-methyladenosine RNA modification.

N6-methyladenosine (m6A), a posttranscriptional regulatory mechanism, is the most common epigenetic modification in mammalian mRNA. M6A modifications play a crucial role in the developmental network of immune cells. The expression of m6A-related regulators often affects carcinogenesis and tumour suppression networks. In the tumour microenvironment, m6A-modified enzymes can affect the occurrence and progression of tumours by regulating the activation and invasion of tumour-associated immune cells. Immunotherapy, which utilises immune cells, has been demonstrated to be a powerful weapon in tumour treatment and is increasingly being used in the clinic. Here, we provide an updated and comprehensive overview of how m6A modifications affect invasive immune cells and their potential role in immune regulation. In addition, we summarise the regulation of epigenetic regulators associated with m6A modifications in tumour cells on the antitumour response of immune cells in the tumour immune microenvironment. These findings provide new insights into the role of m6A modifications in the immune response and tumour development, leading to the development of novel immunotherapies for cancer treatment.

Amphipathic Phenylalanine-Induced Nucleophilic-Hydrophobic Interface Toward Highly Reversible Zn Anode.

Aqueous Zn2+-ion batteries (AZIBs), recognized for their high security, reliability, and cost efficiency, have garnered considerable attention. However, the prevalent issues of dendrite growth and parasitic reactions at the Zn electrode interface significantly impede their practical application. In this study, we introduced a ubiquitous biomolecule of phenylalanine (Phe) into the electrolyte as a multifunctional additive to improve the reversibility of the Zn anode. Leveraging its exceptional nucleophilic characteristics, Phe molecules tend to coordinate with Zn2+ ions for optimizing the solvation environment. Simultaneously, the distinctive lipophilicity of aromatic amino acids empowers Phe with a higher adsorption energy, enabling the construction of a multifunctional protective interphase. The hydrophobic benzene ring ligands act as cleaners for repelling H2O molecules, while the hydrophilic hydroxyl and carboxyl groups attract Zn2+ ions for homogenizing Zn2+ flux. Moreover, the preferential reduction of Phe molecules prior to H2O facilitates the in situ formation of an organic-inorganic hybrid solid electrolyte interphase, enhancing the interfacial stability of the Zn anode. Consequently, Zn||Zn cells display improved reversibility, achieving an extended cycle life of 5250 h. Additionally, Zn||LMO full cells exhibit enhanced cyclability of retaining 77.3% capacity after 300 cycles, demonstrating substantial potential in advancing the commercialization of AZIBs.

Self-Induced Dual-Layered Solid Electrolyte Interphase with High Toughness and High Ionic Conductivity for Ultra-Stable Lithium Metal Batteries.

Lithium (Li) metal is considered as one of the most promising candidates of anode material for high-specific-energy batteries, while irreversible chemical reactions always occur on the Li surface to continuously consume active Li, electrolyte. Solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer has been regarded as the key component in protecting Li metal anode. Herein, a controllable dual-layered SEI for Li metal anode in a scalable, low-loss manner is constructed. The SEI is self-induced by the predeposited LiAlO2 (LAO) layer during the initial cycles, in which the outer organic layer is produced due to the electrons tunneling through LAO, resulting in the reduction of electrolyte. The robust inner LAO layer can promote uniform Li deposition owing to its favorable mechanical strength and ionic conductivity, and the outer organic layer can further improve the stability of SEI. Benefiting from the remarkable effects of this dual-layered SEI, enhanced electrochemical performance of the LAO-Li anode is achieved. Additionally, a large-size LAO-Li sample can be easily obtained, and the preparation of the modified Li metal anode shows huge potential for large-scale production. This work highlights the tremendous potential of this self-induced dual-layered SEI for the commercialization of Li metal anode.

Synergetic Photodynamic-Photothermal-Chemotherapy Dual Targeting Nanoplatform Effective Against Breast Cancer in-Mice Model.

Introduction: Combined multimodal therapy for breast cancer is a promising therapeutic approach to increase treatment efficacy and reduce systemic toxicity. The present study aimed to develop a novel multifunctional drug release nanoplatform based on RGD-conjugated hyaluronic acid (HA)-functionalized copper sulfide (CuS) for activatable dual-targeted synergetic therapy against cancer. Methods: The pH and NIR-responsive dual-targeting nanoplatform CuS:Ce6@HA:DOX@RGD was prepared, characterized, and evaluated for its stability and photodynamic and photothermal properties. The loading and release of the drug were measured at different pH values with or without laser radiation using the dialysis method. The cellular uptake of the platform specifically by the tumor cells treated with different formulations was investigated through fluorescence imaging. The in vitro and in vivo biosafety levels were assessed systematically. Finally, the antitumor efficiencies against breast cancer were assessed via in vitro and in vivo experiments. Results: The spheroid CuS:Ce6@HA:DOX@RGD exhibited remarkable stability and monodispersity in solution. The photosensitive CuS and Ce6 could simultaneously absorb the near-infrared light efficiently to convert NIR light to fatal heat and to generate reactive oxygen species. The CuS:Ce6@HA:DOX@RGD dissociated under an acid environment, causing the release of DOX into the tumor to accelerate upon laser irradiation. The CuS:Ce6@HA:DOX@RGD exhibited target-specific and strong binding ability via a synergic CD44/αvß3 receptor-mediated bimodal targeting, which led to improved therapeutic efficacy. The tumor growth was effectively inhibited using synergetic photodynamic/photothermal/chemo therapy. No evident systemic toxicity was noted during treatment. Conclusion: The newly prepared CuS:Ce6@HA:DOX@RGD has great potential as an activatable theranostic nanoplatform for efficient dual-targeted synergistic therapy against breast cancer.

Molecular recognition effect enabled by novel crown ether as macrocyclic host towards highly reversible Zn anode.

Aqueous Zn2+ ion batteries present notable advantages, including high abundance, low toxicity, and intrinsic nonflammability. However, they exhibit severe irreversibility due to uncontrolled dendrite growth and corrosion reactions, which limit their practical applications. Inspired by their distinct molecular recognition characteristics, supramolecular crown ethers featuring interior cavity sizes identical to the diameter of Zn2+ ions were screened as macrocyclic hosts to optimize the Zn2+ coordination environment, facilitating the suppression of the reactivity of H2O molecules and inducing the in-situ formation of organic-inorganic hybrid dual-protective interphase. The in-situ assembled interphase confers the system with an "ion-sieving" effect to repel H2O molecules and facilitate rapid Zn2+ transport, enabling the suppression of side reactions and uniform deposition of Zn2+ ions. Consequently, we were able to achieve dendrite-free Zn2+ plating/stripping at 98.4% Coulombic efficiency for approximately 300 cycles in Zn||Cu cell, steady charge-discharge for 1360 h in Zn||Zn symmetric cell, and improved cyclability of 70% retention for 200 cycles in Zn||LMO full cell, outlining a promising strategy to challenge lithium-ion batteries in low-cost, and large-scale applications.

Bifunctional Dynamic Adaptive Interphase Reconfiguration for Zinc Deposition Modulation and Side Reaction Suppression in Aqueous Zinc Ion Batteries.

Dendrite growth and electrode/electrolyte interface side reactions in aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) not only impair the battery lifetime but also pose serious safety concerns for the battery system, hindering its application in large-scale energy storage systems. Herein, by introducing positively charged chlorinated graphene quantum dot (Cl-GQD) additives into the electrolyte, a bifunctional dynamic adaptive interphase is proposed to achieve Zn deposition regulation and side reaction suppression in AZIBs. During the charging process, the positively charged Cl-GQDs are adsorbed onto the Zn surface, acting as an electrostatic shield layer that facilitates smooth Zn deposition. In addition, the relative hydrophobic properties of chlorinated groups also build a hydrophobic protective interface for the Zn anode, mitigating the corrosion of the Zn anode by water molecules. More importantly, the Cl-GQDs are not consumed throughout the cell operation and exhibit a dynamic reconfiguration behavior, which ensures the stability and sustainability of this dynamic adaptive interphase. Consequently, the cells mediated by the dynamic adaptive interphase enable dendrite-free Zn plating/stripping for more than 2000 h. Particularly, even at 45.5% depth of discharge, the modified Zn//LiMn2O4 hybrid cells still retain 86% capacity retention after 100 cycles, confirming the feasibility of this simple approach for application with limited Zn sources.

Interface Engineering with Dynamics-Mechanics Coupling for Highly Reactive and Reversible Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries.

The practical application of AZIBs is hindered by problems such as dendrites and hydrogen evolution reactions caused by the thermodynamic instability of Zinc (Zn) metal. Modification of the Zn surface through interface engineering can effectively solve the above problems. Here, sulfonate-derivatized graphene-boronene nanosheets (G&B-S) composite interfacial layer is prepared to modulate the Zn plating/stripping and mitigates the side reactions with electrolyte through a simple and green electroplating method. Thanks to the electronegativity of the sulfonate groups, the G&B-S interface promotes a dendrite-free deposition behavior through a fast desolvation process and a uniform interfacial electric field mitigating the tip effect. Theoretical calculations and QCM-D experiments confirmed the fast dynamic mechanism and excellent mechanical properties of the G&B-S interfacial layer. By coupling the dynamics-mechanics action, the G&B-S@Zn symmetric battery is cycled for a long-term of 1900 h at a high current density of 5 mA cm-2 , with a low overpotential of ≈30 mV. Furthermore, when coupled with the LMO cathode, the LMO//G&B-S@Zn cell also exhibits excellent performance, indicating the durability of the G&B-S@Zn anode. Accordingly, this novel multifunctional interfacial layer offers a promising approach to significantly enhance the electrochemical performance of AZIBs.

Photo-On-Demand Synthesis of α-Amino Acid N-Carboxyanhydrides with Chloroform.

Amino acid N-carboxyanhydrides (NCAs) are conventionally synthesized from α-amino acids and phosgene. The present study reports in situ photo-on-demand phosgenation reactions of amino acids with CHCl3 for synthesizing NCAs. A series of NCAs were obtained on a gram scale upon photo-irradiation of a mixture solution of CHCl3 and CH3CN containing an amino acid at 60-70 °C under O2 bubbling. This method presents a safe and convenient reaction controlled by light without special apparatuses and reagents.

A Self-Regulated Electrostatic Shielding Layer toward Dendrite-Free Zn Batteries.

Although aqueous Zn batteries have become a more sustainable alternative to lithium-ion batteries owing to their intrinsic security, their practical applications are limited by dendrite formation and hydrogen reactions. The first application of a rare earth metal type addition to Zn batteries, cerium chloride (CeCl3 ), as an effective, low-cost, and green electrolyte additive that facilitates the formation of a dynamic electrostatic shielding layer around the Zn protuberance to induce uniform Zn deposition is presented. After introducing CeCl3 additives, the electrochemical characterizations, in situ optical microscopy observation, in situ differential electrochemical mass spectrometry, along with density functional theory calculations, and finite element method simulations reveal resisted Zn dendritic growth and enhanced electrolyte stability. As a result, the Zn-Zn cells using the CeCl3 additive exhibit a long cycling stability of 2600 h at 2 mA cm-2 , an impressive cumulative areal capacity of 3.6 Ah cm-2 at 40 mA cm-2 , and a high Coulombic efficiency of ≈99.7%. The fact that the Zn-LiFePO4 cells with proposed electrolyte retain capacity significantly better than the additive-free case is even more exciting.

[Application of DPLS-based LDA in corn qualitative near infrared spectroscopy analysis].

NIR technology is a rapid, nondestructive and user-friendly method ideally suited for Qualitative analysis. In this paper the authors present the use of discriminant partial least Squares (DPLS)-based linear discriminant analysis (LDA) in corn qualitative near infrared spectroscopy analysis. Firstly, a training set including 30 corn varieties (each variety has 20 samples) was used to build the DPLS regression model, and 28 principal components (DPLS-PCs) were obtained from original spectrum. Secondly, the DPLS-PCs scores of the training set were extracted as DPLS features. Thirdly, LDA was applied to the DPLS features, determining 26 principal components (LDA-PCs). A test sample was first projected onto the DPLS-PCs and then onto the LDA-PCs, and finally 26 DPLS+LDA features were obtained. The recognition results were obtained by minimum distance classifier. DPLS+LDA method achieved 96.18% recognition rate, while traditional DPLS regression method and DPLS feature extraction method only achieved 85.38% and 95.76% recognition rate respectively. The experiment results indicated that DPLS +LDA method is with better generalization ability compared with traditional DPLS regression method and NIRS analysis by DPLS+LDA method is an efficient way to discriminate corn species.