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As peer relationships become paramount during early adolescence, there's a normative rise in social anxiety, coinciding with a peak in peer victimization and aggression. Although previous studies have suggested reciprocal associations between changes in social anxiety and adolescent peer victimization and aggression, the mechanics of these associations at the personal trait and time-varying state levels remains unclear. This study examined the longitudinal relations between social anxiety and adolescent peer victimization and aggression by disentangling between-person trait differences from within-person state processes. A total of 4731 Chinese early adolescents (44.9% girls; M age = 10.91 years, SD = 0.72) participated in a four-wave longitudinal study with 6-month intervals. Random-intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM) was applied. The results revealed higher levels of social anxiety are associated with more peer victimization and aggression at the between-person trait level. At the within-person state level, adolescent social anxiety, and adolescent physical victimization and physical aggression, reciprocally predicted each other. Relational victimization significantly predicted an increase of social anxiety, but not vice versa. Social anxiety positively predicted relational aggression over time, whereas the effect of relational aggression on social anxiety was only observed at the initial stage of early adolescence. These findings highlight that various types of victimization and aggression might exhibit unique reciprocal associations with social anxiety. Distinguishing between the within-person state and between-person trait effects is crucial in research that informs the co-development of adolescent peer victimization, aggression, and social anxiety.
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Bullying , Vítimas de Crime , Feminino , Humanos , Adolescente , Criança , Masculino , Agressão , Estudos Longitudinais , Grupo Associado , Ansiedade , Relações InterpessoaisRESUMO
PURPOSE: Haptic repositioning during flanged intraocular lens (IOL) fixation can be difficult, and the haptic requiring repositioning may be at increased risk of excessive bending or breakage. This study aimed to report double-needle haptic repositioning technique outcomes for the aforementioned difficulty during flanged IOL fixation. METHODS: This retrospective case series included seven eyes requiring haptic repositioning during flanged IOL fixation. The method features reinsertion of an already externalized haptic into the needle lumen followed by a needle-haptic complex internalized through the original tract into the eyeball. Thus, an adequate configuration for contralateral haptic can be achieved for insertion into the needle lumen to create a double-needle condition before both haptics are successfully externalized. RESULTS: The median follow-up duration was 24 months (range, 4-24 months). Postoperatively, the IOL was well-centered, and corrected distance visual acuity improved from 20/320 (20/4,000-20/70) to 20/50 (20/250-20/20). No intraoperative or postoperative complications were noted. CONCLUSION: The technique produced encouraging results in patients undergoing haptic repositioning during flanged IOL fixation. This technique could potentially reduce haptic overbending risk and facilitate haptic adjustment. Further studies are needed to confirm the feasibility of the technique.
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Implante de Lente Intraocular , Lentes Intraoculares , Humanos , Implante de Lente Intraocular/métodos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Tecnologia Háptica , Esclera/cirurgia , Técnicas de SuturaRESUMO
Wild mushrooms are an important source of secondary metabolites possessing a broad range of biological activities. In this study, eight new compounds, named furanopaxin A-F (1-6), deoxybisinvolutone (7), and coumarinvol (8) along with two known compounds were isolated from fruiting bodies of the wild mushroom Paxillus involutus (Batsch) Fr. Their structures were established based on HR-ESI-MS and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data. The results of hypoglycemic assays indicated that compounds 5-8 possessed significant α-glucosidase inhibitory activities, with IC50 values ranging from 14.65 ± 1.68 to 47.55 ± 1.47 µM, and each compound could enhance glucose consumption in insulin-resistance HepG2 cells. Further analysis by molecular docking implied that compounds 5-8 could interact with the amino acid residues of α-glucosidase, supporting the hypoglycemic activity of the compounds.
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Basidiomycota/química , Glucose/metabolismo , Inibidores de Glicosídeo Hidrolases/farmacologia , Hipoglicemiantes/farmacologia , alfa-Glucosidases/metabolismo , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Inibidores de Glicosídeo Hidrolases/química , Inibidores de Glicosídeo Hidrolases/isolamento & purificação , Células Hep G2 , Humanos , Hipoglicemiantes/química , Hipoglicemiantes/isolamento & purificação , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Estrutura Molecular , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Coumarin-pi, a new coumarin derivative isolated from the mushroom Paxillus involutus, has antioxidative activity, but the underlying mechanism against intracellular oxidative stress is still unclear. This study investigated its cytoprotective effects and the antioxidative mechanism in tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP)-induced HepG2 cells. The results demonstrated that coumarin-pi suppressed t-BHP-stimulated cytotoxicity, cell apoptosis, and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Additionally, coumarin-pi promoted nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) expression and upregulated the protein expression of antioxidantenzymes, including heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NAD(P)H: quinone oxidase (NQO1), glutamyl cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC), and glutamate-cysteine ligase regulatory subunit (GCLM). After coumarin-pi treatment, transcriptome sequencing and bioinformatic analysis revealed that 256 genes were differentially expressed; interestingly, only 20 genes were downregulated, and the rest of the genes were upregulated. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) functional annotation were used to identify changes in metabolic pathways. Collectively, the results presented in this study indicate that coumarin-pi has a protective effect against t-BHP-induced cellular damage and oxidative stress.
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Doença Hepática Induzida por Substâncias e Drogas/tratamento farmacológico , Cumarínicos/farmacologia , Fator 2 Relacionado a NF-E2/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , terc-Butil Hidroperóxido/toxicidade , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular , Doença Hepática Induzida por Substâncias e Drogas/etiologia , Doença Hepática Induzida por Substâncias e Drogas/metabolismo , Doença Hepática Induzida por Substâncias e Drogas/patologia , Células Hep G2 , Humanos , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismoRESUMO
Triene 6π electrocyclization, wherein a conjugated triene undergoes a concerted stereospecific cycloisomerization to a cyclohexadiene, is a reaction of great historical and practical significance. In order to circumvent limitations imposed by the normally harsh reaction conditions, chemists have long sought to develop catalytic variants based upon the activating power of metal-alkene coordination. Herein, we demonstrate the first successful implementation of such a strategy by utilizing [(C5 H5 )Ru(NCMe)3 ]PF6 as a precatalyst for the disrotatory 6π electrocyclization of highly substituted trienes that are resistant to thermal cyclization. Mechanistic and computational studies implicate hexahapto transition-metal coordination as responsible for lowering the energetic barrier to ring closure. This work establishes a foundation for the development of new catalysts for stereoselective electrocyclizations.
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This longitudinal study examined bidirectional relations between parental harsh punishment and psychoticism at the between and withinfamily levels in Chinese adolescents. There were 3,307 Chinese youth (43.6% girls, Mage = 11.30 years, SD = 0.24) who participated in a 4-wave longitudinal study, spaced 12 months apart. The results of cross-lagged panel modeling (i.e. CLPM) found the significant bidirectional relations between parental harsh punishment and psychoticism at the between-family level. However, the within-person level analysis of random intercept cross-lagged panel modeling (i.e. RI-CLPM) only revealed parental harsh punishment significantly predicted youth psychoticism, but not vice versa. Moreover, no sex differences were observed in the bidirectional relations between parental harsh punishment and psychoticism at the between- or within-family level. These results suggest parental harsh parenting could exacerbate the psychoticism trait at both the between- and within-family level, whereas the influence of young people's psychoticism on harsh parenting response from parents occurs only at the between-family level. The findings help to understand the nature of the dynamic process of change between psychoticism and harsh parenting among Chinese adolescents.
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Pais , Punição , Feminino , Humanos , Adolescente , Criança , Masculino , Estudos Longitudinais , Poder Familiar , ChinaRESUMO
The prevalence of diabetes is increasing worldwide, and it is very important to study new hypoglycemic active substances. In this study, we investigated the hypoglycemic effect of Chroogomphus rutilus crude polysaccharide (CRCP) in HepG2 cells and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. A glucose consumption experiment conducted in HepG2 cells demonstrated the in vitro hypoglycemic activity of CRCP. Furthermore, CRCP exhibited significant hypoglycemic effects and effectively ameliorated insulin resistance in insulin resistant HepG2 cells. In high-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, after 4 weeks of CRCP administration, fasting blood glucose, fasting serum insulin, triglyceride, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, glutamate transaminase, alanine transaminase, and insulin resistance index significantly decreased, while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and insulin sensitivity index (ISI) were markedly increased. Moreover, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and immunofluorescence labeling of tissue sections indicated that CRCP attenuated the pathological damage of liver and pancreas in diabetic mice. These results indicate that CRCP is a potential hypoglycemic agent.
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Glicemia , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental , Hipoglicemiantes , Resistência à Insulina , Polissacarídeos , Animais , Hipoglicemiantes/farmacologia , Hipoglicemiantes/química , Humanos , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Camundongos , Células Hep G2 , Masculino , Glicemia/efeitos dos fármacos , Glicemia/metabolismo , Polissacarídeos/farmacologia , Polissacarídeos/química , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/metabolismo , Dieta Hiperlipídica/efeitos adversos , Insulina/sangue , Insulina/metabolismo , Pâncreas/efeitos dos fármacos , Pâncreas/patologia , Agaricales/química , Polissacarídeos Fúngicos/farmacologia , Polissacarídeos Fúngicos/química , EstreptozocinaRESUMO
The genus Suillus, also known as "Song mo," falls under the order Boletales and consists of various higher fungi. It establishes mycorrhizae primarily with pine trees and has a good taste and medicinal values. Herein, we reviewed the chemical compounds present in the genus Suillus, including polysaccharides, steroids, phenols, polyprenyl phenol derivatives, fatty acids, organic acids, and amino acids, and their reported bioactivities and potential applications. This review aims to promote the utilization of the resources belonging to the genus Suillus and serves as a theoretical basis for their future studies and clinical applications.
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Agaricales , Basidiomycota , Aminoácidos , Ácidos Graxos , Fenol , Fenóis/farmacologiaRESUMO
Edible mushrooms are an important source of nutraceuticals and for the discovery of bioactive metabolites as pharmaceuticals. In this work, six new polyphenolic metabolites suillusol A-D (1-4), suillusinoic acid (5), ethyl suillusinoate (6), were isolated from the Suillus granulatus. The structures of new compounds were elucidated using high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance data, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. As far as we know, compound 1 represents an unprecedented type of natural product and compound 3 represents a new type of polyphenol fungal pigment, which may be biosynthetically related to thelephoric acid. The cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells of the new compounds were also evaluated. Compound 2 demonstrate significant inhibitory activity against HepG2 cells with IC50 values of 10.85 µM, surpassing that of positive control cisplatin. Moreover, compound 1 and 3 also exhibited moderate cytotoxic activity with their IC50 values measured at 35.60 and 32.62 µM, respectively. Our results indicate that S. granulatus is a rich source of chemical constituents that may provide new lead compounds for the development of anticancer agents.
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Chemical investigation of the wild mushroom Entoloma clypeatum led to the isolation of one new A-nor B-aromatic C28 steroid (1), along with eight known compounds (2-9) from this mushroom. As far as we know, compound 1 represents an unprecedented type of natural product. The structure of the new compound was elucidated based on extensive spectroscopic data analysis of HR-ESI-MS, 1D, and 2D NMR, while the relative configuration was confirmed by NOESY correlations. In addition, the anti-inflammatory activity of compound 1 was evaluated against LPS induced NO production in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Compound 1 exhibited a moderate anti-inflammatory activity with an IC50 value of 24.56 ± 1.72 µM.
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BACKGROUND: Previous studies suggested an association between cataract surgery and retinal vascular occlusion. However, the association may be attributable to detection bias because postoperative monitoring may be more frequent for those who receive cataract surgery than for those who do not. DESIGN: Population-based cohort study using target trial emulation framework. METHODS: We included patients with cataract aged 50 years and older receiving cataract surgery or non-surgical interventions identified from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database between 2003 and 2018, matched by propensity score. The primary outcome was retinal vascular occlusion. Cox proportional hazards models were used to compare surgery and control groups. Additional analyses were restricted to patients who had undergone fundoscopic examination within 6 months prior to cataract surgery to address the issue of detection bias. RESULTS: We included 577,129 cataract surgery and control pairs. We found the hazard ratio (HR) for retinal vascular occlusion after cataract surgery was 1.23 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.17-1.29), compared with the control group. Secondary outcome analyses yielded similar results for retinal artery occlusion (HR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.02-1.26) and retinal vein occlusion (HR: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.20-1.33). However, no risk of retinal vascular occlusion was observed among patients who had received fundoscopic examinations (HR: 1.06, 95% CI: 0.98-1.15) at baseline. CONCLUSIONS: Our study underscored the importance of conducting complete baseline fundoscopic examinations before cataract surgery to clarify whether postoperative conditions are due to patients' underlying diseases or unintended complications of cataract surgery.
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The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effects of crude polysaccharides from Chroogomphus rutilus on dopaminergic neurons impaired by MPP(+). SH-SY5Y cells were pretreated with crude polysaccharides (200, 400 and 800 µg/mL), and then MPP(+) was added to cell medium. After 48 h of incubation, MTT method was used to detect the survival rate of SH-SY5Y cells damaged by MPP(+). Annexin V-FITC staining and flow cytometry were used to detect apoptotic rate. The results showed that pretreating SH-SY5Y cells with crude polysaccharides (400 and 800 µg/mL) increased the survival rates, and reduced the apoptotic rates of SH-SY5Y cells. To rule out the possibility that crude polysaccharides may decrease actual concentration of MPP(+) by direct binding, we washed off crude polysaccharides before MPP(+) addition. Under this experimental condition, MTT results showed the survival rates of the SH-SY5Y cells were still significantly increased by 800 µg/mL crude polysaccharides pretreatment. These results suggest a protective effect of polysaccharides on the SH-SY5Y cells. Most of this protection is contributed by direct action of polysaccharides on the cells, not by binding with MPP(+). It is indicated that the crude polysaccharides from Chroogomphus rutilus can be developed as a potential drug for Parkinson's disease prevention and treatment in the future.
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1-Metil-4-fenilpiridínio/efeitos adversos , Basidiomycota/química , Neurônios Dopaminérgicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Polissacarídeos/farmacologia , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , HumanosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Many techniques have been used to treat trichiasis/distichiasis, but none of them are consistently successful, without complications, or effective in different severities. Additionally, etiologic factors and their relationship with the severity or prognosis has not been identified in non-trachoma-endemic area. METHODS: In this retrospective consecutive study, we enrolled patients with trichiasis or distichiasis who had undergone CO2 laser ablation in our tertiary medical center between November 2013 and May 2022. Surgical success was defined as no regrowth of misdirected eyelashes for at least 3 months postoperatively. We recorded the success rate within three months and one year after one treatment session, and within three treatment sessions. We also investigated the relationship between etiologic factors, severity, and the success rate. RESULTS: We enrolled 216 eyelids of 137 patients (average age: 69.4 years, mean follow-up durations: 22.9 months). The major underlying causes of trichiasis/distichiasis were idiopathic (64.4%) and prior eyelid surgery (20.8%). More major trichiasis/distichiasis was observed among patients aged <60 years than that in patients aged ≥60 years (43% vs. 21%, p<0.01), and among patients with an underlying cause of prior eyelid surgery compared to patients with idiopathic etiology (42.2% vs. 23.0%, p<0.01). The success rates within three months and within one year after one treatment session, and within three treatment sessions were 87.5%, 76.2%, and 94.4%. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated idiopathic etiology and prior eyelid surgery are common causes of trichiasis/distichiasis. CO2 laser ablation is a safe, effective, and efficient treatment modality.
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Violent video game exposure (VVGE) is a significant predictor of adolescent cyberbullying perpetration. However, little is known about the mediating and moderated mechanisms between them. This study examined the mediating role of moral disengagement between VVGE and cyberbullying perpetration as well as the moderating role of callous-unemotional (CU) traits on those associations. A total of 2,523 Chinese adolescents (Mage = 13.22, SD = 1.60, 48.4 percent girls) participated this study. Structural equation modeling showed that VVGE was significantly related to cyberbullying perpetration and moral disengagement play a mediating role between them. Latent moderated structural equation modeling showed that CU traits strengthened the effect of VVGE on moral disengagement and of VVGE on cyberbullying perpetration. Results further showed that the mediating effect of moral disengagement was more prominent for youths who have higher levels of CU traits. Interventions to reduce moral disengagement and CU traits among adolescents may interrupt the effect of VVGE to cyberbullying perpetration.
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Transtorno da Conduta , Cyberbullying , Exposição à Violência , Jogos de Vídeo , Feminino , Humanos , Adolescente , Cyberbullying/psicologia , Transtorno da Conduta/psicologia , Princípios Morais , Exposição à Violência/psicologia , Jogos de Vídeo/psicologiaRESUMO
Backgrounds and aims: Family dysfunction is a significant risk factor for adolescent problematic gaming, yet few studies have investigated the bidirectional relations between changes in family dysfunction and adolescent problematic gaming and potential mediating mechanisms. This study thus examined the bidirectional relations between family dysfunction and adolescent problematic gaming and the mediating role of self-concept clarity within this relation. Methods: Participants included 4,731 Chinese early adolescents (44.9% girls; M age = 10.91 years, SD = 0.72) who were surveyed at four time points 6 months apart. Results: Random intercept cross-lagged panel modeling found (a) family dysfunction directly predicts increased problematic gaming, (b) adolescent problematic gaming directly predicts increased experience of family dysfunction, (c) family dysfunction indirectly predicts problematic gaming via self-concept clarity, and (d) adolescent problematic gaming indirectly predicts family dysfunction via self-concept clarity. Discussion and conclusions: The present study suggests that adolescents may be trapped in a vicious cycle between family dysfunction and problematic gaming either directly or indirectly through impairing their self-concept clarity. Findings indicate fostering youth self-concept clarity is essential to break the vicious circle between dysfunctional experiences in the family and problematic gaming among adolescents.
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Jogos de Vídeo , Feminino , Humanos , Adolescente , Criança , Masculino , Autoimagem , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the most common respiratory viruses. It not only affects young children but also the elderly and immunocompromised patients. After the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and the corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) era, a dramatic reduction in RSV activity was found, which coincided with the implementation of public health and social measures (PHSMs). However, the correlation is more complicated than we initially thought. After PHSMs were gradually lifted, a seasonality shift and a delayed RSV outbreak with greater number of infected patients were found in numerous countries, such as Israel, Australia, South Africa, New Zealand, France, United States, and Japan. Several hypotheses and possible reasons explaining the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and RSV were mentioned. Since RSV vaccinations are still under investigation, administration of palivizumab should be considered in high-risk patients. In the post-COVID-19 era, greater attention should be paid to a further resurgence of RSV. In this narrative review, we conducted a thorough review of the current knowledge on the epidemiology of RSV during the COVID-19 era, the out-of-season outbreak of RSV, and the data on co-infection with RSV and SARS-CoV-2.
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Box Behnken design (BBD) was used to optimize the extraction of Paxillus involutus (EPI) in ethanol. The optimum extraction conditions were as follows: temperature 45°C; solid:liquid ratio 1:35; time 5 h. Under these conditions, the yield of EPI was 13.57%. The antioxidant activity of EPI was evaluated in vitro, and DPPH free radical scavenging, ABTS free radical scavenging, and hydroxyl free radical scavenging effects were found to be equal to or close to that of the positive control vitamin C (VC). The antioxidant activity of EPI was next evaluated in vivo using aging mice; it was found to have appreciable effect on scavenging malonic dialdehyde (MDA) and could increase the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) in mice. Overall, EPI showed antioxidant effects in aging mice, thereby delaying aging, and has potential for application as a natural antioxidant and in medical applications.
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Agaricales , Antioxidantes , Animais , Camundongos , Etanol , Superóxido Dismutase , Radicais LivresRESUMO
Motion sickness (MS) is a disorder of the autonomic nervous system caused by abnormal exercise with symptoms such as nausea, vomiting and drowsiness. More than 90% of the human population has experienced different degrees of MS. At present, anticholinergics, antihistamines, and sympathomimetic drugs are used for treating MS, but these drugs generally have some adverse reactions and are not suitable for all people. Therefore, it is necessary to develop anti-MS drugs that have high efficiency and no adverse effects. Previous studies have found that Chroogomphus rutilus polysaccharide (CRP) is effective at preventing and treating MS in rats and mice. However, its mechanism of action is not clear. To clarify whether the CRP has anti-MS effects in mice, and to clarify its mechanism, we performed behavioral, biochemical, and morphological tests in a Kunming mouse model. Our results indicate that CRPs can significantly relieve the symptoms of MS, and their effect is equivalent to that of scopolamine, a commonly used anti-MS medicine. Our results indicate that CRPs may directly act on the gastrointestinal chromaffin cells to inhibit the synthesis and release of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) and thus reduce the signal from the gastrointestinal tract.
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Agaricales , Enjoo devido ao Movimento , Humanos , Camundongos , Ratos , Animais , Serotonina/uso terapêutico , Enjoo devido ao Movimento/tratamento farmacológico , Enjoo devido ao Movimento/prevenção & controle , Polissacarídeos/farmacologiaRESUMO
Infective endocarditis is a potentially fatal condition, and identifying the pathogen is crucial to optimizing antibiotic treatment. While a blood culture takes time and may yield negative results, it remains the gold standard for diagnosis, blood culture-negative endocarditis, which accounts for up to 20% of infective endocarditis cases, poses a clinical challenge with increasing mortality. To better understand the etiology of blood culture-negative infective endocarditis, we reviewed non-culture-based strategies and compared the results. Serology tests work best in limited pathogens, such as Coxiella burnetii and Bartonella infections. Most of the pathogens identified by broad-range PCR tests are Streptococcus spp, Staphylococcus spp and Propionibacterium spp. adding specific real-time PCR assays to the systematic PCR testing of patients with blood culture-negative endocarditis will increase the efficiency of diagnosis. Recently, metagenomic next-generation sequencing has also shown promising results.
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Concurrent infections caused by multiple fungal pathogens in immunocompromised patients can pose diagnostic and treatment challenges. Here, we presented the first reported case in Taiwan of an AIDS patient who had concurrent infection with Cryptococcus neoformans meningitis and Talaromyces amestolkiae lymphadenopathy. The patient presented with an enlarged inguinal lymph node and was diagnosed with T. amestolkiae lymphadenitis. The species T. amestolkiae was identified using DNA sequencing, which had the capability of differentiating it from other Talaromyces species. The patient was discharged from the hospital following treatment with amphotericin B and subsequent administration of voriconazole. This case highlights the importance of maintaining a suspicion of co-infections and utilizing appropriate diagnostic tools, such as DNA sequencing, to identify possible pathogens. Further studies are needed to determine the optimal treatment for T. amestolkiae and other co-infecting fungal pathogens.