Amplifying Research: The Potential for Podcasts to Boost Radiology Journal Article Exposure.

Background Podcasts have become an increasingly popular method of communicating information in medicine, including in radiology. However, the effect of podcasts on the reach of journal articles remains unclear. Purpose To evaluate the influence of Radiology podcasts on the performance metrics, including downloads, citations, and Altmetric Attention Score (AAS), of Radiology articles. Materials and Methods This was a retrospective study. All articles published in the print version of Radiology from January 2021 to December 2022 were reviewed; editorials and case reports were excluded. Articles featured on Radiology podcasts were included in the podcast group. Articles published within the same journal issue and category were the nonpodcast group. Downloads, Google Scholar citations, Dimensions citations, and AAS metrics were recorded. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare medians and evaluate differences between older and more recently published articles. Results The podcast group, composed of 88 articles, exhibited significantly higher median values for downloads (PG, 4521.0; nonpodcast group, 2123.0; P < .001), Google Scholar citations (podcast group, 14.5; nonpodcast group, 10.0; P = .01), Dimensions citations (podcast group, 12.0; nonpodcast group, 9.0; P = .01), and AAS (podcast group, 43.0; nonpodcast group, 10.0; P < .001) compared with the nonpodcast group of 378 articles. Within both groups, articles published in the earlier nonpodcast group (January to June 2021) had higher downloads (podcast group, P = .08; nonpodcast group, P < .001), Google Scholar citations (podcast group and nonpodcast group, P < .001), and Dimension citations (podcast group and nonpodcast group, P < .001) than articles from the later period (July to December 2022). AAS markedly increased in recent podcast articles (P = .03), but AAS for nonpodcast articles significantly decreased over time (P = .01). Conclusion Radiology articles featured on the Radiology podcast had greater median metrics, including downloads, Google Scholar citations, Dimensions citations, and AAS, compared with nonpodcast articles, suggesting that podcasts can be an effective method of disseminating and amplifying research within the field of radiology. © RSNA, 2024 See also the editorial by Chu and Nicola in this issue.

Efficacy of Waterproof Cast Protectors and Their Ability to Keep Casts Dry.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to compare the efficacy of 6 different commercially available waterproof cast protectors in their ability to maintain a dry environment and evaluate whether cast protectors perform better than a plastic bag secured with tape in keeping casts dry. METHODS: We enrolled 23 adult participants to test 6 different commercially available cast protectors and a plastic bag. Participants trialed all cast protectors twice, with and without motion, by fully submerging each cast protector in water with a paper towel held between their index and middle fingers. Moisture accumulation within the cast protectors was estimated by the change in weight of paper towel. An analysis of variance test was performed to compare differences between cast protectors in their ability to maintain a dry internal environment. RESULTS: The plastic bag showed an average moisture accumulation of 5.50 g without motion compared with all other cast protectors, which had 0.0 g of moisture accumulation. One cast protector and the plastic bag had an average moisture accumulation of 0.46 g and 4.51 g with motion compared to all other cast protectors. The plastic bag was ranked the worst by 100% of participants. CONCLUSIONS: Cast protectors appear to offer superior protection from moisture compared with a plastic bag. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic IV.

Percutaneous Treatments for Persistent Bronchopleural and Alveolar-Pleural Fistulae.

Percutaneous glue embolization was investigated as a treatment for bronchopleural fistulae (BPFs) and alveolar-pleural fistulae (APFs) associated with persistent air leak. Seven consecutive patients with persistent air leak were treated with percutaneous glue embolization of the BPF/APF from both iatrogenic and spontaneous causes. Treatment was performed using direct n-butyl cyanoacrylate (nBCA) glue injection for discrete, visible fistulae (n = 4), fibrin glue spray for suspected tiny multifocal leaks (n = 2), or both (n = 1). The number of treatments required per patient was 1 (n = 3), 2 (n = 3), or 3 (n = 1). Technical success was achieved in all cases. Follow-up showed resolution of all air leaks, with mean chest tube removal at 7.1 days after the embolization. The follow-up duration ranged from 2 to 47 months. No significant procedure-related morbidity, mortality, or recurrence was encountered. Percutaneous treatment for persistent BPFs and APFs showed good efficacy in this small case series and warrants further investigation.

Virtual lesion clinic - Evaluation of a teledermatology triage system for referrals for suspected melanoma.

INTRODUCTION: The Virtual Lesion Clinic (VLC) of Waitemata District Health Board (WDHB) improves melanoma assessment and treatment using teledermatology. The VLC is reserved for pigmented lesions referred as suspected melanoma from primary care but indeterminate at the initial triage. OBJECTIVES: To assess the efficacy of the VLC diagnosis of melanoma. METHODS: A retrospective audit of suspected melanoma referrals (1 January 2012 to 31 December 2016) was conducted. Lesions were referred to the VLC if diagnostic uncertainty remained at the initial triage. VLC patients attended MoleMap imaging centres, a dermatologist reviewed history and images remotely and suggested a diagnosis and management plan. Post VLC provisional diagnosis of melanoma, all lesions subsequently excised were reviewed. A positive predictive value (PPV) was calculated using concordance between VLC diagnosis of melanoma and histopathological diagnosis of melanoma. Number needed to excise (NNE) for melanoma was derived, as well as an invasive to in-situ melanoma ratio (IM:MIS) and false negative rate (FNR). RESULTS: The VLC received 1874 referrals for 3546 lesions during the 5-year study period. Six hundred and seventy-nine lesions were recommended excision/biopsy or specialist face-to-face assessment, and 504 lesions were subsequently excised. The PPV was 62%, NNE 1.62 and IM:MIS 0.76 for lesions suspected to be melanoma at VLC assessment. The VLC had a melanoma-specific FNR of 7%. CONCLUSIONS: The VLC is effective in early diagnosis of melanoma with a high positive predictive value, low number needed to excise and low false negative rate amongst lesions referred as suspected melanoma.

Novel somatic and germline mutations in intracranial germ cell tumours.

Intracranial germ cell tumours (IGCTs) are a group of rare heterogeneous brain tumours that are clinically and histologically similar to the more common gonadal GCTs. IGCTs show great variation in their geographical and gender distribution, histological composition and treatment outcomes. The incidence of IGCTs is historically five- to eightfold greater in Japan and other East Asian countries than in Western countries, with peak incidence near the time of puberty. About half of the tumours are located in the pineal region. The male-to-female incidence ratio is approximately 3-4:1 overall, but is even higher for tumours located in the pineal region. Owing to the scarcity of tumour specimens available for research, little is currently known about this rare disease. Here we report the analysis of 62 cases by next-generation sequencing, single nucleotide polymorphism array and expression array. We find the KIT/RAS signalling pathway frequently mutated in more than 50% of IGCTs, including novel recurrent somatic mutations in KIT, its downstream mediators KRAS and NRAS, and its negative regulator CBL. Novel somatic alterations in the AKT/mTOR pathway included copy number gains of the AKT1 locus at 14q32.33 in 19% of patients, with corresponding upregulation of AKT1 expression. We identified loss-of-function mutations in BCORL1, a transcriptional co-repressor and tumour suppressor. We report significant enrichment of novel and rare germline variants in JMJD1C, which codes for a histone demethylase and is a coactivator of the androgen receptor, among Japanese IGCT patients. This study establishes a molecular foundation for understanding the biology of IGCTs and suggests potentially promising therapeutic strategies focusing on the inhibition of KIT/RAS activation and the AKT1/mTOR pathway.

Alternative water supply solutions: China's South-to-North-water-diversion in Jinan.

Inter-basin water transfers are intended to have a positive impact on the development of a region, but are always accompanied by huge energy consumption. The feasibility and effectiveness of water transfer projects have not yet been clearly evaluated, especially in the light of their energy consumption and effects on social development. This paper develops a method that combines life cycle approach and system dynamic model to reveal the effectiveness of different water supply alternatives (transferred water, reclaimed wastewater and rainwater harvesting) when they are all constrained to consume equal energy. This approach is applied to the case of Jinan city in Shandong province, China, the main water-receiving city on the Eastern Route of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project (ER-SNWTP). The results show that in normal years, Jinan's reclaimed water and rainwater harvesting supply are effective replacements for transferred water under the constraints of equal energy consumption and capital costs; even in dry years these two alternatives still play an important role. The results of this study indicate the relative effectiveness of reclaimed water and rainwater harvesting in supplying urban water while conserving energy and capital.

Biologic and mechanical aspects of tendon fibrosis after injury and repair.

Tendon injuries of the hand that require surgical repair often heal with excess scarring and adhesions to adjacent tissues. This can compromise the natural gliding mechanics of the flexor tendons in particular, which operate within a fibro-osseous tunnel system similar to a set of pulleys. Even combining the finest suture repair techniques with optimal hand therapy protocols cannot ensure predictable restoration of hand function in these cases. To date, the majority of research regarding tendon injuries has revolved around the mechanical aspects of the surgical repair (i.e. suture techniques) and postoperative rehabilitation. The central principles of treatment gleaned from this literature include using a combination of core and epitendinous sutures during repair and initiating motion early on in hand therapy to improve tensile strength and limit adhesion formation. However, it is likely that the best clinical solution will utilize optimal biological modulation of the healing response in addition to these core strategies and, recently, the research in this area has expanded considerably. While there are no proven additive biological agents that can be used in clinical practice currently, in this review, we analyze the recent literature surrounding cytokine modulation, gene and cell-based therapies, and tissue engineering, which may ultimately lead to improved clinical outcomes following tendon injury in the future.

Peripheral nerve injury, scarring, and recovery.

Peripheral nerve injuries (PNI) resulting from trauma can be severe and permanently debilitating. Despite the armamentarium of meticulous microsurgical repair techniques that includes direct repair, grafting of defects with autograft nerve, and grafting with cadaveric allografts, approximately one-third of all PNI demonstrate incomplete recovery with poor restoration of function. This may include total loss or incomplete recovery of motor and/or sensory function, chronic pain, muscle atrophy, and profound weakness, which can result in lifelong morbidity. Much of this impaired nerve healing can be attributed to perineural scarring and fibrosis at the site of injury and repair. To date, this challenging clinical problem has not been adequately addressed. In this review, we summarize the existing literature surrounding biological aspects of perineural fibrosis following PNI, detail current strategies to limit nerve scarring, present our own work developing reliable nerve injury models in animal studies, and discuss potential future studies which may ultimately lead to new therapeutic strategies.

Prospective evaluation of sleep improvement after cubital tunnel decompression surgery.

BACKGROUND: Compromised sleep is a known phenomenon with compressive neuropathies such as carpal tunnel syndrome. However, the prevalence of sleep disturbance with cubital tunnel syndrome (CuTS) and the effect on sleep after ulnar nerve decompression are not well understood. We hypothesized that CuTS results in sleep disturbances and that decompression surgery would result in improvement in overall sleep quality. METHODS: Consecutive patients with electrodiagnostic-proven CuTS indicated for decompression were prospectively enrolled. Demographic data, McGowan grade, electrodiagnostic (electromyography) severity, visual analog scale pain score, the 11-item version of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire, and the Insomnia Severity Index scale data were collected preoperatively and at 2 weeks and 3 months postoperatively. RESULTS: There were 145 patients enrolled, with 97% available at 2 weeks and 72% available at the final 3-month follow-up. Surgical decompression procedures consisted of 102 in situ releases and 43 transpositions. The average preoperative Insomnia Severity Index score for the entire cohort was 10.7, above the threshold for a diagnosis of insomnia, which subsequently improved to 4.1 by final follow-up postoperatively, consistent with resolution of the insomnia. There was no difference in the extent of sleep improvement between in situ decompression and transposition. Similarly, electromyography severity and McGowan grade also did not appear to significantly affect the extent of sleep improvement. CONCLUSION: CuTS decompression surgery, irrespective of surgical type and preoperative severity, resulted in improvement in sleep by the 3 month postoperative visit.

Electrodiagnostic Grade and Carpal Tunnel Release Outcomes: A Prospective Analysis.

PURPOSE: The value of electrodiagnostic (EDX) study grades as a prognostic indicator of clinical results after carpal tunnel release (CTR) remains controversial. In this study, we tested the primary null hypothesis that symptom relief after CTR would not differ based on EDX grade. Secondarily, we evaluated the degree of symptomatic and functional postoperative improvement relative to preoperative EDX grade. METHODS: We prospectively evaluated 199 consecutive patients with 256 hands after CTR confirmed with EDX. Data were collected before surgery and patients were observed at 2 weeks and 3 months after surgery. There were 20 hands with mild, 126 with moderate, and 110 with severe involvement in the preoperative EDX. Demographic, EDX grade (mild, moderate, or severe); surgical parameters; Quick-Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand questionnaire; symptom severity scale, functional status scale, pain catastrophizing scale, and visual analog scale data were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: There was significant improvement in Quick-Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand, symptom severity scale, and functional status scale scores from the preoperative to 2-week and 3-month postoperative visits in all categories of EDX grade. There was no significant difference in the extent of recovery by the 2-week and 3-month visits relative to EDX grade. Catastrophic thinking did not have a significant effect on any of the 3 groups. Pain decreased dramatically at 2 weeks after surgery but there was no additional significant difference in visual analog scale scores between the 2-week and 3-month postoperative visits. Postoperative pain improvement occurred regardless of EDX grade. There were no major complications or reoperations in any group. CONCLUSIONS: Carpal tunnel release demonstrated consistently significant improvement in outcomes regardless of EDX grade at initial and final follow-up. The extent of postoperative improvement after CTR overall was also not statistically different between groups with differing EDX severity. Older patients with severe CTS achieved more modest gains. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic II.

SVachra: a tool to identify genomic structural variation in mate pair sequencing data containing inward and outward facing reads.

BACKGROUND: Characterization of genomic structural variation (SV) is essential to expanding the research and clinical applications of genome sequencing. Reliance upon short DNA fragment paired end sequencing has yielded a wealth of single nucleotide variants and internal sequencing read insertions-deletions, at the cost of limited SV detection. Multi-kilobase DNA fragment mate pair sequencing has supplemented the void in SV detection, but introduced new analytic challenges requiring SV detection tools specifically designed for mate pair sequencing data. Here, we introduce SVachra - Structural Variation Assessment of CHRomosomal Aberrations, a breakpoint calling program that identifies large insertions-deletions, inversions, inter- and intra-chromosomal translocations utilizing both inward and outward facing read types generated by mate pair sequencing. RESULTS: We demonstrate SVachra's utility by executing the program on large-insert (Illumina Nextera) mate pair sequencing data from the personal genome of a single subject (HS1011). An additional data set of long-read (Pacific BioSciences RSII) was also generated to validate SV calls from SVachra and other comparison SV calling programs. SVachra exhibited the highest validation rate and reported the widest distribution of SV types and size ranges when compared to other SV callers. CONCLUSIONS: SVachra is a highly specific breakpoint calling program that exhibits a more unbiased SV detection methodology than other callers.

Prospective Evaluation of Sleep Improvement Following Carpal Tunnel Release Surgery.

PURPOSE: Sleep disturbance due to nighttime awakening is a well-documented symptom of carpal tunnel syndrome. While relief of nighttime waking following carpal tunnel release (CTR) has been demonstrated, the effect of CTR on overall sleep quality has not been fully investigated. We hypothesized that CTR would result in significant improvement in overall sleep quality as well as patients' overall satisfaction with their sleep habits. METHODS: Cases of carpal tunnel syndrome with positive nerve studies, and treated with CTR, were prospectively enrolled. Demographic data, electromyography (EMG) severity, Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand questionnaire, and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) scale data were collected. RESULTS: A total of 398 patients were enrolled, with 99% available at 2 weeks and 64% available at 3-month final follow-up. At final follow-up, average Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand score improved significantly from the preoperative value. Average ISI score on all 7 sleep categories on the survey improved significantly from before surgery to the first postoperative visit. However, the total ISI score did not further improve significantly between the 2-week and the 3-month postoperative visits. The ISI score improvements did not correlate with EMG severity. CONCLUSIONS: Patients undergoing CTR demonstrated significant improvement in mean scores for 7 aspects of sleep quality. Sleep improvement was unrelated to preoperative EMG severity and was experienced within 2 weeks of surgery. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic II.

Fluoroscopic Exposure With Use of Mini-C-Arm During Routine Hand Surgery: A Prospective Comparison of Hand Versus Eye Radiation Dosage.

Radiation exposure with use of intraoperative fluoroscopy is a potential orthopedic occupational risk factor. The purpose of this study was to perform a prospective comparison of hand versus eye radiation exposure associated with mini-C-arm utilization and to test the hypothesis that routine mini-C-arm does not yield hand or eye dosages exceeding current recommended levels. Over a 12-month period, hand and eye radiation exposure was prospectively measured in a single board-certified hand surgeon using mini-C-arm fluoroscopy. Twenty-five cases were performed utilizing mini-C-arm fluoroscopy. Average monthly hand radiation dosage (45.81±14.49 mrem) was significantly higher (p = .01) than eye radiation dosage (<30 mrem). Both recorded values were below their respective critical exposure limits, as reported by the International Commission on Radiological Protection. The findings suggest that hand and eye exposure associated with mini-C-arm utilization during routine surgery does not approach reported levels of critical radiation loads.

OH reactivity in urban and suburban regions in Seoul, South Korea - an East Asian megacity in a rapid transition.

South Korea has recently achieved developed country status with the second largest megacity in the world, the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA). This study provides insights into future changes in air quality for rapidly emerging megacities in the East Asian region. We present total OH reactivity observations in the SMA conducted at an urban Seoul site (May-June, 2015) and a suburban forest site (Sep, 2015). The total OH reactivity in an urban site during the daytime was observed at similar levels (∼15 s(-1)) to those previously reported from other East Asian megacity studies. Trace gas observations indicate that OH reactivity is largely accounted for by NOX (∼50%) followed by volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (∼35%). Isoprene accounts for a substantial fraction of OH reactivity among the comprehensive VOC observational dataset (25-47%). In general, observed total OH reactivity can be accounted for by the observed trace gas dataset. However, observed total OH reactivity in the suburban forest area cannot be largely accounted for (∼70%) by the trace gas measurements. The importance of biogenic VOC (BVOCs) emissions and oxidations used to evaluate the impacts of East Asian megacity outflows for the regional air quality and climate contexts are highlighted in this study.

UBR5 promotes antiviral immunity by disengaging the transcriptional brake on RIG-I like receptors.

The Retinoic acid-Inducible Gene I (RIG-I) like receptors (RLRs) are the major viral RNA sensors essential for the initiation of antiviral immune responses. RLRs are subjected to stringent transcriptional and posttranslational regulations, of which ubiquitination is one of the most important. However, the role of ubiquitination in RLR transcription is unknown. Here, we screen 375 definite ubiquitin ligase knockout cell lines and identify Ubiquitin Protein Ligase E3 Component N-Recognin 5 (UBR5) as a positive regulator of RLR transcription. UBR5 deficiency reduces antiviral immune responses to RNA viruses, while increases viral replication in primary cells and mice. Ubr5 knockout mice are more susceptible to lethal RNA virus infection than wild type littermates. Mechanistically, UBR5 mediates the Lysine 63-linked ubiquitination of Tripartite Motif Protein 28 (TRIM28), an epigenetic repressor of RLRs. This modification prevents intramolecular SUMOylation of TRIM28, thus disengages the TRIM28-imposed brake on RLR transcription. In sum, UBR5 enables rapid upregulation of RLR expression to boost antiviral immune responses by ubiquitinating and de-SUMOylating TRIM28.

Care for Vulnerable Populations with Chronic Liver Disease: A Safety-Net Perspective.

Safety-net hospitals (SNHs) and facilities are the cornerstone of healthcare services for the medically underserved. The burden of chronic liver disease-including end-stage manifestations of cirrhosis and liver cancer-is high and rising among populations living in poverty who primarily seek and receive care in safety-net settings. For many reasons related to social determinants of health, these individuals often present with delayed diagnoses and disease presentations, resulting in higher liver-related mortality. With recent state-based policy changes such as Medicaid expansion that impact access to insurance and critical health services, an overview of the body of literature on SNH care for chronic liver disease is timely and informative for the liver disease community. In this narrative review, we discuss controversies in the definition of a SNH and summarize the known disparities in the cascade of the care and management of common liver-related conditions: (1) steatotic liver disease, (2) liver cancer, (3) chronic viral hepatitis, and (4) cirrhosis and liver transplantation. In addition, we review the specific impact of Medicaid expansion on safety-net systems and liver disease outcomes and highlight effective provider- and system-level interventions. Lastly, we address remaining gaps and challenges to optimizing care for vulnerable populations with chronic liver disease in safety-net settings.

Lunatocapitate and Triquetrohamate Arthrodeses for Degenerative Arthritis of the Wrist: A Midterm Follow-Up.

BACKGROUND: Degenerative arthritis of the wrist is a common condition often treated with 4 corner arthrodesis (FCA) or a partial wrist fusion. A number of limited intercarpal arthrodeses have been proposed for treatment of this condition. One technique, described by Wang and Bednar in 2012, involves fusion of the lunatocapitate and triquetrohamate joints. This study presents midterm follow-up of outcomes following this 2 column arthrodesis. METHODS: From 2000 to present, patients who underwent lunatocapitate and triquetrohamate arthrodesis were evaluated. The original cohort from the 2012 study was reviewed, as well as any additional patients who since underwent this procedure. Only patients who had greater than 5 years of follow-up data were included. Outcomes included demographics, wrist range of motion, grip strength, complications, and radiographic evidence of union. RESULTS: Twenty-one cases were included in the final analysis. Mean follow-up was 8.75 years. Wrist extension and flexion were 58% and 90% of the unaffected side, respectively. Grip strength was 92% of the unaffected side. Osseous union was achieved in 95.2% of cases. Two cases underwent revision surgery, one for nonunion and one following a fall. CONCLUSIONS: Lunatocapitate and triquetrohamate arthrodesis offers a treatment for wrist arthritis that yields good clinical outcomes, low nonunion rates, and no conversions to total wrist arthrodesis, as shown by 5-year follow-up data. Limited intercarpal arthrodesis is an alternative to FCA, with the advantage of a smaller surgical footprint and simpler technique, while still providing excellent mid- to long-term outcomes.

Spatio-temporal changes and root-cause identification for embodied carbon emissions based on production and consumption in China's Yangtze River Economic Belt.

The Yangtze River Economic Belt (YEB) is at the centre of China's economy and development. Its regional carbon emissions account for about 36.9% of the country's total carbon emissions, and thus, there is an urgent need to sustain the development of a low-carbon economy. However, the complex patterns of embodied carbon flows arising from multi-scale trade in such a megaregion are often ignored in carbon environmental governance. This study incorporates a megaregion into an environmentally extended multi-regional input-output (EEMRIO) framework and identifies the drivers of production and consumption-based carbon emissions using four measures through structural decomposition analysis (SDA). The results show that (1) the YEB strengthens inter-provincial trade links while reducing international trade links; (2) there is obvious carbon transfer in multi-scale trade in the YEB, with a corresponding transfer of responsibility for carbon reduction occurring; and (3) consumption volume and carbon intensity are the main drivers and inhibitors of the increasing carbon emissions, respectively, and the optimisation of production structure and consumption structure are effective ways to control production-based carbon emissions (PBEs) and consumption-based carbon emissions (CBEs), respectively. This study extends the research scale of "national-provincial-city" to a megaregion. Studies based on multiple trade scales would provide additional insights to understand the carbon reduction responsibilities of megaregions and help achieve coordinated regional carbon reductions.

Pulmonary sclerosing pneumocytoma - approaching a solitary pulmonary nodule and the limitations of risk prediction models.

Our case is an asymptomatic, non-smoking, East Asian woman in her 40s presenting with a solitary pulmonary nodule (SPN). On imaging, the 1.7 cm solid SPN located in the left upper lobe, was rounded in morphology and moderately fluorodeoxyglucose avid. The clinical pretest probability of malignancy assessed by risk prediction models such as Brock (19.1%), Mayo Clinic (56.2%) and Herder (51.4%) was discordant. She underwent a percutaneous CT-guided needle biopsy, establishing a diagnosis of pulmonary sclerosing pneumocytoma (PSP). PSP is a rare benign lung neoplasm with indolent growth characteristics that has been described predominantly in non-smoking women. Our case illustrates the limitations of applying existing risk prediction models in Asia where the epidemiology and biology of lung cancer differ significantly from the Caucasian derivation cohorts. Additionally, the risk models do not account for tuberculosis, which is endemic in Asia and can mimic malignancy. Non-surgical lung biopsy remains useful in minimising unnecessary thoracotomy.