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BACKGROUND: Organellar genomes have become increasingly essential for studying genetic diversity, phylogenetics, and evolutionary histories of seaweeds. The order Dictyotales (Dictyotophycidae), a highly diverse lineage within the Phaeophyceae, is long-term characterized by a scarcity of organellar genome datasets compared to orders of the brown algal crown radiation (Fucophycidae). RESULTS: We sequenced the organellar genomes of Padina usoehtunii, a representative of the order Dictyotales, to investigate the structural and evolutionary differences by comparing to five other major brown algal orders. Our results confirmed previously reported findings that the rate of structural rearrangements in chloroplast genomes is higher than that in mitochondria, whereas mitochondrial sequences exhibited a higher substitution rate compared to chloroplasts. Such evolutionary patterns contrast with land plants and green algae. The expansion and contraction of the inverted repeat (IR) region in the chloroplast correlated with the changes in the number of boundary genes. Specifically, the size of the IR region influenced the position of the boundary gene rpl21, with complete rpl21 genes found within the IR region in Dictyotales, Sphacelariales and Ectocarpales, while the rpl21 genes in Desmarestiales, Fucales, and Laminariales span both the IR and short single copy (SSC) regions. The absence of the rbcR gene in the Dictyotales may indicate an endosymbiotic transfer from the chloroplast to the nuclear genome. Inversion of the SSC region occurred at least twice in brown algae. Once in a lineage only represented by the Ectocarpales in the present study and once in a lineage only represented by the Fucales. Photosystem genes in the chloroplasts experienced the strongest signature of purifying selection, while ribosomal protein genes in both chloroplasts and mitochondria underwent a potential weak purifying selection. CONCLUSIONS: Variations in chloroplast genome structure among different brown algal orders are evolutionarily linked to their phylogenetic positions in the Phaeophyceae tree. Chloroplast genomes harbor more structural rearrangements than the mitochondria, despite mitochondrial genes exhibiting faster mutation rates. The position and the change in the number of boundary genes likely shaped the IR regions in the chloroplast, and the produced structural variability is important mechanistically to create gene diversity in brown algal chloroplast.
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Evolução Molecular , Genoma de Cloroplastos , Phaeophyceae , Filogenia , Phaeophyceae/genética , Genoma Mitocondrial , Sequências Repetidas Invertidas/genética , Cloroplastos/genéticaRESUMO
An equilibrium acidity (pKa) scale that comprises 16 Brönsted organic acids, including phenols, carboxylic acids, azoles, and phenylmalononitriles, was established in a choline chloride/EG-based deep eutectic solvent (DES) ([Ch][Cl]:2EG) by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopic methods. The established acidity scale spans about 6 pK units in the DES, which is similar to that for these acids in water. The acidity comparisons and linear correlations between the DES and other solvents show that the solvent property of [Ch][Cl]:2EG is quite different from those of amphiphilic protic and dipolar aprotic molecular solvents. The carbon dioxide absorption capabilities as well as apparent absorption kinetics for a series of anion-functionalized DESs ([Ch][X]:2EG) were measured, and the results show that the basicity of comprising anion [X] of choline salt is essential for the maximum carbon dioxide absorption capacity, i.e., a stronger basicity leads to a greater absorption capacity. The possible absorption mechanisms for carbon dioxide absorption in these DESs were also discussed based on the spectroscopic evidence.
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With the approach of untargeted metabolomics and correlation analysis, this study aimed to explore the mechanism of Aurantii Fructus from Lingnan region in alleviating dryness by analyzing the different effects of raw Aurantii Fructus(RAF) and processed Aurantii Fructus(PAF) on fecal endogenous metabolism in normal rats. Eighteen Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats were randomly divided into a control group(C), an RAF group(10 g·kg~(-1)), and a PAF group(10 g·kg~(-1)). After seven days of administration, the effects of RAF and PAF on dryness-related indexes were compared, including water intake, fecal water content, salivary secretion, the expression of AQP5, VIP, and 5-HT in the submandibular gland, as well as the expression of AQP3, VIP, and 5-HT in the colon. The fecal samples in each group were determined by LC-MS. Multivariate statistical analysis and Pearson correlation coefficient were used for screening the differential metabolites and metabolic pathways in alleviating dryness of RAF. The results indicated that both RAF and PAF showed certain dryness, and the dryness of RAF was more significant. Moreover, PAF could alleviate dryness of RAF to a certain extent by reducing the water intake, fecal water content, and the expression of AQP3, VIP, and 5-HT in the colon and increasing the salivary secretion and the levels of AQP5, VIP, and 5-HT in the submandibular gland. According to the analysis of fecal metabolomics, 99 and 58 metabolites related to dryness were found in RAF and PAF respectively, where 16 of them played an important role in alleviating dryness of RAF. Pathway analysis revealed that the mechanism of PAF in alleviating dryness of RAF was presumably related to the regulation of riboflavin metabolism, purine metabolism, arginine biosynthesis, pyrimidine metabolism, alanine metabolism, aspartate metabolism, glutamate metabolism, and retinol metabolism pathways. This study suggested that PAF might alleviate dryness of RAF by affecting the metabolic levels of the body, which provides a new basis for further clarifying the processing mechanism of PAF.
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Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas , Ratos , Animais , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/farmacologia , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Serotonina , Metabolômica , ÁguaRESUMO
AIMS: This study aimed to compare the differences in the bacterial community structure of Lycium barbarum rhizosphere and elucidate the contribution of rhizosphere bacteria to the active ingredients of L. barbarum fruit. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study investigated the soil and meteorological characteristics of L. barbarum rhizosphere during three growth stages across three production regions of China. High-throughput sequencing showed significant differences in the bacterial community diversity of L. barbarum rhizosphere across the three production regions, and norank_o_Gaiellales, norank_f_Anaerolineaceae and norank_f_AKYG1722 were the highest in Ningxia. In addition, regression and path analysis revealed that pH, norank_o_Gaiellales and norank_f_AKYG1722 significantly promoted the accumulation of total sugar and flavonoids in L. barbarum fruit directly or indirectly. Soil organic matter (SOM), norank_f_Anaerolineaceae and humidity significantly promoted the accumulation of betaine. The average temperature during the growth stages, norank_f_AKYG1722, and norank_o_Gaiellales promoted the accumulation of polysaccharides. CONCLUSIONS: The interaction between rhizosphere bacteria and environmental factors promoted the accumulation of active ingredients in L. barbarum fruits. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Our results provided insights to improve the quality of L. barbarum fruit.
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Lycium , Bactérias/genética , Frutas/química , Lycium/química , Rizosfera , SoloRESUMO
Natural products continue to be a valuable source of active metabolites; however, researchers of natural products are mostly focused on the biological effects, and their chemical utility has been less explored. Furthermore, low throughput is a bottleneck for classical natural product research. In this work, a new offline HPLC/CC/SCD (high performance liquid chromatography followed by co-crystallization and single crystal diffraction) workflow was developed that greatly expedites the discovery of active compounds from crude natural product extracts. The photoactive total alkaloids of the herbal medicine Coptidis rhizome were firstly separated by HPLC, and the individual peaks were collected. A suitable coformer was screened by adding it to the individual peak solution and observing the precipitation, which was then redissolved and used for co-crystallization. Seven new co-crystals were obtained, and all the single crystals were subjected to X-ray diffraction analysis. The molecular structures of seven alkaloids from milligrams of crude extract were resolved within three days. NDS greatly decreases the required crystallization amounts of alkaloids to the nanoscale and enables rapid stoichiometric inclusion of all the major alkaloids with full occupancy, typically without disorder, affording well-refined structures. It is noteworthy that anomalous scattering by the coformer sulfur atoms enables reliable assignment of absolute configuration of stereogenic centers. Moreover, the identified alkaloids were firstly found to be photocatalysts for the green synthesis of benzimidazoles. This study demonstrates a new and green phytochemical workflow that can greatly accelerate natural product discovery from complex samples.
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Alcaloides , Alcaloides de Berberina , Produtos Biológicos , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas , Alcaloides/química , Benzimidazóis/análise , Alcaloides de Berberina/análise , Produtos Biológicos/química , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Misturas Complexas , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/química , Rizoma/química , Enxofre/análiseRESUMO
Recently, the application of sulfur (S) has been recommended to control the accumulation of cadmium (Cd) in rice in contaminated paddy soil. However, the effects of exogenous S on Cd transfer in paddy rice systems under different water-management practices have not been systematically investigated. Pot experiments were performed to monitor the composition of soil pore water and the Cd accumulation in iron plaque and rice tissue were compared under different S (0 and 200 mg/kg Na2SO4) and water (continuous and discontinuous flooding) treatments. Sulfur application significantly increased Cd concentrations in soil pore water under discontinuous flooding conditions, but slightly reduced them under continuous flooding. Moreover, the oxidation/reduction potential (Eh) was the most critical factor that affected the Cd levels. When the Eh exceeded -42.5 mV, S became the second critical factor, and excessive S application promoted Cd dissolution. In addition, S addition elevated the Cd levels in iron plaque and reduced the Cd transfer from the iron plaque to rice roots. In rice, S addition inhibited Cd transfer from the rice roots to the straw; thus, more Cd was stored in the rice roots. Nevertheless, additional S application increased the Cd content in the rice grains by 72% under discontinuous flooding, although this effect was mitigated by continued flooding. Under simulated practical water management conditions, S addition increased the risk of Cd contamination in rice, suggesting that S application should be reconsidered as a paddy fertilization strategy.
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Oryza , Poluentes do Solo , Cádmio/análise , Cádmio/toxicidade , Poluentes do Solo/análise , Poluentes do Solo/toxicidade , Enxofre , ÁguaRESUMO
Haemonchosis remains a significant problem in small ruminants. In this study, the assay of recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) combined with the lateral flow strip (LFS-RPA) was established for the rapid detection of Haemonchus contortus in goat feces. The assay used primers and a probe targeting a specific sequence in the ITS-2 gene. We compared the performance of the LFS-RPA assay to a PCR assay. The LFS-RPA had a detection limit of 10 fg DNA, which was 10 times less compared to the lowest detection limit obtained by PCR. Out of 24 goat fecal samples, LFS-RPA assay detected H. contortus DNA with 95.8% sensitivity, compared to PCR, 79.1% sensitivity. LFS-RPA assay did not detect DNA from other related helminth species and demonstrated an adequate tolerance to inhibitors present in the goat feces. Taken together, our results suggest that LFS-RPA assay had a high diagnostic accuracy for the rapid detection of H. contortus and merits further evaluation.
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Fezes/parasitologia , Doenças das Cabras/parasitologia , Hemoncose/veterinária , Haemonchus/isolamento & purificação , Técnicas de Amplificação de Ácido Nucleico/métodos , Animais , Primers do DNA/genética , Doenças das Cabras/diagnóstico , Cabras , Hemoncose/diagnóstico , Hemoncose/parasitologia , Haemonchus/classificação , Haemonchus/genética , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The fungal communities inhabiting natural Ophiocordyceps sinensis play critical ecological roles in alpine meadow ecosystem, contribute to infect host insect, influence the occurrence of O. sinensis, and are repertoire of potential novel metabolites discovery. However, a comprehensive understanding of fungal communities of O. sinensis remain elusive. Therefore, the present study aimed to unravel fungal communities of natural O. sinensis using combination of high-throughput sequencing and culture-dependent approaches. RESULTS: A total of 280,519 high-quality sequences, belonging to 5 fungal phyla, 15 classes, 41 orders, 79 families, 112 genera, and 352 putative operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were obtained from natural O. sinensis using high-throughput sequencing. Among of which, 43 genera were identified in external mycelial cortices, Ophiocordyceps, Sebacinia and Archaeorhizomyces were predominant genera with the abundance of 95.86, 1.14, 0.85%, respectively. A total of 66 genera were identified from soil microhabitat, Inocybe, Archaeorhizomyces, unclassified Thelephoraceae, Tomentella, Thelephora, Sebacina, unclassified Ascomycota and unclassified fungi were predominant genera with an average abundance of 53.32, 8.69, 8.12, 8.12, 7.21, 4.6, 3.08 and 3.05%, respectively. The fungal communities in external mycelial cortices were significantly distinct from soil microhabitat. Meanwhile, seven types of culture media were used to isolate culturable fungi at 16 °C, resulted in 77 fungal strains identified by rDNA ITS sequence analysis, belonging to 33 genera, including Ophiocordyceps, Trichoderma, Cytospora, Truncatella, Dactylonectria, Isaria, Cephalosporium, Fusarium, Cosmospora and Paecilomyces, etc.. Among all culturable fungi, Mortierella and Trichoderma were predominant genera. CONCLUSIONS: The significantly differences and overlap in fungal community structure between two approaches highlight that the integration of high-throughput sequencing and culture-dependent approaches would generate more information. Our result reveal a comprehensive understanding of fungal community structure of natural O. sinensis, provide new insight into O. sinensis associated fungi, and support that microbiota of natural O. sinensis is an untapped source for novel bioactive metabolites discovery.
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Cordyceps/genética , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala/métodos , Micobioma/genética , Biodiversidade , Meios de Cultura , DNA Fúngico/genética , DNA Ribossômico/genética , Filogenia , Microbiologia do SoloRESUMO
In this work, an irregular calixpyridinium-suramin sodium supramolecular assembly was constructed by the strong host-guest electrostatic interactions. More interestingly, a novel regular spherical supramolecular assembly was also fabricated by the hydrogen bonding interactions between suramin sodium and the UV accelerated addition product of deprotonated calixpyridinium in water. The same principle was also applied to construct a UV accelerated regular spherical self-assembly by the addition product of deprotonated calixpyridinium in water. Compared with the complicated and irreversible covalent connection of the light-responsive groups to the building block, which is one of the common means of obtaining light-responsive supramolecular systems, this finding not only provides a smart, facile, and universally applicable method to construct deprotonated calixpyridinium-based light-responsive host-guest systems but also provides a new idea for the development of other novel light-responsive building blocks.
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Three new quaternary Zintl phases with the "9-4-9" formula, Ae9Mn4-xAlxSb9 (Ae = Ca, Yb, Eu), have been synthesized using Pb as the metal flux, and their crystal structures have been established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Both Ca9Mn2.91(4)Al1.09Sb9 and Yb9Mn3.59(6)Al0.41Sb9 are isostructural with Ca9Mn4Bi9, and they crystallize in the orthorhombic space group Pbam with unit cell dimensions of a = 12.4571(8), 12.2884(16) Å, b = 22.1352(16), 22.024(3) Å, and c = 4.6012(3), 4.6187(6) Å, respectively. Their anionic structures can be viewed as infinite ribbons based on corner-shared tetrahedrons. Also, Eu9Mn2.87(4)Al1.13Sb9 has the space group Cmca and a = 9.4883(7) Å, b = 23.6895(18) Å, and c = 24.4845(19) Å. The structural relationships between Ca9Mn2.91(4)Al1.09Sb9 and Eu9Mn2.87(4)Al1.13Sb9 are compared and discussed as well. The successful Al3+ substitution provides additional electrons to the compounds to achieve structural stability. Magnetic susceptibility and electrical resistivity measurements, performed on single crystals of Eu9Mn2.87(4)Al1.13Sb9, indicate complex magnetic properties and semiconductor behavior. The physical properties of Yb9Mn3.59(6)Al0.41Sb9 are similar to those observed for Yb9Mn4.18(2)Sb9.
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In this work, the host-guest interaction between calixpyridinium and anionic anticancer drug Alimta was studied in aqueous media. Spherical supramolecular amphiphilic assembly rather than simple complex was accidentally fabricated by the complexation of calixpyridinium with Alimta. It is the third kind of anionic guest to be discovered to form the higher-order assembly by the complexation of calixpyridinium besides polyanionic guest and anionic gemini surfactant guest. The finding of this assembly approach supplies a new idea to construct various self-assembly architectures in water via the complexation of calixpyridinium with anionic drugs. The resulting calixpyridinium-drug assemblies may also have the potential to adjust the effects of drugs.
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Antineoplásicos/química , Pemetrexede/química , Piridinas/química , Tensoativos/química , Substâncias Macromoleculares/química , Estrutura Molecular , Tamanho da Partícula , Propriedades de SuperfícieRESUMO
This paper addresses a novel 3D reconstruction method for nanostructures based on the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging principle. In this method, the shape from shading (SFS) technique is employed, to analyze the gray-scale information of a single top-view SEM image which contains all the visible surface information, and finally to reconstruct the 3D surface morphology. It offers not only unobstructed observation from various angles but also the exact physical dimensions of nanostructures. A convenient and commercially available tool (NanoViewer) is developed based on this method for nanostructure analysis and characterization of properties. The reconstruction result coincides well with the SEM nanostructure image and is verified in different ways. With the extracted structure information, subsequent research of the nanostructure can be carried out, such as roughness analysis, optimizing properties by structure improvement and performance simulation with a reconstruction model. Efficient, practical and non-destructive, the method will become a powerful tool for nanostructure surface observation and characterization.
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Imageamento Tridimensional/métodos , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura/métodos , Nanoestruturas , Humanos , Modelos Teóricos , SilícioRESUMO
Three undescribed cassane diterpenoids, caesalpanins D-F (1-3), and seven known ones were isolated from the seeds of Caesalpinia sappan. Structures and absolute configurations of 1-3 were elucidated based on the extensive spectroscopic analysis, single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, and ECD calculations. Structurally, compound 1 was the first example of 18-norcassane diterpenoid and 2 was a rare 20-norcassane diterpenoid having an unusual five-membered oxygen bridge between C-10/C-18. The anti-proliferative activity of 1, 3, and 4-10 against PANC-1 cells (pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell line) was evaluated, and phanginin H (4) was found to exhibit anti-cancer activity with IC50 value of 18.13 ± 0.63 µM. Compound 4 inhibited PANC-1 cell growth by arresting the cell cycle at G2/M phase via regulation of cyclin-dependent kinases, and the self-renewal and metastasis of PANC-1 cells by suppressing cancer cell stemness. Furthermore, compound 4 induced ROS generation and subsequently activated autophagy, which was demonstrated by the formation of autophagic vacuoles and dynamic change of autophagic flux. The induced ROS accumulation resulted in AMPK activation and subsequently regulation of mTORC1 activity and ULK phosphorylation, indicating that 4 triggered autophagy through ROS/AMPK/mTORC1 pathway. These findings suggested that 4 might potentially be an autophagy inducer for the therapy of pancreatic cancer.
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Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por AMP , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos , Autofagia , Caesalpinia , Proliferação de Células , Diterpenos , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais , Alvo Mecanístico do Complexo 1 de Rapamicina , Neoplasias Pancreáticas , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio , Sementes , Caesalpinia/química , Humanos , Diterpenos/farmacologia , Diterpenos/química , Diterpenos/isolamento & purificação , Sementes/química , Autofagia/efeitos dos fármacos , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patologia , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por AMP/metabolismo , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/isolamento & purificação , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/química , Alvo Mecanístico do Complexo 1 de Rapamicina/metabolismo , Alvo Mecanístico do Complexo 1 de Rapamicina/antagonistas & inibidores , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Estrutura Molecular , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Relação Dose-Resposta a DrogaRESUMO
This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of an oral sequential triple combination therapy with selexipag after dual combination therapy with endothelin receptor antagonist (ERA) and phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor (PDE5I)/riociguat in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) patients. A total of 192 PAH patients from 10 centers had received oral sequential selexipag therapy after being on dual-combination therapy with ERA and PDE5i/riociguat for a minimum of 3 months. Clinical data were collected at baseline and after 6 months of treatment. The study analyzed the event-free survival at 6 months and all-cause death over 2 years. At baseline, the distribution of patients among the risk groups was as follows: 22 in the low-risk group, 35 in the intermediate-low-risk group, 91 in the intermediate-high-risk group, and 44 in the high-risk group. After 6 months of treatment, the oral sequential triple combination therapy resulted in reduced NT-proBNP levels (media from 1604 to 678 pg/mL), a decline in the percentage of WHO-FC III/IV (from 79.2% to 60.4%), an increased in the 6MWD (from 325 ± 147 to 378 ± 143 m) and a rise in the percentage of patients with three low-risk criteria (from 5.7% to 13.5%). Among the low-risk group, there was an improvement in the right heart remodeling, marked by a decrease in right atrium area and eccentricity index. The intermediate-low-risk group exhibited significant enhancements in WHO-FC and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion. For those in the intermediate-high and high-risk groups, there were marked improvements in activity tolerance, as reflected by WHO-FC and 6MWD. The event-free survival rate at 6 months stood at 88%. Over the long-term follow-up, the survival rates at 1 and 2 years were 86.5% and 86.0%, respectively. In conclusion, the oral sequential triple combination therapy enhanced both exercise capacity and cardiac remodeling across PAH patients of different risk stratifications.
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In order to evaluate the effect and mechanism of energy saving and carbon reduction of the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan (the Policy), on the basis of measuring the energy consumption and CO2 emissions of GDP per unit area in 281 prefecture-level cities and above from 2003 to 2017, the influence, intermediary effect of innovation, and urban heterogeneity of the Policy on energy saving and carbon reduction were explored by using a difference-in-difference model. The results showed that:â the Policy promoted a significant reduction of 17.60% in the energy consumption intensity and 19.99% in the carbon emission intensity in the whole sample city. Based on a series of robustness tests, such as the parallel trend test, overcomed endogenous and placebo, dynamic time window and counterfactual, difference-in-difference-in-differences, and PSM-DID estimation, the above conclusions were still valid. â¡ Mechanism analysis showed that the Policy achieved energy saving and carbon reduction through the direct innovation intermediary effect of green invention patents as the carrier, and the indirect innovation mediation effect of the industrial structure upgrading effect caused by innovation achieved an energy-saving effect. ⢠Heterogeneity analysis showed that the energy saving and carbon reduction rate of the Policy for coal-consuming provinces was 0.86% and 3.25% higher than that of non-coal-consuming provinces. The carbon reduction in the old industrial base city was 36.43% higher than that in the non-old industrial base, but the energy saving effect was 8.93% lower than that of the non-old industrial base. The range of energy saving and carbon reduction in non-resource-based cities was 31.30% and 74.95% higher than that in resource-based cities, respectively. ⣠The results showed that it was necessary to strengthen the innovation investment and industrial structure upgrading in key areas such as big coal-consumption provinces, old industrial base cities, and resource-based cities, so as to give full play to the energy saving and carbon reduction effect of the Policy.
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BACKGROUND: This randomized clinical trial determined the effects of electroencephalographic burst suppression on cerebral oxygen metabolism and postoperative cognitive function in elderly surgical patients. METHODS: The patients were placed into burst suppression (BS) and non-burst suppression (NBS) groups. All patients were under bispectral index monitoring of an etomidate target-controlled infusion for anesthesia induction and intraoperative combination sevoflurane and remifentanil for anesthesia maintenance. The cerebral oxygen extraction ratio (CERO2), jugular bulb venous saturation (SjvO2), and difference in arteriovenous oxygen (Da-jvO2) were measured at T0, T1, and T2. One day before surgery, and 1, 3, and 7 days after surgery, postoperative cognitive dysfunction was assessed using the mini-mental state examination (MMSE). RESULTS: Compared with T0, the Da-jvO2 and CERO2 values were decreased, and SjvO2 was increased in the 2 groups at T1 and T2 (Pâ <â .05). There was no statistical difference in the SjvO2, Da-jvO2, and CERO2 values between T1 and T2. Compared with the NBS group, the SjvO2 value increased, and the Da-jvO2 and CERO2 values decreased at T1 and T2 in the BS group (Pâ <â .05). The MMSE scores on the 1st and 3rd days postoperatively were significantly lower in the 2 groups compared to the preoperative MMSE scores (Pâ <â .05). The MMSE scores of the NBS group were higher than the BS group on the 1st and 3rd days postoperatively (Pâ <â .05). CONCLUSION: In elderly patients undergoing surgery, intraoperative BS significantly reduced cerebral oxygen metabolism, which temporarily affected postoperative neurocognitive function.
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Cognição , Oxigênio , Humanos , Idoso , Oxigênio/metabolismo , Sevoflurano , Anestesia Geral , EletroencefalografiaRESUMO
Fourteen previously undescribed steroidal alkaloids, including six jervine-type, wabujervine A-E and wabujerside A, seven cevanine-type, wabucevanine A-G, and one secolanidin-type, wabusesolanine A, along with thirteen known steroidal alkaloids, were isolated from the bulbs of Fritillaria unibracteata var. wabuensis. On the basis of comprehensive analysis of IR, HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses, their structures were elucidated. In the zebrafish acute inflammatory models, nine compounds showed anti-inflammatory activity.
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Alcaloides , Fritillaria , Animais , Fritillaria/química , Peixe-Zebra , Alcaloides/química , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Raízes de Plantas/química , Esteroides/químicaRESUMO
Objective: To evaluate the trend of notified incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in China at different periods by population and region and to explore the effect of TB prevention and control in recent years. Methods: Using pooled data on TB cases reported by the TB Information Management Reporting System (TBIMS) from 2005 to 2020, we calculated the annual percentage change (APC) using the Joinpoint regression model. Results: From 2005 to 2020, a total of 16.2 million cases of PTB were reported in China, with an average notified incidence of 75.5 per 100,000 population. The age standardization rate (ASR) continued to decline from 116.9 (/100,000) in 2005 to 47.6 (/100,000) in 2020, with an average annual decrease of 5.6% [APC = -5.6, 95% confidence interval ( CI): -7.0 to -4.2]. The smallest decline occurred in 2011-2018 (APC = -3.4, 95% CI: -4.6 to -2.3) and the largest decrease in 2018-2020 (APC = -9.2, 95% CI: -16.4 to -1.3). From 2005 to 2020, the ASR in males (159.8 per 100,000 in 2005, 72.0 per 100,000 in 2020) was higher than that in females (62.2 per 100,000 in 2005, 32.3 per 100,000 in 2020), with an average annual decline of 6.0% for male and 4.9% for female. The average notified incidence was the highest among older adults (65 years and over) (182.3/100,000), with an average annual decline of 6.4%; children (0-14 years) were the lowest (4.8/100,000), with an average annual decline of 7.3%, but a significant increase of 3.3% between 2014 and 2020 (APC = 3.3, 95% CI: 1.4 to 5.2); middle-aged (35-64 years) decreased by 5.8%; and youth (15-34 years) decreased by an average annual rate of 4.2%. The average ASR in rural areas (81.3/100,000) is higher than that in urban areas (76.1/100,000). The average annual decline in rural areas was 4.5% and 6.3% in urban areas. South China had the highest average ASR (103.2/100,000), with an average annual decline of 5.9%, while North China had the lowest (56.5/100,000), with an average annual decline of 5.9%. The average ASR in the southwest was 95.3 (/100,000), with the smallest annual decline (APC = -4.5, 95% CI: -5.5 to -3.5); the average ASR in the Northwest China was 100.1 (/100,000), with the largest annual decline (APC = -6.4, 95% CI: -10.0 to -2.7); Central, Northeastern, and Eastern China declined by an average of 5.2%, 6.2%, and 6.1% per year, respectively. Conclusions: From 2005 to 2020, the notified incidence of PTB in China continued to decline, falling by 55%. For high-risk groups such as males, older adults, high-burden areas in South, Southwest, and Northwest China, and rural regions, proactive screening should be strengthened to provide timely and effective anti-TB treatment and patient management services for confirmed cases. There is also a necessity to be vigilant about the upward trend of children in recent years, the specific reasons for which need to be further studied.
Assuntos
Tuberculose Pulmonar , Criança , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adolescente , Humanos , Feminino , Masculino , Idoso , Incidência , Tuberculose Pulmonar/epidemiologia , China/epidemiologia , Grupo SocialRESUMO
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Silybum marianum is a traditional Chinese medicine that has been used for treating liver disease. Silybin consisting of silybin A and silybin B, is a member of Silybum marianum, and exerts a therapeutic effect on many diseases. However, the protective effect of silybin on cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity and the stereoisomer contributing to the effect remain unknown. AIM OF THE STUDY: The present study aimed to study the effect of silybin on cisplatin-induced neuronal injury, compare the difference of protective effect between silybin A and silybin B, and the potential mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to separate silybin A and silybin B. X-ray crystallographic analysis in combination with experimental and calculated ECD were performed to identify the structure of silybin A and silybin B. The toxicity of the silybin or cisplatin against murine hippocampal neuronal HT22 cells was determined through MTT assay. The cell cycle and cell apoptosis were measured by PI staining and Annexin V-FITC/PI staining, respectively, and then subjected to flow cytometry. Western blot analysis was conducted to quantify the expression of proteins related to apoptosis and DNA damage. Immunofluorescence was used to evaluate the expression of DNA damage marker. In vivo experiment, the behavioral analysis was determined through pole test, swimming test and Morris water maze test. The index of superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) were examined to evaluate the antioxidant capacity in mice brain. Nissl staining and Tunel assay were used to detect the neuronal viability and apoptosis in hippocampus. RESULTS: We successfully separated and identified silybin A and silybin B. We found both silybin A and silybin B alleviated cisplatin-induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in HT22 cells, and silybin B was more effective. We chose silybin B for further mechanism investigation, and found silybin B alleviated DNA damage by enhancing phosphorylation of ATR and decreasing expression of γ-H2AX. In the in vivo experiment, we observed that silybin B markedly improved the behavioral abnormalities in cisplatin-treated mice, reduced LPO level while increased SOD, GSH and T-AOC in mice brain tissue. Nissl staining and Tunel assay showed that silybin B alleviated cisplatin-induced hippocampal damage. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that silybin B might serve as a promising drug candidate in mitigating cisplatin-induced neural injury in the brain and thereby improving the chemotherapeutic outcomes.
Assuntos
Cisplatino/toxicidade , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Síndromes Neurotóxicas/prevenção & controle , Silibina/farmacologia , Animais , Antineoplásicos/toxicidade , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Pontos de Checagem do Ciclo Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Dano ao DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Silybum marianum/química , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/química , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/isolamento & purificação , Síndromes Neurotóxicas/etiologia , Silibina/química , Silibina/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Objective: To investigate the effects of fucoidan inducing impairment of human osteosarcoma cell 143B, as well its mechanisms. Methods: After 143B cells were treated with different concentrations of FUC (0, 0.5, 1, 10, 100, 400, 800 µg/ml) for 48 h, the cell viability and dehydrogenase (LDH) level were detected by MTT assay and chemical colorimetry with six multiple wells for each concentration. Based on MTT results, we determined the value of IC50 was 244.5 µg/ml. The follow-up experiments were divided into control group (without FUC), FUC (10 µg/ml)-treated group, FUC (100 µg/ml)-treated group, FUC (400 µg/ml)-treated group and positive group (resveratrol, 40 µmol/L). There were four multiple wells for each concentration, and each experiment was repeated at least three times. Flow cytometry was performed to detect cell apoptosis and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level; acridine orange (AO) staining and lyso-tracker red staining were used to observe the autophagolysosome formation; chemical colorimetric analysis was performed to determine malondialdehyde (MDA) content and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px); Western blot was used to detect protein expressions of nuclear factor E2-associated factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and autophagy-associated proteins including microtubule-associated light chain protein 3 (LC-3), Atg7, Beclin-1 and p62. Results: Compared with control group, the cell viability was decreased significantly in FUC (100ï½400 µg/ml)-treated groups (Pï¼0.01); LDH levels in the supernatant (Pï¼0.05 or Pï¼0.01), the percentage of cell apoptosis (Pï¼0.01), intracellular ROS level and MDA content (Pï¼0.01) were increased remarkably; protein expressions of Atg7 and Beclin-1 were upregulated (Pï¼0.05 or Pï¼0.01); the conversion from LC-3I to LC-3II was significant (Pï¼0.01) together with elevation of autophagolysosome formation (Pï¼0.05 or Pï¼0.01); while the activities of SOD and GSH-Px and protein expressions of Nrf2, HO-1 and p62 were decreased remarkably (Pï¼0.05 or Pï¼0.01). Conclusion: FUC (100ï½400 µg/ml) treatment induces oxidative damage and autophagic death in osteosarcoma 143B cells.