Two-Dimensional CuMn-Layered Double Hydroxides: A Study of Interlayer Anion Variants on the Electrochemical Sensing of Trichlorophenol.

Despite their diverse application profile, aromatic organochlorides such as 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TP) are widely renowned for creating a negative toll on the balance of the ecosystem. Strict regulatory regimes are required to limit exposure to such organic pollutants. By deployment of a straightforward detection scheme, electrochemical sensing technology offers a competitive edge over the other techniques and practices available for pollutant monitoring. Here, we present a streamlined hydrothermal approach for synthesizing copper-manganese layered double hydroxide (CuMn-LDH) rods to be employed as electrocatalysts for detecting TP in various media. With a focused intention to leverage the full potential of the prepared CuMn-LDHs, the interlamellar region is configured using a series of intercalants. Further, a thorough comparative analysis of their structures, morphologies, and electrochemical performance is accomplished using various analytical techniques. The electrocatalytic oxidation ability of the CuMn-LDH toward TP molecules is markedly altered by incorporating various anions into the gallery region. The dynamic attributes of the developed sensor, such as a wide linear response (0.02-289.2 µM), a low detection limit (0.0026 µM), and good anti-interfering ability, acclaim its superior viability for real-time detection of TP with exceptional tolerance to the presence of foreign moieties. Hence, this work manifests that the nature of intercalants is a vital aspect to consider while designing LDH-based electrochemical probes to detect priority pollutants.

Synergistically Enhanced Electrochemical Sensing of Food Adulterant in Milk Sample at Erbium Vanadate/Graphitic Carbon Nitride Composite.

Dimetridazole (DMZ), a nitroimidazole derivative, is a notable antibiotic that has garnered growing interest in the medical community owing to its noteworthy pharmacological and toxicological properties. Increasing interest is being directed toward developing high-performance sensors for continuous monitoring of DMZ in food samples. This research investigated an electrochemical sensor-based nano-sized ErVO4 attached to a sheet-like g-CN-coated glassy carbon electrode to determine dimetridazole (DMZ). The chemical structure and morphological characterization of synthesized ErVO4@g-CN were analyzed with XRD, FTIR, TEM, and EDS. Irregular shapes of ErVO4 nanoparticles are approximately 15 nm. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) were followed to examine the electrochemical performance in pH 7 phosphate buffer solution for higher performance. This electrochemical sensor showed a low detection limit (LOD) of 1 nM over a wide linear range of 0.5 to 863.5 µM. Also, selectivity, stability, repeatability, and reproducibility studies were investigated. Furthermore, this electrochemical sensor was applied to real-time milk sample analysis for the detection of analytes.

Unlocking Catalytic Potential: Exploring the Impact of Thermal Treatment on Enhanced Electrocatalysis of Nanomaterials.

In the evolving field of electrocatalysis, thermal treatment of nano-electrocatalysts has become an essential strategy for performance enhancement. This review systematically investigates the impact of various thermal treatments on the catalytic potential of nano-electrocatalysts. The focus encompasses an in-depth analysis of the changes induced in structural, morphological, and compositional properties, as well as alterations in electro-active surface area, surface chemistry, and crystal defects. By providing a comprehensive comparison of commonly used thermal techniques, such as annealing, calcination, sintering, pyrolysis, hydrothermal, and solvothermal methods, this review serves as a scientific guide for selecting the right thermal technique and favorable temperature to tailor the nano-electrocatalysts for optimal electrocatalysis. The resultant modifications in catalytic activity are explored across key electrochemical reactions such as electrochemical (bio)sensing, catalytic degradation, oxygen reduction reaction, hydrogen evolution reaction, overall water splitting, fuel cells, and carbon dioxide reduction reaction. Through a detailed examination of the underlying mechanisms and synergistic effects, this review contributes to a fundamental understanding of the role of thermal treatments in enhancing electrocatalytic properties. The insights provided offer a roadmap for future research aimed at optimizing the electrocatalytic performance of nanomaterials, fostering the development of next-generation sensors and energy conversion technologies.

Cold Sintering Process for a BaTiO3/Poly(vinylidene difluoride) Ceramic-Polymer Composite: Evaluation of the Structural and Microwave Dielectric Properties.

The sintering process is essential to transforming particular material into dense ceramics. Although several sintering techniques have emerged over the past few years, the process is still performed at high temperatures. The alternative cold sintering process (CSP) is a potential strategy for producing an advance high dielectric permittivity and enables densification at low temperature. In this process, the CSP technique has been applied to successfully prepare the BaTiO3/poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF) nanocomposite. The inorganic material of the BaTiO3/PVDF nanocomposite was confirmed by various physical characterizations, and the densification studies were performed using a semiautomated press, indicating a dissolution-precipitation mechanism. When a uniaxial pressure of 350 MPa was applied, with transient liquid could be sintered at 190 °C, and a relative density of 94.8%. The nanocomposite exhibits an excellent dielectric properties like εr = 71.1 and tan δ = 0.04 with frequency range at 1 GHz for various dwelling times and maximize the electrical resistivity. The BaTiO3/PVDF composite indicating a breakthrough opportunity toward an increase of the high dielectric constant will be significantly impacted by cold sintering. It enables innovative materials design and integrated devices to advance modern electronic industry applications.

Nanoengineered lanthanum niobate nanocaviar anchored carbon nanofibers for trace level detection of menadione in environmental samples.

An innovative sensor is prepared by electrode modification through a nano-ranged electrode modifier composed of LaNbO4 nano caviars decorated on the enmeshed carbon nanofibers to identify excess vitamins in animal feed. Menadione (Vitamins K3) is a micronutrient fundamentally required in precise quantities for animal health upkeep. Still, its exploitation has recently resulted in water reservoir contamination through waste generated from animal husbandry. Sustainable prevention of water contamination makes menadione detection highly imperative and flickered the attention of researchers. Considering these aspects, a novel menadione sensing platform is designed by interdisciplinary incorporation of nanoscience and electrochemical engineering. The structural and crystallographic features and the electrode modifier's morphological insights were keenly investigated. The hierarchal arrangement of individual constituents in nanocomposite is benefited through hybrid heterojunction and quantum confinement that synchronously activate the menadione detection with a LOD of 68.5 nM and 67.49 nM for oxidation and reduction, respectively. The as-prepared sensor has a wide linear range (0.1-173.6 µM), high sensitivity, good selectivity, and stability. The application of this sensor is extended to a water sample to monitor the consistency of the proposed sensor.

Electrochemical determination of vanillin using 2D/2D heterostructure based on ZnCr-layered double hydroxide and g-CN.

A ZnCr-LDH@g-CN composite was synthesized through a one-pot hydrothermal method to fabricate an effective sensor for detecting vanillin. The prepared material was investigated by using structural and physical studies. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) with applied potential (Epa = + 0.68 V vs Ag/AgCl) were used to examine the electrochemical behavior of vanillin. The fabricated electrode exhibited a linear detection range of 0.001-143.2 µM, a low detection limit of 0.9 nM, sensitivity of 4.72 µA µM-1 cm-2, selectivity, stability, reproducibility (RSD = 4.40%), and repeatability (RSD = 4.46%). The optimized sensor was successfully applied to detect vanillin in real samples, including ice cream, chocolate, and water, and their recovery was 98.46-99.80%. Overall, the ZnCr-LDH@g-CN composite sensor offers a promising solution for precise vanillin detection.

In Situ Synthesis of a Bismuth Vanadate/Molybdenum Disulfide Composite: An Electrochemical Tool for 3-Nitro-l-Tyrosine Analysis.

The quantification of 3-nitro-l-tyrosine (NO2-Tyr), an in vivo biomarker of nitrosative stress, is indispensable for the clinical intervention of various inflammatory disorders caused by nitrosative stress. By integrating the unique features of BiVO4 and MoS2 with matching bandgap energies, electrode materials with amplified response signals can be developed. In this regard, we introduce a hydrothermally synthesized bismuth vanadate sheathed molybdenum disulfide (MoS2@BiVO4) heterojunction as a highly sensitive electrode material for the determination of NO2-Tyr. Excellent electrochemical behavior perceived for the MoS2@BiVO4 augments the performance of the sensor and allows the measurement of NO2-Tyr in biological media without any time-consuming pretreatments. The synergistic interactions between BiVO4 and MoS2 heterojunctions contribute to low resistance charge transfer (Rct = 159.13 Ω·cm2), a reduction potential Epc = -0.58 V (vs Ag/AgCl), and a good response range (0.001-526.3 µM) with a lower limit of detection (0.94 nM) toward the detection of NO2-Tyr. An improved active surface area, reduced charge recombination, and high analyte adsorption contribute to the high loading of the biomarker for improved selectivity (in the presence of 10 interfering compounds), operational stability (1000 s), and reproducibility (six various modified electrodes). The proposed sensor was successfully utilized for the real-time determination of NO2-Tyr in water, urine, and saliva samples with good recovery values (±98.94-99.98%), ascertaining the reliability of the method. It is noteworthy that the electrochemical activity remains unaffected by other redox interferons, thus leading to targeted sensing applications.

Fabrication of Praseodymium Vanadate Nanoparticles on Disposable Strip for Rapid and Real-Time Amperometric Sensing of Arsenic Drug Roxarsone.

Nanomaterials have versatile properties owing to their high surface-to-volume ratio and can thus be used in a variety of applications. This work focused on applying a facile hydrothermal strategy to prepare praseodymium vanadate nanoparticles due to the importance of nanoparticles in today's society and the fact that their synthesis might be a challenging endeavor. The structural and morphological characterizations were carried out to confirm the influence of the optimizations on the reaction's outcomes, which revealed praseodymium vanadate (PrVO4) with a tetragonal crystal system. In this regard, the proposed development of electrochemical sensors based on the PrVO4 nanocatalyst for the real-time detection of arsenic drug roxarsone (RXS) is a primary concern. The detection was measured by amperometric (i-t) signals where PrVO4/SPCE, as a new electrochemical sensing medium for RXS detection, increased the sensitivity of the sensor to about ∼2.5 folds compared to the previously reported ones. In the concentration range of 0.001-551.78 µM, the suggested PrVO4/SPCE sensor has a high sensitivity for RXS, with a detection limit of 0.4 nM. Furthermore, the impact of several selected potential interferences, operational stability (2000 s), and reproducibility measurements have no discernible effect on RXS sensing, making it the ideal sensing device feasible for technical analysis. The real-time analysis reveals the excellent efficiency and reliability of the prosed sensor toward RXS detection with favorable recovery ranges between ±97.00-99.66% for chicken, egg, water, and urine samples.

Surfactant-Assisted Synthesis of Praseodymium Orthovanadate Nanofiber-Supported NiFe-Layered Double Hydroxide Bifunctional Catalyst: The Electrochemical Detection and Degradation of Diphenylamine.

Physiological storage disorders are caused by ineffective post-harvest handling of horticultural crops, particularly fruits. To address these post-harvest concerns, diphenylamine (DPAH•+) is widely used as a preservative to prevent fruit degradation and surface scald during storage around the world. Humans are negatively affected by the use of high concentrations of DPAH•+ because of the various health complications related to its exposure. As a result, accurate detection and quantification of DPAH•+ residues in treated fruits are critical. Rare earth metal orthovanadates, which have excellent physical and chemical properties, are potential materials for electrochemical sensors in this area. Herein, we present a simple and direct ultrasonication technique for the surfactant-assisted synthesis of praseodymium orthovanadate (PrVO4 or PrV) loaded on nickel iron layered double hydroxide (NiFe-LDH) synthesized with deep eutectic solvent assistance, as well as its application as an effective catalyst in the detection and degradation of DPAH•+ in fruits and water samples. The current work presents supreme electrochemical features of a PrV@NiFe-LDH-modified screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) where cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) surfactant-driven fabrication of PrV directs the formation of highly qualified engineered structures and the deep eutectic solvent based green synthesis of NiFe-LDH creates hierarchical lamellar structures following the principles of green chemistry. PrV and NiFe-LDH combine to produce a synergistic effect that improves the number of active sites, charge transfer kinetics, and electronic conductivity. Differential pulse voltammetry analysis of PrV@NiFe-LDH/SPCE reveals a dynamic working range (0.005-226.26 µM), increased sensitivity (133.13 µA µM-1 cm-2), enhanced photocatalytic activity, and low detection limit (0.001 µM), which are considered significant when compared with the former reported electrodes in the literature for the determination of DPAH+ for its real-time applications.

Integration of iron-manganese layered double hydroxide/tungsten carbide composite: An electrochemical tool for diphenylamine H•+ analysis in environmental samples.

Incompetent governance of post-harvest horticultural crops especially apples and pears lead to numerous physiological storage disorders. In order to manage this issue, diphenylamine (DPA) is widely used as an antioxidant and anti-scald agent to preserve fruits from superficial scalds and degradation during storage. As a result, this research focuses on utilizing disposable electrodes constructed with sphere-shaped iron-manganese layered double hydroxide (FeMn-LDH) entrapped tungsten carbide (WC) nanocomposite on its electrochemical performances towards emergent food contaminant, DPA. The importance of the current work is the selection and design of hierarchically structured functional materials especially layered double hydroxides, in virtue of their outstanding properties. These multi-dimensional structures when introduced to form a composite with the highly beneficial tungsten carbide offer excellent characteristics such as exceptional accessibility to active sites, enhanced surface area, and high mass transport and diffusion which serves as advantageous for the electrochemical quantification of DPA. Furthermore, the synergy between FeMn-LDH and WC nanomaterials contributes to the higher active surface area, increased electrical conductivity, fast electron transportation, and ion diffusion, resulting in static properties including a wide linear range (0.01-183.34 µM), low detection limit (1.1 nM), greater sensitivity, selectivity, and reproducibility thus confirming the potential capability of the WC@FeMn-LDH sensor towards the interference-free determination of DPA which validates its practicality and feasibility in real-time. Hence, this work aims to stimulate the fabrication of various advanced hierarchical structures by a simple hydrothermal approach that can have veracity of potential applications.

Construction of ANbO3 (A= Na, K)/f-carbon nanofiber composite: Rapid and real-time electrochemical detection of hydroxychloroquine in environmental samples.

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is a significant viral resistant drug widely acknowledged for its immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities. To minimize the impact of HCQ residues on environmental pathways, exploring control measures is vital. In this regard, electrochemical sensing of HCQ using well-structured functional materials is advantageous. This work aims to provide an economical and sustainable route for the synthesis of ANbO3 (A = Na,K) perovskites via a thymol-menthol-based natural deep eutectic solvent. The as-synthesized NaNbO3 and KNbO3 are pinned to functionalized carbon nanofibers (f-CNF) via an ultrasonication approach. Benefitting from the synergistic effect of rapid electron transfer and improved surface area, enhanced electrochemical activity for NaNbO3@f-CNF/GCE is achieved. The fabricated NaNbO3@f-CNF displays a LOD (DPV = 0.01 µM, i-t = 0.007 µM), wide dynamic range (DPV = 0.09-22.5 µM, i-t = 0.006-35 µM), outstanding selectivity, and reproducibility, proving feasible in real-time analysis with good recovery rates (±97.67-99.81%). The NADES-mediated preparation of perovskites evades the incorporation of traditional toxic solvents and yields atom-efficient ANbO3 (A = Na,K) associated with green solvent templates. This validates the sustainable fabrication of electrode materials with reduced energy stipulations for detecting hazardous drug pollutants in the ecosystem.

Bismuth sulfide microstructures decorated with functionalized boron nitride composite for electrochemical detection of sulfadiazine.

In this work, the hydrothermal method was used to synthesize f-BN@Bi2S3 nanocomposite and used as an electrocatalyst for the detection of sulfadiazine (SD) drug. Various spectroscopic and voltammetric techniques were adopted to evaluate the morphological and structural features of the prepared materials. The modification of the electrode results in good electrocatalytic activity and excellent sensitive towards the oxidation of SD because of its huge active surface area, high sensitivity, and electrical conductivity provided by the synergistic effects of the f-BN@Bi2S3 nanocomposite. This modified electrode exhibited linearity in the range 0.01-62 µM at Epa = 0.93 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). Furthermore, according to the electrochemical reaction towards the SD, a modified electrode of f-BN@Bi2S3 has a LOD value of 0.0015 µM, sensitivity (8.42 µA·µM-1·cm-2), good anti-interfering ability, and good repeatability. The suggested electrochemical sensor has high detection performance for monitoring water and urine samples. Notably, relative standard deviations (RSD) and recoveries of the proposed sensor for spiked water and urine samples are in the ranges of 0.014-0.75% and 98.97-99.98% (n = 3), respectively.

Modification of glassy carbon electrode with manganese cobalt oxide-cubic like structures incorporated graphitic carbon nitride sheets for the voltammetric determination of 2,4,6 -trichlorophenol.

Novel cube-like transition metal oxide embedded on graphitic carbon nitride (MCO@GCN) formed a hybrid composite via hydrothermal assisted sonochemical synthesis. The synthesized composite was examined with various physical characterizations such as morphological SEM, EDX, XRD, and FT-IR spectroscopy. The electrocatalytic activity of MCO@GCN composite was further investigated when used  to modify a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The electrochemical sensor was investigated using modified MCO@GCN/GCE towards environmental pollutant 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) detection with at a potential of (+ 0.654 V vs Ag/AgCl) in pH-7. The structural features have favored a high charge transfer ratio with excellent conductivity which showed a low detection limit (LOD) of 0.0068 µM and sensitivity of 23.57 µA·µM-1·cm-2 comprising a wide linear working range of 0.01-1720 µM by using differential pulse voltammetry. Besides, the MCO@GCN/GCE displayed excellent selectivity , repeatability, reproducibility, storage, and operational stability. Notably, the proposed MCO@GCN/GCE was validated with different environmental samples (tap, river, and industrial water) with RSD 0.62-2.86% and 96.51-99.66% (n = 3) recovery.

Colloidal synthesis of perovskite-type lanthanum aluminate incorporated graphene oxide composites: Electrochemical detection of nitrite in meat extract and drinking water.

A novel electrochemical method has been developed for determination of nitrite using La-based perovskite-type lanthanum aluminate nanorod-incorporated graphene oxide nanosheets (LaAlO3@GO). Morphological and structural analyses of the prepared perovskite-type electrocatalyst, with and without a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface, were performed using various techniques, including transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry, Raman spectroscopy, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Under optimal conditions, the LaAlO3@GO composite-modified GCE (LaAlO3@GO/GCE) exhibited excellent electrocatalytic performance toward the electrooxidation of nitrite (pH = 7.0), with a significant increase in anodic peak currents compared with the bare GCE. Using amperometry, the fabricated sensor exhibited a wide nitrite determination range from 0.01 to 1540.5 µM, with a detection limit of 0.0041 µM. Notably, the proposed LaAlO3@GO/GCE electrode demonstrated a good nitrite detection performance in different meat and water samples. In addition, the LaAlO3@GO/GCE electrode displayed excellent selectivity, repeatability, reproducibility, storage, and operational stability toward nitrite detection.

Well-Designed Construction of Yttrium Orthovanadate Confined on Graphitic Carbon Nitride Sheets: Electrochemical Investigation of Dimetridazole.

Antibiotics are the most important drugs for people and animals to fight bacterial illnesses. Overuse of antibiotics has had unintended consequences, such as antibiotic resistance and ecosystem eradication owing to toxic chemical discharge, which have a negative influence on the biome. Herein, we report the synthesis of a hollow ellipsoid-shaped yttrium vanadate/graphitic carbon nitride (YVO4@CN) nanocomposite by a hydrothermal approach followed by a sonochemical method for the effective detection of dimetridazole (DMZ). The synergic and coupling effect between both the phases offer non-linear cumulative ramifications which can positively enhance the individual properties of the materials under consideration. This positive hybrid effect increases the conductivity, shortens the ion-diffusion pathway, enhances the electron/ion transportation, and provides more active sites and electron-conducting channels. The accurate optimization of the experimental conditions proposes good electrocatalytic activity for the YVO4@CN catalyst, exhibiting a good response toward DMZ detection. It reveals an extensive linear concentration range (0.001-153.3 and 176.64-351.6 µM), a low detection limit (0.8 nM), higher sensitivity (4.98 µA µM-1 cm-2), appreciable selectivity, increased operational stability (2200 s), and good cycle stability (60 cycles). The electrochemical performance of YVO4@CN indicates its practical application in real-time sample analysis of several families of nitroimidazole drugs.

Toward the Development of Disposable Electrodes Based on Holmium Orthovanadate/f-Boron Nitride: Impacts and Electrochemical Performances of Emerging Inorganic Contaminants.

Rare-earth metal orthovanadates have great technological relevance in the family of rare-earth compounds owing to their excellent physical and chemical properties. A significant number of studies have been carried out on this class of compounds to exploit their electrochemical properties in virtue of variable oxidation states. But holmium vanadate (HoV) and its morphology selective synthesis have not been considered, which can have potential applications similar to the rest of the family. In this work, we propose the synthesis of superior architectures of HoV with a functionalized boron nitride (f-BN) nanocomposite. The synergistic effect between HoV and f-BN can have a positive effect on the physical characteristics of the nanocomposite, which can be explored for its electrochemical capacity. Here, HoV incorporated with f-BN is explored for the electrochemical detection of Hg2+ ions, which is known for its toxicity-induced environmental health hazards. The structural and compositional revelation reveals higher conductivity and faster electron transfer in the composite, which facilitates a wide working range (0.02-53.8 and 64.73-295.4 µM), low limit of detection (5 nM), higher sensitivity (66.6 µA µM-1 cm-2), good selectivity over 10-fold higher concentration of other interfering compounds compared to Hg2+ ion concentration, and good cycles stability (30 segments) toward Hg2+ ion detection. This also envisages the morphology selective synthesis and utilization of other rare-earth metals, whose electrochemical capacities are unexplored.

Synergy of the LaVO4/h-BN Nanocomposite: A Highly Active Electrocatalyst for the Rapid Analysis of Carbendazim.

In the field of agriculture fungicides are vital, providing the most important ecosystem service for food production. The widespread use of these chemicals can significantly lead to various ecotoxicological threats with adverse effects, such as environmental changes, microbial resistance, and phytotoxicity. Electrochemical sensors offer enormous potential for the identification and monitoring of hazardous substances in accordance with their constructive characteristics, namely, precision, accuracy, sensitivity, and selectivity, over traditional analytical techniques. Here, we thus report the synthesis of the lanthanum vanadate/hexagonal boron nitride (LaV/h-BN) composite for the electrochemical determination of carbendazim (CZ), which is a widely used fungicide for disease management with critical risks associated with its overexposure. The combination of LaV and h-BN accelerates the formation of active sites, facilitating faster charge transfer and higher electronic conductivity. The synergistic effects greatly improve the preference of the modified electrode with increased sensitivity, a lower limit of detection, and wide linear responses toward CZ detection. The existence of variable oxidation states in the orthovanadate together with the unique properties of h-BN mark LaV/h-BN as an advanced material for specific applications in the family of rare-earth metal orthovanadate. Also, the deep eutectic solvent-assisted synthesis of the material creates an environmentally efficient system with reduced energy requisites to allow for applications in effective environmental monitoring.

An electrochemical sensing of phenolic derivative 4-Cyanophenol in environmental water using a facile-constructed Aurivillius-structured Bi2MoO6.

Harmful chemicals are always found in the environment and it is necessary to construct a viable sensor to detect those chemicals. In order to construct an electrochemical sensing platform, designing an electrode using bismuth mixed oxides are more important and which grabbed more attention due to its high electrocatalytic ability and conductivity. In this literature, we report a facile synthesis of thorn apple like structured pure bismuth molybdate (Bi2MoO6) using a simple hydrothermal assisted one-step calcination method and we report a facile method to sense 4-cyanophenol by electrochemical technique. Bi2MoO6 modified (Glassy Carbon electrode) GCE possess two linear ranges 0.1-39.1 µM and 46.6-110.1 µM with excellent detection limit 0.008297 µM and 0.01097 µM. Also, this novel sensor is steady with good stability, repeatability, and reproducibility. Successfully, the environmental water sample is analyzed as a real sample with a feasible and quantification results which were compared with HPLC analysis.

Lanthanide type of cerium sulfide embedded carbon nitride composite modified electrode for potential electrochemical detection of sulfaguanidine.

Environmental sustainability is threatened by the widespread exploitation and unfettered release of chemical pollutants that require immediate detection and eradication. An instantaneous quantification technique is essential to understand the physiological roles of the antibacterial drug sulfaguanidine (SGN) in biological systems. The present work features the green and environmentally benign synthesis of rare earth metal sulfide nanorods incorporated carbon nitrides sheets (Ce2S3@CNS) by deep eutectic solvent-based fabrication with remarkable electrochemical properties. The morphological and structural analyses of the prepared electrocatalyst were characterized using various techniques including SEM, XRD, XPS, and EIS. The heterojunction of regimented structures bids synergistic quantum confinement effects and refines charge carriers endorsing enormous active sites. Furthermore, the obtained Ce2S3@CNS/GCE possess an exceedingly lower limit of detection (0.0053 µM) and high sensitivity of 8.685 µA·µM-1·cm-2 with superior electrocatalytic action and virtuous stability for the detection of SGN. This modified electrode could afford linearity in the range 0.01-1131.5 µM measured at 0.95 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) correlated to the concentration of SGN. Examining the real samples with this advanced electrocatalyst would support its hands-on applications in everyday life. Development of such innovative architectures with fewer energy necessities and nominal by-products scripts the superiority in characteristic synthetic methodology following the guidelines of green chemistry.

Amperometric detection of antibiotic drug ciprofloxacin using cobalt-iron Prussian blue analogs capped on carbon nitride.

Ciprofloxacin (CIP) electrochemical sensor was constructed using cobalt-iron Prussian blue analogs decorated on carbon nitride (Co-Fe-PBA@CN). Co-Fe-PBA decorated on CN was fabricated using a simple sonication-assisted hydrothermal method to prepare the composite to obtain a cube-shaped structure decorated on CN sheets. The fabricated Co-Fe-PBA@CN was physically characterized using XRD and SEM analysis. Then, the fabricated composite was electrochemically studied to sense antibiotic drug ciprofloxacin (CIP). The electrochemical behavior was investigated using tools such as cyclic voltammetry (CV) and amperometric I-t studies. The Co-Fe-PBA@CN modified electrode displays a wide linear range (0.005-300 and 325-741 µM) with a low detection limit (0.7389 and 1.0313 nM) and good sensitivity (0.3157 and 0.2263 µA.µM-1cm-2) toward CIP. The Co-Fe-PBA@CN modified electrode also exhibits good selectivity, reproducibility, and repeatability toward CIP. The proposed sensor was validated with real sample analysis, biological samples like urine and blood serum containing commercially available ciprofloxacin tablets were studied, and the results demonstrate good viability.