Lipid Droplets in Lung Cancers Are Crucial for the Cell Growth and Starvation Survival.

For rapid and unlimited cell growth and proliferation, cancer cells require large quantities of nutrients. Many metabolic pathways and nutrient uptake systems are frequently reprogrammed and upregulated to meet the demand from cancer cells, including the demand for lipids. The lipids for most adult normal cells are mainly acquired from the circulatory system. Whether different cancer cells adopt identical mechanisms to ensure sufficient lipid supply, and whether the lipid demand and supply meet each other, remains unclear, and was investigated in lung cancer cells. Results showed that, despite frequent upregulation in de novo lipogenesis and the lipid transporter system, different lung cancer cells adopt different proteins to acquire sufficient lipids, and the lipid supply frequently exceeds the demand, as significant amounts of lipids stored in the lipid droplets could be found within lung cancer cells. Lipid droplet surface protein, PLIN3, was found frequently overexpressed since the early stage in lung cancer tissues. Although the expression is not significantly associated with a specific gender, age, histology type, disease stage, and smoking habit, the frequently elevated expression of PLIN3 protein indicates the importance of lipid droplets for lung cancer. These lipid droplets are not only for nutrient storage, but are also crucial for tumor growth and proliferation, as well as survival in starvation. These results suggest that manipulation of lipid droplet formation or TG storage in lung cancer cells could potentially decrease the progression of lung cancer. Further exploration of lipid biology in lung cancer could help design novel treatment strategies.

Metabolic associated fatty liver disease increases coronavirus disease 2019 disease severity in nondiabetic patients.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has attracted increasing worldwide attention. While diabetes is known to aggravate COVID-19 severity, it is not known whether nondiabetic patients with metabolic dysfunction are also more prone to more severe disease. The association of metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) with COVID-19 severity in nondiabetic patients was investigated here. METHODS: The study cohort comprised 65 patients with (i.e. cases) and 65 patients without MAFLD (i.e. controls). Each case was randomly matched with one control by sex (1:1) and age (±5 years). The association between the presence of MAFLD (as exposure) and COVID-19 severity (as the outcome) was assessed by binary logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: In nondiabetic patients with COVID-19, the presence of MAFLD was associated with a four-fold increased risk of severe COVID-19; the risk increased with increasing numbers of metabolic risk factors. The association with COVID-19 severity persisted after adjusting for age, sex, and coexisting morbid conditions. CONCLUSION: Health-care professionals caring for nondiabetic patients with COVID-19 should be cognizant of the increased likelihood of severe COVID-19 in patients with MAFLD.

The HSD17B13 rs72613567 variant is associated with lower levels of albuminuria in patients with biopsy-proven nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Several susceptibility gene variants predisposing to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have been identified in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Evidence supports that 17-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 13 (HSD17B13) rs72613567 plays a role in NAFLD development by affecting lipid homeostasis. Since lipid droplets may accumulate in the kidneys and contribute to renal injury, we investigated the association between the HSD17B13 rs72613567 variant and markers of renal function/injury in NAFLD. METHODS AND RESULTS: We measured estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), urinary/serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (u-ACR) in individuals with biopsy-proven NAFLD. Multivariable regression analyses were undertaken to examine the associations between the HSD17B13 rs72613567 variant and markers of renal function/injury. Individuals were stratified by HSD17B13 rs72613567 genotypes into -/-, A/- and A/A groups. HSD17B13 rs72613567 genotypes were not significantly associated with eGFR and urinary/serum NGAL levels. Conversely, the prevalence of abnormal albuminuria in the A/- + A/A group was lower than in the -/- group (4.92% vs. 19.35%, p = 0.001). Additionally, the mean u-ACR levels were lower among carriers of the A/- or A/A genotypes with coexisting hypertension or diabetes, than among those with the -/- genotype. The risk of abnormal albuminuria (adjusted-odds ratio 0.16, p = 0.001) remained significantly lower in the A/- + A/A group after adjustment for established renal risk factors and histologic severity of NAFLD. CONCLUSION: HSD17B13 rs72613567: A allele is associated with a lower risk of having abnormal albuminuria, but not with lower eGFR or urinary/serum NGAL levels, in patients with biopsy-proven NAFLD.

Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease is associated with severity of COVID-19.

The Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has attracted increasing worldwide attention. While metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) affects a quarter of world population, its impact on COVID-19 severity has not been characterized. We identified 55 MAFLD patients with COVID-19, who were 1:1 matched by age, sex and obesity status to non-aged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-infected patients without MAFLD. Our results demonstrate that in patients aged less than 60 years with COVID-19, MAFLD is associated with an approximately fourfold increase (adjusted odds ratio 4.07, 95% confidence interval 1.20-13.79, P = .02) in the probability for severe disease, after adjusting for confounders. Healthcare professionals caring for patients with COVID-19 need to be aware that there is a positive association between MAFLD and severe illness with COVID-19.

Risk factors of acute renal impairment after cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Acute renal impairment (ARI) is a major complication after cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (CRS/HIPEC) for cancer patients with peritoneal metastases. This study aimed to investigate the incidence and identify the risk factors of post-HIPEC creatinine increased. METHODS: From April 2015 to December 2019, demographic and perioperative data of 169 patients undergoing CRS/HIPEC with a preoperative creatinine level <1.5 mg/dL were retrospectively reviewed. Renal impairment was defined according to the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (NCI-CTCAE) version 5.0. The risk factors of creatinine increased were analyzed using univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: Among the 169 enrolled patients, 21 (12.4%) had postoperative creatinine increased (ARI group) and 148 (87.6%) did not (non-ARI group). Significantly more of the ARI group received a cisplatin HIPEC regimen than the non-ARI group (71.4 vs. 37.8%, p = 0.004). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the patients who received a cisplatin HIPEC regimen (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 11.38, p < 0.001) and peritoneal dialysis solution as HIPEC perfusate (AOR = 7.07, p = 0.002) were more likely to develop post-HIPEC creatinine increased. CONCLUSIONS: Identifying the risk factors of post-HIPEC creatinine increased can help to improve patient selection, a dose of HIPEC regimens modification and perioperative care. We also identified the detrimental renal effect of peritoneal dialysis solution as HIPEC perfusate. More prospective studies are warranted to confirm these findings.

Accelerated Risk of Premature Ischemic Stroke in 5-Year Survivors of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Research on cancer survivorship associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is rare. We aimed to elucidate the risk of ischemic stroke in 5-year survivors of NPC following radiotherapy (RT) or concurrent chemoradiation therapy (CCRT). SUBJECTS, MATERIALS, AND METHODS: NPC survivors, defined as those who survived longer than 5 years after diagnosis, were identified and matched at a 1:5 ratio with normal controls from the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2005 of Taiwan. The stratified Cox regression models were used to access the risk of ischemic stroke, with adjustment for age, treatment modality, comorbidities, and socioeconomic characteristics. RESULTS: From 2000 to 2005, a total of 3,016 NPC survivors who had received RT (n = 959) or CCRT (n = 2,057) and 15,080 controls were matched for age, sex, income, and urbanization level. The risk of ischemic stroke was significantly higher in the NPC survivor cohort than in the control cohort. Stroke was positively related to death. Moreover, the age onset of stroke for NPC survivors was 10 years earlier than that for the general population. CONCLUSION: Not only was the stroke risk in NPC survivors higher than that in the general population, but the onset age was also 10 years earlier. Future survivorship care should include ischemic stroke as a late complication, for its proper prevention and management. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is endemic in Taiwan, and its 5-year survival is 65.2%. With the increased 5-year cancer survivors, survivorship has become an important issue. However, research on NPC survivorship is very rare. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first population-based study on long-term NPC survivors. This study's results indicated that not only was the risk of ischemic stroke in NPC survivors at least triple that of the general population, but the onset age was also 10 years earlier. These results may provide solid evidence that survivorship care guidelines should include stroke as a late complication in 5-year NPC survivors, for its proper prevention and management.

The effects of anxiety on the receipt of treatments for esophageal cancer.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the association between anxiety and receipt of treatments for esophageal cancer. METHODS: We used a population-based cohort to obtain information of patients with esophageal cancer. Baseline diagnoses of depression or anxiety were identified. Competing risk analyses were used to estimate hazard ratios for risk factors affecting the receipt of anticancer therapies. Subanalysis for the association of anxiety and anticancer therapy stratified by covariates were also performed. RESULTS: Ten thousand five hundred thirty-seven patients with esophageal cancer were identified. Seven hundred thirty-two patients (6.9%) had anxiety disorder before the diagnosis of esophageal cancer. Competing risk model showed that having anxiety disorder was positively associated with the receipt of anticancer treatments (hazard ratio 1.12, 95% CI 1.03-1.22, P = .011), while having depression did not affect patients' status of receiving treatments (hazard ratio 1.05, 95% CI 0.93-1.19, P = .462). Besides, older age, female gender, lower income, and having comorbidities of chronic renal failure and liver cirrhosis were associated with a decreased possibility of receiving anticancer therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that esophageal cancer patient with anxiety disorder has higher possibility to receive anticancer therapy than patients without anxiety disorder.

Cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for peritoneal malignancy: preliminary results of a multi-disciplinary teamwork model in Asia.

BACKGROUND: Cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (CRS/HIPEC) is an emerging surgical procedure for peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC). CRS/HIPEC is a complicated treatment that requires multi-disciplinary teamwork (MDT), which may be lacking when establishing a CRS/HIPEC programme. Herein, we report our preliminary treatment outcomes with the early implementation of an MDT model for CRS/HIPEC. METHODS: From April 2015 to December 2016, 45 patients with a diagnosis of PC who received CRS/HIPEC were reviewed retrospectively in a single institution in Taiwan. RESULTS: Among the 45 patients, CRS was mainly performed by laparotomy (n = 42), and only three patients with limited PC underwent laparoscopic CRS. The first 13 patients received treatment before the MDT had been established (group 1), and the other 32 patients were treated after the MDT had been established (group 2). The highest peri-HIPEC body temperature in group 2 was significantly lower than that in group 1 (36.8 °C vs. 37.5 °C, p < 0.001). Overall, eight patients experienced major complications. The trend of a lower major complication rate was observed after the MDT model had been implemented (30.7% in group 1 vs. 12.4% in group 2, p = 0.202). Pre-CRS/HIPEC abdominal pain significantly increased the risk of post-operative major complications (p = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS: Our experience suggests that the early implementation of an MDT model when establishing a CRS/HIPEC programme at a single institution may result in a higher complete cytoreduction rate and lower major complication rate, and also shorten the learning curve of this complicated procedure.

Risk of depression following uterine cancer: A nationwide population-based study.

BACKGROUND: Depression happens commonly in cancer patients. However, there is limited literature on uterine cancer. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the association between uterine cancer and depression as well as the moderating effect of age and hormone replacement therapy (HRT). METHODS: This was a population-based study using Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database. We conducted a matched cohort study and identified 6526 patients with uterine cancer and 65 260 controls. We adopted the competing risk analysis model as the statistical method and adjusted for potential confounding factors. RESULTS: From 1997 to 2008, 71 786 patients were included (6526 patients with uterine cancer and 65 260 controls). In the study, uterine cancer was not linked to depression. However, when we stratified the different age groups, those cancer patients aged <40 and 40 to 49 years showed significant higher risk of developing depression (subdistribution hazard ratio 1.64 and 1.41, respectively). In addition, among uterine cancer patients, 4602 patients had never used HRT and 1921 patients were prescribed HRT. The analysis of time-dependent Cox model showed that, compared with no use of HRT, patients with cumulative doses ≥168 DDD had significant lower risk of depression (hazard ratio 0.49, 95% confidence interval = 0.26-0.92). CONCLUSIONS: An increased risk of depression among younger uterine cancer patients was observed. Our preliminary finding suggests a possible protective factor for developing depression after HRT usage.

Score of liver ultrasonography predicts treatment-related severe neutropenia and neutropenic fever in induction chemotherapy with docetaxel for locally advanced head and neck cancer patients with normal serum transamines.

Induction chemotherapy with docetaxel improved outcome in advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients, but docetaxel was not recommended in liver dysfunction patients for treatment toxicities. Severe neutropenic events (SNE) including severe neutropenia (SN) and febrile neutropenia (FN) still developed in these patients with normal serum transaminases. Ultrasonography (US) fibrotic score represented degree of hepatic parenchymal damage and showed good correlation to fibrotic changes histologically. This study aims to evaluate the association of US fibrotic score with docetaxel treatment-related SNE in advanced HNSCC patients with normal serum transaminases. Between 1 January 2011 and 31 December 2013, a total of 47 advanced HNSCC patients treated with induction docetaxel were enrolled. The clinical features were collected to assess predictive factors for SNE. The patients were divided into two groups by the US fibrotic score with a cutoff value of 7. The Mann-Whitney U test and logistic regression method were used for the risk factor analysis. The background, treatment, and response were similar in both groups except for lower lymphocyte and platelet count in patients with higher US score. Twenty-seven patients (51 %) developed grade 3/4 neutropenia, and more SNE developed in patients with US score ≧7. In multivariate analysis, only US score ≥7 was independent predictive factor for developing SN (hazard ratio 7.71, p = 0.043) and FN (hazard ratio 20.95, p = 0.008). US score ≥7 is an independent risk factor for SNE in advanced HNSCC patients treated with induction docetaxel. US score could be used for risk prediction of docetaxel-related SNE.

Increased risk of second primary malignancies following uterine cancer: a population-based study in Taiwan over a 30-year period.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies assessing second primary malignancies (SPMs) after uterine cancer have been conducted in Western populations with conflicting results. This study aimed to define the incidence and risk of SPMs in Taiwanese patients with an initial diagnosis of uterine cancer. METHODS: Using population-based data from the Taiwan Cancer Registry for the period 1979-2008, we quantified standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) among 11,571 women with an initial diagnosis of uterine cancer. RESULTS: Among the 11,571 women, 555 (4.80%) developed at least one SPM during 69,987 person-years of follow-up. There was a 71% increased risk of SPM following uterine cancer (SIR=1.71, 95% CI, 1.57-1.86), with higher risks in the vagina/vulva (SIR=9.06), small intestine (SIR=8.45), ovary (SIR=4.15), urinary bladder (SIR=2.31), kidney (SIR=2.24), colorectum (SIR=2.24), lung (SIR=1.96), and breast (SIR=1.43). The risk of SPM was found to be the highest within the first 5 years after diagnosis of uterine cancer, with surveillance bias possibly contributing to the extremely high risk observed in the first follow-up year. The overall risk and pattern of SPM development observed in this study differed from those previously reported in Western populations, possibly because of the methodology and shorter follow-up period employed in this study. The cumulative incidence of SPMs was significantly higher in older patients (≥50 years) than in younger patients (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first study in an Asian population to report 71% increased risk in SPMs in women previously diagnosed with uterine cancer. A younger age at diagnosis of uterine cancer conferred an increased risk of second malignancies, and SPMs worsened survivorship in patients who survived uterine cancer.

Incidence and risk factors for central venous access port-related infection in Chinese cancer patients.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Cytotoxic chemotherapy via central venous access ports is an important part of the standard treatment for most cancers, but it is accompanied with the risk of infections. This study aimed to analyze the incidence and risk factors for central venous access port-related infection (CPI) among Chinese patients receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy. METHODS: Between January 1, 2002 and December 31, 2005 a total of 1391 cancer patients with 1449 totally implantable central venous access ports were evaluated. The log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards model were used for the analyses of risk factors. RESULTS: The overall CPI incidence rate was 0.21 per 1000 catheter-days. Hematological malignancies and head and neck cancer were associated with an increased risk of CPI (hazard ratio 4.00 and 4.11, respectively, both p < 0.001) and less infection-free catheter longevity (p < 0.001) compared with other cancer types. Chemotherapy in an adjuvant setting was associated with a lower risk of infection than for patients in a nonadjuvant setting (p < 0.001). The most common pathogens isolated from CPI were Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida. CONCLUSION: Infection remains to be a challenging issue for totally implantable central venous ports. Implementation of an insertion bundle for the prevention of central line-associated bloodstream infections is warranted, especially for those patients with hematological and head and neck cancers, as well as for patients receiving chemotherapy in the metastatic settings.

The predictive role of platelet count for bleeding in patients with hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infection.

The impact of platelet count on bleeding in hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients is unclear. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between platelet count and bleeding in patients with viral hepatitis. We selected patients with HBV and HCV infection. All esophagogastroduodenoscopy, colonoscopy, and brain imaging reports were reviewed to document upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB), lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB), and central nervous system bleeding (CNSB), respectively. We analyzed risk factors for first bleeding events by using Cox proportional hazards models. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were used to compare bleeding incidences between viral types and platelet levels. A total of 2522 HCV and 2405 HBV patients were enrolled. The HCV-to-HBV IRRs of UGIB, LGIB, and CNSB were significant at 1.797, 2.255, and 2.071, respectively. The common risk factors in both groups were thrombocytopenia, hypoalbuminemia, high alkaline phosphatase level, and cirrhosis for UGIB, whereas thrombocytopenia and hypoalbuminemia for LGIB. Hypoalbuminemia was the only risk for CNSB. After adjusting platelet count, the higher bleeding rates in the HCV patients diminished. Using a reference platelet count less than 100 x 10 9 /l, bleeding risk elevated at platelet count less than 70 x 10 9 /l and less than 40 x 10 9 /l for UGIB and LGIB in the HCV patients, respectively, compared with less than 60 x 10 9 /l for UGIB in the HBV patients. The incidence of CNSB was not related to platelet levels. HCV patients had a higher risk for major bleeding. Thrombocytopenia was a significant predictor. Monitoring and management of thrombocytopenia in addition to cirrhotic status was important in these patients.

The impact and correlation of running landing methods on leg movement ability.

Purpose: This study aimed to explore the impact of different landing methods on leg movement ability and the relationship between various parameters of leg movement. Methods: This work parameters including stride, contact time, flight time, duty factor, stride angle, vertical stiffness, leg stiffness and peak vertical ground reaction force. Thirty healthy subjects voluntarily participated in this study. In this experiment, each subject was required to perform two tests on a treadmill (using a speed of 10 km/h and 160 spm) (The interval between two experiments is 7 days). In the first test, subjects used RFS. In the second test, FFS was used. A high-speed video camera was used to collect the images and the Kwon3D motion analysis suite was used to process the images in this experiment. Results: The findings of this study revealed that runners employing the forefoot strike FFS method exhibited several favorable characteristics in contrast to those using the rearfoot strike RFS method. These included shorter contact time, longer flight time, reduced duty cycle, increased stride angle and heightened leg stiffness. Additionally, peak vertical ground reaction forces were significantly elevated in females. Conclusions: While rear foot strike RFS demonstrates a notable enhancement in leg stiffness among female runners with low leg stiffness, it concurrently leads to a significant increase in peak vertical ground reaction force and imposes a greater load on the legs. However, this phenomenon is not observed among male participants.

Lifestyle Interventions for Non-Obese Patients Both with, and at Risk, of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease occurring in non-obese subjects (the so-called non-obese NAFLD) is a highly prevalent but neglected liver condition, which is closely associated with metabolic disorders and suboptimal lifestyles. Landmark studies have shown that lifestyle interventions are potentially beneficial in decreasing the risk of developing non-obese NAFLD and in ameliorating NAFLD in non-obese individuals with pre-existing NAFLD. Lifestyle interventions usually refer to changes in eating habits and physical activity, both of which have a powerful effect on non-obese NAFLD and on risk factors for non-obese NAFLD. However, to date, patients and health-care professionals have a poor awareness and understanding of non-obese NAFLD and the beneficial effects of lifestyle interventions in this patient population. The aim of this narrative review is to briefly discuss the evidence for the effects of lifestyle changes and what changes are needed amongst medical personnel and other stakeholders in order to raise awareness of non-obese NAFLD.

Association between selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and risk of peripheral artery disease in diabetes mellitus: Propensity score matching and landmark analysis.

ABSTRACT: An increasing number of studies have demonstrated the bidirectional hemostatic effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) on the risk of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases. However, no previous study has focused on the relationship between SSRI and the risk of peripheral artery disease (PAD) in diabetes mellitus (DM). We sought to evaluate the association between SSRIs and the PAD risk in individuals with DM.We conducted a retrospective, population-based cohort study using data from the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database from 1999 to 2010 in Taiwan. A total of 5049 DM patients were included and divided into 2 groups: DM with SSRI users and DM with SSRI non-users. Propensity score matching and 1-year landmark analysis were used for our study design. Stratified Cox proportional hazard regressions were used to analyze the hazard ratio of the PAD risk in certain subgroups.DM with SSRI users did not affect the PAD risk compared to DM with SSRI non-users. These findings were consistent with all sensitivity analyses (i.e., age, sex, SSRI doses, antithrombotic medication use, and medical and psychiatric comorbidities).In this study, we found that there was no significant difference of PAD risk between DM with SSRI users and DM with SSRI non-users. DM with SSRI user did not affect PAD risk across any SSRI dose, age, sex, antithrombotic medications, and multiple comorbidities in the subgroup analysis.

Protein-bound polysaccharide K prolonged overall survival in gastric cancer patients from a non-Japanese Asian country who received gastrectomy and adjuvant chemotherapy.

Adding protein-bound polysaccharide K (PSK) to adjuvant chemotherapy with mitomycin and fluorouracil after gastrectomy for gastric cancer was demonstrated to improve survival in a previous study in Japan. However, the efficacy of PSK outside Japan and in combination with other adjuvant chemotherapeutic agents remains unclear. The aims of this study were to evaluate the efficacy of PSK. We conducted a population-based historical cohort study using the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan. We performed sensitivity analysis with propensity score matching to control for possible confounders. Patients who used PSK (PSK group) were matched at a 1:4 ratio to those who had never used PSK (control group) after adjusting for covariates including sex, age, urbanization, income and comorbidities. The primary outcome was overall survival. Multivariate hazard ratios from competing risk analysis were calculated by adjusting for demographic data and all confounding factors. From 1999 to 2008, we identified 10,617 patients with gastric cancer received gastrectomy and adjuvant chemotherapy. 1295 patients used PSK (PSK group) and 5180 patients never used PSK (control group) were analyzed after propensity score matching. The median overall survival was 6.49 years (95% confidence interval [CI] 5.22-7.63) in the PSK group and 3.59 years (95% CI 3.38-3.80) in the control group. After adjusting for age, sex, urbanization, income, and comorbidities, adding PSK to adjuvant chemotherapy was the most significant prognostic factor for improved survival (hazard ratio 0.76, P < .0001). Adjuvant chemotherapy combined with PSK significantly prolonged overall survival in gastric cancer patients after gastrectomy.

Association of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease with kidney disease.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by the accumulation of fat in more than 5% of hepatocytes in the absence of excessive alcohol consumption and other secondary causes of hepatic steatosis. In 2020, the more inclusive term metabolic (dysfunction)-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) - defined by broader diagnostic criteria - was proposed to replace the term NAFLD. The new terminology and revised definition better emphasize the pathogenic role of metabolic dysfunction and uses a set of definitive, inclusive criteria for diagnosis. Diagnosis of MAFLD is based on evidence of hepatic steatosis (as assessed by liver biopsy, imaging techniques or blood biomarkers and scores) in persons who are overweight or obese and have type 2 diabetes mellitus or metabolic dysregulation, regardless of the coexistence of other liver diseases or excessive alcohol consumption. The known association between NAFLD and chronic kidney disease (CKD) and our understanding that CKD can occur as a consequence of metabolic dysfunction suggests that individuals with MAFLD - who by definition have fatty liver and metabolic comorbidities - are at increased risk of CKD. In this Perspective article, we discuss the clinical associations between MAFLD and CKD, the pathophysiological mechanisms by which MAFLD may increase the risk of CKD and the potential drug treatments that may benefit both conditions.

Risk of critical limb ischemia in long-term uterine cancer survivors: A population-based study.

BACKGROUND: The risk of critical limb ischemia (CLI) which causes ischemic pain or ischemic loss in the arteries of the lower extremities in long-term uterine cancer (UC) survivors remains unclear, especially in Asian patients, who are younger at the diagnosis of UC than their Western counterparts. AIM: To conduct a nationwide population-based study to assess the risk of CLI in UC long-term survivors. METHODS: UC survivors, defined as those who survived for longer than 5 years after the diagnosis, were identified and matched at a 1:4 ratio with normal controls. Stratified Cox models were used to assess the risk of CLI. RESULTS: From 2000 to 2005, 1889 UC survivors who received surgery alone or surgery combined with radiotherapy (RT) were classified into younger (onset age < 50 years, n = 894) and older (onset age ≥ 50 years, n = 995) groups. While compared with normal controls, the younger patients with diabetes, hypertension, and receiving hormone replacement therapy (HRT) were more likely to develop CLI. In contrast, the risk of CLI was associated with adjuvant RT, obesity, hypertension, and HRT in the older group. Among the UC survivors, those who were diagnosed at an advanced age (> 65 years, aHR = 2.48, P = 0.011), had hypertension (aHR = 2.18, P = 0.008) or received HRT (aHR = 3.52, P = 0.020) were at a higher risk of CLI. CONCLUSION: In this nationwide study, we found that the risk factors associated with CLI were similar in both cohorts except for adjuvant RT that was negligible in the younger group, but positive in the older group. Among the survivors, hypertension, advanced age, and HRT were more hazardous than RT. Secondary prevention should include CLI as a late complication in UC survivorship programs.