[Clinical characteristics of programmed cell death-1 inhibitor-associated hypophysitis].

Objective: To explore the clinical features of programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) inhibitor-associated hypophysitis and improve the understanding of the disease. Methods: For the present retrospective case series study, the clinical data of patients with PD-1 inhibitor-associated hypophysitis who were treated at the Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University and the 3rd Hospital of Hebei Medical University from January 2020 to May 2023 were collected for analysis of clinical manifestations and prognosis. Results: Fifteen cases of PD-1 inhibitor-induced hypophysitis were included, with 13 males and 2 females. The mean age of onset was (62.1±7.5) years, and the median time of onset was 6.5 (4.7, 11.6) cycles of PD-1 inhibitor. At diagnosis, 14 patients complained of gastrointestinal symptoms, and 12 patients complained of fatigue. There were 12, 1, 1, 5, and 1 cases of hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hypoglycemia, hypotension, and fever, respectively. Secondary adrenocortical insufficiency occurred in all cases. Moreover, four patients had secondary hypothyroidism, and two patients had secondary hypogonadism. Posterior pituitary hypofunction was not found. Pituitary MRI showed one case each of vacuolar sella turcica, pituitary cystic lesion, pituitary stalk slightly shifted to the left, high metabolism in the sella turcica, and pituitary abnormal signal, while no abnormalities were found in 11 cases. The follow-up time was (47.66±11.93) weeks. At the last follow-up, one patient's serum levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol returned to normal. Conclusions: Hypophysitis associated with PD-1 inhibitors occurs later, and gastrointestinal symptoms and fatigue are the most common clinical manifestations. PD-1 inhibitor-associated hypophysitis mainly manifests as adrenocortical hypofunction, and some cases manifest as hypothyroidism and hypogonadism. In addition, patients with PD-1 inhibitor-associated hypophysitis show no obvious imaging changes in the pituitary gland.

[Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and risk factors among family members in Qinghai Province, China].

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection among family members, and analyze associated risk factors. Methods: The current investigation was a cross-sectional study. The Qinghai region was stratified into urban areas, agricultural areas, and pastoral areas. The urban areas of Xining City, the agricultural areas of Haidong City, and the pastoral areas of Haibei Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture were selected. A total of 396 resident families (1 131 people) who underwent health checkups from 2021 to 2022 in the above areas were included in the survey study. Questionnaires were administered and H. pylori infection was detected using the 13C-urea breath test. Numerical data were expressed as cases and percentages, and the Chi-square test was used to compare differences in H. pylori infection rates in the populations and families in each group. Multifactorial logistic regression was used to analyze risk factors for H. pylori infection, and P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The prevalence of H. pylori infection in Qinghai province was 52.8% (597/1 131) and the prevalence of H. pylori infection in households was 80.6% (319/396). In H. pylori-positive households with at least 1 infected spouse, 40.4% (36/89) had only 1 infected spouse, and in 59.6% (53/89) both spouses were infected. In analysis of children infected by parents with H. pylori, 20.0% (9/45) of households had fathers and children infected, 48.9% (22/45) had mothers and children infected, and 31.1% (14/45) had both parents and children infected. In univariate analysis there was a statistically significant difference in the overall comparison of H. pylori infection rates among families with different numbers of people living together (χ2=11.12, P=0.004), and between-group comparisons suggested that H. pylori infection rates were higher in families with 4 or 5 people and more than 5 people living together than in families with 2 or 3 people living together. The H. pylori infection rate was higher in families that did not use serving chopsticks and spoons during family meals than in families that did use serving chopsticks and spoons (χ2=6.12, P=0.013). In multifactorial logistic regression analyses the number of people living together in a family and whether or not serving chopsticks and spoons were used at family meals were associated with H. pylori infection (P<0.05). Conclusion: The H. pylori infection rate in families in Qinghai Province is high, and there is a clear association with family aggregation. It is more common for both members of a couple to be infected, and H. pylori infection of a mother has a greater effect on the children's infection status than H. pylori infection of a father. The infection rate of H. pylori was lower in families that used serving chopsticks and spoons during dinner gatherings, and the fewer the number of people living together in the family, the lower the H. pylori infection rate.

[Preliminary clinical application of novel magnetic navigation and ultrasound-guided percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography drainage through the right liver duct for malignant obstructive jaundice].

Objective: To analyze the clinical application value of a novel magnetic navigation ultrasound (MNU) combined with digital subtraction angiography (DSA) dual-guided percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTCD) through the right hepatic duct for the treatment of malignant obstructive jaundice. Methods: Randomized controlled trial. The clinical data of 64 patients with malignant obstructive jaundice requiring PTCD through the right hepatic duct at the Hepatobiliary Center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Jiangsu Province People's Hospital) from December 2018 to December 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. The MNU group (n=32) underwent puncture guided by a novel domestic MNU combined with DSA, and the control group (n=32) underwent puncture guided by traditional DSA. The operation time, number of punctures, X-ray dose after biliary stenting as shown by DSA, patients' tolerance of the operation, success rate of the operation, pre- and post-operative total bilirubin, and incidence of postoperative complications were compared between the two groups. Results: The operation time of the MNU group was significantly shorter than that of the control group [(17.8±7.3) vs. (31.6±9.9) min, t=-6.35,P=0.001]; the number of punctures in the MNU group was significantly lower [(1.7±0.6) vs. (6.3±3.9) times, t=-6.59, P=0.001]; and the X-ray dose after biliary stenting as shown by DSA in the MNU group was lower than that in the control group [(132±88) vs. (746±187) mGy, t=-16.81,P<0.001]; Five patients in the control group were unable to tolerate the operation, and two stopped the operation, however all patients in the MNU group could tolerate the operation, and all completed the operation, with a success rate of 100% (32/32) in the MNU group compared to 93.8%(30/32) in the control group; the common complications of PTCD were biliary bleeding and infection, and the incidence of biliary bleeding (25.0%, 8/32) and infection (18.8%, 6/32) in the MNU group was significantly lower than that in the control group, 53.1% (17/32) and 28.1% (9/32), respectively. Conclusion: Magnetic navigation ultrasound combined with DSA dual-guided PTCD through the right biliary system for the treatment of malignant obstructive jaundice is safe and feasible.

[Application value of domestic single-port robot in nephron sparing surgery].

Objective: To explore the application value of the domestic precision ®single-port robotic system in nephron sparing surgery. Methods: The clinical data of patients with renal masses underwent nephron sparing surgery using the domestic precision ®single-port robotic system at the PLA General Hospital, Gulou Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University School of Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University and the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University from September to November 2023 were retrospectively included. Perioperative clinical data, pathological examination results, and postoperative complications were summarized. Results: A total of 12 patients were included, including 8 males and 4 females, with 26-75 (56±16) years. Body mass index (BMI) was (25.1±2.7) kg/m2. There were 6 cases on the left side and 6 case on the right side. The surgical approach was transabdominal in 9 cases and retroperitoneal in 3 case. The maximum diameter of the lesions was (2.7±0.7) cm, the warm ischemia time [M (Q1, Q3)] was 19 (15, 26) minutes, the surgical time was 180 (149, 216) minutes, and the intraoperative blood loss was 50 (28, 100) ml. Postoperative visual analogue scale (VAS) was (2.9±1.5) points. Postoperative pathology revealed malignant renal clear cell carcinoma in 9 cases, with nuclear grading of 3 cases for Grade 1, 3 cases for Grade 2, and 3 cases for Grade 3. Eight cases of pathological TNM staging were pT1aN0M0 and 1 case was pT3aN0M0, with no cancer at the resection margin. Three cases showed benign renal vascular smooth muscle lipoma. There were no postoperative blood transfusions and no complications such as fever, urine leakage and poor wound healing. Conclusion: The prliminary experience reveals that the domestic precision ®single-port laparoscopic robotic system has good clinical application value in urological nephron sparing surgery.

[Successful treatment of high-risk pulmonary embolism with low-dose anticoagulation: a case report].

Reperfusion is considered as the cornerstone of the treatment of high-risk pulmonary embolism (PE). However, when thrombolysis is contraindicated and surgery or interventional therapy is not available, the treatment of high-risk PE becomes very difficult. To our knowledge, there are no reports of successful treatment of high-risk PE with low-dose anticoagulation. On November 30, 2021, a 56-year-old male patient with subarachnoid hemorrhage was admitted to the emergency department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University. On the second day of admission, the patient suddenly went into shock during aneurysm clipping. After implementing D-dimer, markers of myocardial injury, echocardiography and computed tomography pulmonary angiography, a high-risk PE was diagnosed. Due to the contraindication of thrombolysis and the refusal of endovascular treatment, he was eventually cured with low-dose anticoagulation combined with vasopressors.

[Progress in the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer with acute pancreatitis as the initial symptom].

Pancreatic cancer patients often have complaints such as upper abdominal pain and obstructive jaundice when seeking diagnosis and treatment. However, acute pancreatitis as a rare initial clinical manifestation of pancreatic cancer is often overlooked in clinical practice. This oversight often leads to a delayed diagnosis of pancreatic cancer, uncertainty in treatment strategies, and significantly affects patients' quality of life and prognosis. Therefore, early diagnosis and treatment, and active follow-up are crucial for patients with acute pancreatitis as an initial symptom of pancreatic cancer. Upon admission to such patients, common causes such as gallstones, alcohol abuse, and hyperlipidemia should be initially ruled out. Evaluation with tumor markers, CT and MRI, and endoscopic ultrasound are essential to confirm the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. For patients with mild pancreatitis, managing peripancreatic inflammation first before radical resection of pancreatic cancer could reduce postoperative complications. Moreover, pancreatitis serves as a high-risk factor for pancreatic cancer, so it is crucial to closely follow up patients with pancreatitis to detect pancreatic cancer early.

[Surgical treatment and prognosis analysis of hilar cholangiocarcinoma].

Objective: To investigate the surgical treatment effect and prognostic factors of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Methods: This is an ambispective cohort study. From August 2005 to December 2022,data of 510 patients who diagnosed with hilar cholangiocarcinoma and underwent surgical resection at the Hepatobiliary Center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University were retrospectively collected. In the cohort,there were 324 males and 186 females,with an age of (M (IQR)) 63(13)years (range:25 to 85 years). The liver function at admission was Child-Pugh A (343 cases,67.3%) and Child-Pugh B (167 cases,32.7%). Three hundred and seventy-two(72.9%) patients had jaundice symptoms and the median total bilirubin was 126.3(197.6) µmol/L(range: 5.4 to 722.8 µmol/L) at admission. Two hundred and fourty-seven cases (48.4%) were treated with percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage or endoscopic nasobiliary drainage before operation. The median bilirubin level in the drainage group decreased from 186.4 µmol/L to 85.5 µmol/L before operation. Multivariate Logistic regression was used to identify the influencing factors for R0 resection,and Cox regression was used to construct multivariate prediction models for overall survival(OS) and disease-free survival(DFS). Results: Among 510 patients who underwent surgical resection,Bismuth-Corlett type Ⅲ-Ⅳ patients accounted for 71.8%,among which 86.1% (315/366) underwent hemi-hepatectomy,while 81.9% (118/144) underwent extrahepatic biliary duct resection alone in Bismuch-Corlett type Ⅰ-Ⅱ patients. The median OS time was 22.8 months, and the OS rates at 1-,3-,5-and 10-year were 72.2%,35.6%,24.8% and 11.0%,respectively. The median DFS time was 15.2 months,and the DFS rates was 66.0%,32.4%,20.9% and 11.0%,respectively. The R0 resection rate was 64.5% (329/510), and the OS rates of patients with R0 resection at 1-,3-,5-and 10-year were 82.5%, 48.6%, 34.4%, 15.2%,respectively. The morbidity of Clavien-Dindo grade Ⅲ-Ⅴ complications was 26.1%(133/510) and the 30-day mortality was 4.3% (22/510). Multivariate Logistic regression indicated that Bismuth-Corlett type Ⅰ-Ⅲ (P=0.009), hemi-hepatectomy and extended resection (P=0.001),T1 and T2 patients without vascular invasion (T2 vs. T1:OR=1.43 (0.61-3.35),P=0.413;T3 vs. T1:OR=2.57 (1.03-6.41), P=0.010;T4 vs. T1, OR=3.77 (1.37-10.38), P<0.01) were more likely to obtain R0 resection. Preoperative bilirubin,Child-Pugh grade,tumor size,surgical margin,T stage,N stage,nerve infiltration and Edmondson grade were independent prognostic factors for OS and DFS of hilar cholangiocarcinoma patients without distant metastasis. Conclusions: Radical surgical resection is necessary to prolong the long-term survival of hilar cholangiocarcinoma patients. Hemi-hepatectomy and extended resection,regional lymph node dissection and combined vascular resection if necessary,can improve R0 resection rate.

[Three-year results of XEN gel stent implantation in the treatment of glaucoma].

Objective: To evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of XEN gel stent implantation in patients with refractory glaucoma. Methods: A retrospective case series study was conducted. Clinical data were collected from patients who received medical treatment at the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University between January 2020 and September 2020 and underwent XEN gel stent implantation by the same surgeon. Preoperative and postoperative clinical parameters, including the intraocular pressure (IOP), number of ocular hypotensive medications, best-corrected visual acuity, surgical success rates, status of filtering blebs, and complications, were recorded at 1 day, 1 week, 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 36 months after surgery. Statistical analyses were performed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA), the least significant difference (LSD) method, and the Fisher's precision probability test. Results: A total of 8 patients (8 eyes) with glaucoma meeting the criteria were included, consisting of 6 males (6 eyes) and 2 females (2 eyes). The preoperative IOP reached (30.88±12.17) mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa), and the IOP at all postoperative follow-up time points was significantly lower than the preoperative value (P<0.05). At 3 years after surgery, the IOP was (14.38±1.60) mmHg, with a reduction of 53.43% [(16.50±12.07) mmHg]. Only 2 patients required monotherapy for IOP control, and there was no significant decline in best-corrected visual acuity in 7 patients. The surgical outcome at 3 years postoperatively was a complete success in 6 patients, a qualified success in 1 patient, and a failure in 1 patient. The filtering blebs were generally flat and diffuse, with only mild to moderate vascularization. One patient presented elevated IOP at 3 months, and after a subsequent revision of the XEN gel stent, the IOP became stable with the administration of travoprost eye drops. Conclusion: The XEN gel stent implantation proved to effectively reduce the IOP in glaucoma patients, with a high degree of safety demonstrated up to 3-year long-term follow-up.

[Research progress on the regulatory mechanism of Hippo signaling pathway in pulmonary fibrosis].

Pulmonary fibrosis is a difficult to treat fibrotic disease with multiple triggering factors and complex pathogenesis. It is characterized by diffuse inflammatory damage, tissue structure destruction, and persistent fibrosis, resulting in irreversible damage to lung function. The Hippo signaling pathway is involved in regulating various biological processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, apoptosis, and is closely related to the occurrence of pulmonary fibrosis. In order to further explore the mechanism of pulmonary fibrosis, this paper comprehensively analyzes the Hippo signaling pathway and its cellular and pathological imbalance related to pulmonary fibrosis, revealing the influence of Hippo signaling pathway in pulmonary fibrosis and its possible mechanism of action, which is expected to provide new targets and strategies for the prevention and treatment of pulmonary fibrosis.

[Safety and effectiveness of Neuroform Atlas stent-assisted coiling in the endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms: a single-center observational study].

Objective: To investigate the safety and effectiveness of Neuroform Atlas stent-assisted coiling in the endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms. Methods: This was a retrospective, single-center observational study of 77 patients who underwent endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms using the Neuroform Atlas device at the Department of Neurology, People's Liberation Army General Hospital from July 2020 to May 2022. There were 34 males and 43 females, with a median (range) age of 59 (23-81) years. The degree and effect of aneurysm embolization were evaluated by modified Raymond grading post procedure and after 6 months. Complications occurring during the perioperative period were recorded. Vaso computed tomography was performed immediately after the operation to assess stent opening and adherence. Digital subtraction angiography was performed 6 months after discharge and the aneurysm was classified as cured, stable, or recurrent. Results: A total of 87 Atlases were successfully released in 77 cases. Angiography performed immediately after the embolization revealed 19 (24.7%) modified Raymond grade Ⅰ, 10 (13.0%) grade Ⅱ, and 48 (62.3%) grade Ⅲa cases. Three perioperative complications were observed including thrombotic events in 2 cases and stent migration in 1 case. A follow-up angiogram was available for 47 aneurysms, and showed that modified Raymond grade Ⅰ occlusion was achieved in 38 (80.9%) cases, grade Ⅱ in 2 (4.3%) cases, and grade Ⅲa in 7 (14.9%) cases. At the 6-month follow-up, 38 patients were cured and 7 were stable, whereas 2 patients experienced a recurrence of aneurysm. Stenosis of the parent artery occurred in 3 (6.4%) cases, including 2 at the head and 1 inside the stent. Conclusions: The results of this preliminary study suggest that Neuroform Atlas stent-assisted coiling has a high occlusion rate and low incidence of complications in the endovascular treatment of aneurysms. However, the effectiveness of this procedure for large aneurysms and long-term outcomes require further investigation.

[Genotype-environment interaction on arterial stiffness: A pedigree-based study].

OBJECTIVE: To utilized the baseline data of the Beijing Fangshan Family Cohort Study, and to estimate whether the association between a healthy lifestyle and arterial stiffness might be modified by genetic effects. METHODS: Probands and their relatives from 9 rural areas in Fangshan district, Beijing were included in this study. We developed a healthy lifestyle score based on five lifestyle behaviors: smoking, alcohol consumption, body mass index (BMI), dietary pattern, and physical activity. The measurements of arterial stiffness were brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) and ankle-brachial index (ABI). A variance component model was used to determine the heritability of arterial stiffness. Genotype-environment interaction effects were performed by the maximum likelihood methods. Subsequently, 45 candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in the glycolipid metabolism pathway were selected, and generalized estimated equations were used to assess the gene-environment interaction effects between particular genetic loci and healthy lifestyles. RESULTS: A total of 6 302 study subjects across 3 225 pedigrees were enrolled in this study, with a mean age of 56.9 years and 45.1% male. Heritability of baPWV and ABI was 0.360 (95%CI: 0.302-0.418) and 0.243 (95%CI: 0.175-0.311), respectively. Significant genotype-healthy diet interaction on baPWV and genotype-BMI interaction on ABI were observed. Following the findings of genotype-environment interaction analysis, we further identified two SNPs located in ADAMTS9-AS2 and CDH13 might modify the association between healthy dietary pattern and arterial stiffness, indicating that adherence to a healthy dietary pattern might attenuate the genetic risk on arterial stiffness. Three SNPs in CDKAL1, ATP8B2 and SLC30A8 were shown to interact with BMI, implying that maintaining BMI within a healthy range might decrease the genetic risk of arterial stiffness. CONCLUSION: The current study discovered that genotype-healthy dietary pattern and genotype-BMI interactions might affect the risk of arterial stiffness. Furthermore, we identified five genetic loci that might modify the relationship between healthy dietary pattern and BMI with arterial stiffness. Our findings suggested that a healthy lifestyle may reduce the genetic risk of arterial stiffness. This study has laid the groundwork for future research exploring mechanisms of arterial stiffness.

[Clinical efficacy of a modified no-touch technique in the establishment of autologous arteriovenous fistula].

Objective: To explore the clinical efficacy of a modified no-touch technique (MNTT) in establishing autogenous arteriovenous fistulas (AVF) in hemodialysis patients. Methods: A total of 63 patients with AVF which was first established by MNTT in the Department of Nephrology, Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital from January 2021 to August 2022 were retrospectively included. The clinical data, ultrasound evaluation data of AVF, AVF maturity rate and AVF patency rate were collected. Subsequently, the AVF rate of patients in the MNTT group was compared with the patency rate of patients in the conventional operation group in the same hospital from January 2019 to December 2020. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to draw the survival curve, and the log-rank test was used to compare the difference in postoperative patency rate between the two groups. Results: There were 63 cases in the MNTT group, with 39 males and 24 females, and aged (60±17) years. Meanwhile, there were 40 cases in the conventional operation group, including 23 males and 17 females, and aged (60±13) years. In the MNTT group, the immediate patency rate was 100% (63/63) after surgery, and the AVF maturation rate at 2, 4 and 8 weeks postoperatively were 54.0% (34/63), 85.7% (54/63), and 90.5% (57/63), respectively. The primary patency rate was 90.0% (45/50), 85.0% (34/40), 82.9% (29/35), and 81.0% (17/21) at 3, 6, 9 months, and 1 year after the operation, respectively, and the assisted patency rates were all 100.0%. The one-year primary patency rate in the MNTT group was higher than that in the conventional surgery group (81.0% versus 63.5%, log-rank χ2=5.12, P=0.023). Ultrasound results showed that in the MNTT group, AVF veins were evenly dilated, the vascular wall gradually thickened, the brachial artery blood flow gradually increased, and spiral laminar flow occurred in the cephalic vein and radial artery. Conclusion: AVF established by MNTT features with fast maturity and a high patency rate, which is worthy of clinical promotion.

[Comparison of efficacy and safety of transurethral thulium laser vapoenucleation of prostate and transurethral thulium laser enucleation of prostate in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia].

Objective: To compare early outcomes between transurethral thulium laser vapoenucleation of prostate and transurethral thulium laser enucleation of prostate for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Methods: Retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 1 638 BPH patients admitted to the Department of Urology of Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from January 2018 to December 2021. There were 916 patients underwent transurethral thulium laser vapoenucleation of prostate (ThuVEP group) and 722 patients underwent transurethral thulium laser enucleation of prostate (ThuLEP group). The operation time, eliminated tissue weight, surgical complications, duration of post-operative catheter implantation were compared between the two groups. The improvement of International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), Quality of Life Index (QoL), maximum uroflow rate (Qmax) and post-void residual urine volume (PVR) at 1 month after operation was compared between the two groups. Results: There were no significant differences in age, preoperative and 1-month postoperative prostate volume, IPSS score, QoL score, Qmax, and PVR between the ThuVEP and ThuLEP group (all P>0.05). There were no significant differences in perioperative indicators such as operation time, cutting or enucleation time, tissue crushing time, tissue weight, hemoglobin change, catheter indwelling time, and postoperative hospital stay between ThuVEP group and ThuLEP group (all P>0.05). The incidence of minor gross hematuria after extubation in the ThuVEP group was 7.8% (56/916), which was lower than 9.4% (65/722) in the ThuLEP group (P=0.026); the incidence of temporary incontinence at 1 month after surgery was 5.2% (38/916) in ThuVEP group, lower than 11.9% (86/722) in ThuLEP group (P<0.001). A total of 3 patients (0.4%) in ThuLEP group required operative intervention for severe post-operation bleeding, but none of ThuVEP group suffered from this kind of surgical complications. Conclusions: ThuVEP has similar efficacy with ThuLEP for the treatment of BPH. ThuVEP can significantly reduce the incidence of post-operation temporary urine incontinence, and has much superiority in stanching bleeding.

[Hepatic pathological characteristics and factors influencing alanine transaminase value below twice the upper limit of normal in patients with chronic hepatitis B].

Objective: To analyze the hepatic pathological characteristics and factors influencing an alanine transaminase value below twice the upper limit of normal in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and further explore the optimal ALT threshold strategy for initiating antiviral therapy. Methods: Clinical data of treatment-naïve CHB patients who underwent liver biopsies from January 2010 to December 2019 were retrospectively collected. Multiple regression models were used to explore the ALT levels and significant risk of hepatic histological changes (≥G2/S2). Receiver operating characteristic curve was used to evaluate the value of different models in diagnosing liver tissue inflammation≥G2 or fibrosis ≥ S2. Results: A total of 447 eligible CHB patients, with a median age of 38.0 years and 72.9% males, were included. During ALT normalization, there was significant liver inflammation (≥G2) and fibrosis (≥S2) in 66.9% and 53.0% of patients, respectively. With an ALT rise of 1-2×ULN, the proportions of liver inflammation≥G2 and fibrosis≥S2 were 81.2% and 60.0%, respectively. After adjusting for confounding factors, higher ALT levels (> 29 U/L) were found to be associated with significant liver inflammation (OR: 2.30, 95% CI: 1.11 ~ 4.77) and fibrosis (OR: 1.84, 95% CI: 1.10 ~ 3.09). After the measurement of glutamyltransferase-platelet ratio (GPR), the proportion of CHB patients with≥G2/S2 was significantly reduced under different treatment thresholds of ALT standards, and in particular, the erroneous evaluation of liver fibrosis≥S2 was significantly improved (33.5% to 57.5%). Conclusion: More than half of CHB patients have a normal ALT or one within 2 × ULN, regardless of whether or not there is apparent inflammation and fibrosis. GPR can significantly improve the precise assessment of different conditions of treatment thresholds for the ALT value in CHB patients.

[Status and challenges of neoadjuvant immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma].

With the development of modern liver surgical techniques and the progress of perioperative management,the survival rate after resection of hepatocellular carcinoma has been greatly improved,but the high recurrence and metastasis rate still limits the long-term survival after surgery. Preoperative neoadjuvant therapy has been confirmed to significantly reduce the postoperative recurrence rate and prolong survival in other types of cancer,but there has been a lack of effective systemic therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma for a long time,so the efficacy and regimen of neoadjuvant therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma are still controversial. PD-1/PD-L1 monoclonal antibody combined with anti-angiogenic targeted drugs has become a first-line regimen in systemic therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. This regimen has definite efficacy and high safety,bringing hope for neoadjuvant therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma. Recently,three clinical trials of neoadjuvant immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma have been published internationally,which preliminarily suggest the efficacy and safety of neoadjuvant immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma and lay a solid foundation for carrying out larger sample clinical studies in the future.

[Current status and future perspectives on the methods of prognosis evaluation for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma].

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is the second most common primary malignant tumor in the liver after hepatocellular carcinoma. Its incidence and mortality rates have increased worldwide in recent years. Surgical resection is the best treatment modality for ICC;however,the overall prognosis remains poor. Accurate evaluation of post operative prognosis allows personalized treatment and improved long-term outcomes of ICC. The American Joint Commission on Cancer TNM staging manual is the basis for the standardized diagnosis and treatment of ICC;however,the contents of stage T and stage N need to be improved. The nomogram model or scoring system established in the analysis of commonly used clinicopathological parameters can provide individualized prognostic evaluation and improve prediction accuracy;however,more studies are needed to validate the results before clinical use. Meanwhile,imaging features exhibit great potential to establish the post operative prognosis evaluation system for ICC. Molecular-based classification provides an accurate guarantee for prognostic assessment as well as selection of populations that are sensitive to targeted therapy or immunotherapy. Therefore,the establishment of a prognosis evaluation system,based on clinical and pathological characteristics and centered on the combination of multidisciplinary and multi-omics,will be conducive to improving the long-term outcomes of ICC after surgical resection in the context of big medical data.

[Clinical characteristics of patients with colon complications after necrotizing pancreatitis: a retrospective cohort study].

Objective: To investigate the clinical characteristics of colon complications in patients with necrotizing pancreatitis(NP). Methods: The clinical data of 403 patients with NP admitted to the Department of General Surgery,Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University from January 2014 to December 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 273 males and 130 females,aged (49.4±15.4) years(range: 18 to 90 years). Among them,there were 199 cases of biliary pancreatitis,110 cases of hyperlipidemic pancreatitis,and 94 cases of pancreatitis caused by other causes. A multidisciplinary diagnosis and treatment model was used to diagnose and treat patients. Depending on whether the patients had colon complications,they were divided into colon complications group and noncolon complications group. Patients with colon complications were treated with anti-infection therapy,parental nutritional support,keeping the drainage tube unobstructed,and terminal ileostomy. The clinical results of the two groups were compared and analyzed using a 1∶1 propensity score match(PSM) method. The t test,χ2 test, or rank-sum test was used to analyze data between groups,respectively. Results: The incidence of colon complications was 13.2%(53/403),including 15 cases of colon obstruction,23 cases of colon fistula,and 21 cases of colon hemorrhage. After PSM,the baseline and clinical characteristics at admission of the two groups of patients were comparable (all P>0.05). In terms of clinical outcome,compared to patients with NP without colon complications,the number of patients with colon complications who received minimally invasive intervention(88.7%(47/53) vs. 69.8%(37/53),χ2=5.736,P=0.030),the number of minimally invasive interventions (M(IQR))(2(2) vs. 1(1), Z=4.638,P=0.034),the number of patients with multiple organ failure(45.3%(24/53) vs. 32.1%(17/53),χ2=4.826,P=0.041),and the number of extrapancreatic infections(79.2%(42/53) vs. 60.4%(32/53),χ2=4.476,P=0.034) increased significantly. The time required for enteral nutrition support(8(30)days vs. 2(10) days, Z=-3.048, P=0.002), parental nutritional support(32(37)days vs. 17(19)days, Z=-2.592, P=0.009),the length of stay in the ICU(24(51)days vs. 18(31)days, Z=-2.268, P=0.002),and the total length of stay (43(52)days vs. 30(40)days, Z=-2.589, P=0.013) were also significantly prolonged. However,mortality rates in the two groups were similar(37.7%(20/53) vs. 34.0%(18/53),χ2=0.164,P=0.840). Conclusions: Colonic complications in NP patients are not rare,which can lead to prolonged hospitalization and increased surgical intervention. Active surgical intervention can help improve the prognosis of these patients.

[Exploring the association between de novo mutations and non-syndromic cleft lip with or without palate based on whole exome sequencing of case-parent trios].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the association between de novo mutations (DNM) and non-syndromic cleft lip with or without palate (NSCL/P) using case-parent trio design. METHODS: Whole-exome sequencing was conducted for twenty-two NSCL/P trios and Genome Analysis ToolKit (GATK) was used to identify DNM by comparing the alleles of the cases and their parents. Information of predictable functions was annotated to the locus with SnpEff. Enrichment analysis for DNM was conducted to test the difference between the actual number and the expected number of DNM, and to explore whether there were genes with more DNM than expected. NSCL/P-related genes indicated by previous studies with solid evidence were selected by literature reviewing. Protein-protein interactions analysis was conducted among the genes with protein-altering DNM and NSCL/P-related genes. R package "denovolyzeR" was used for the enrichment analysis (Bonferroni correction: P=0.05/n, n is the number of genes in the whole genome range). Protein-protein interactions among genes with DNM and genes with solid evidence on the risk factors of NSCL/P were predicted depending on the information provided by STRING database. RESULTS: A total of 339 908 SNPs were qualified for the subsequent analysis after quality control. The number of high confident DNM identified by GATK was 345. Among those DNM, forty-four DNM were missense mutations, one DNM was nonsense mutation, two DNM were splicing site mutations, twenty DNM were synonymous mutations and others were located in intron or intergenic regions. The results of enrichment analysis showed that the number of protein-altering DNM on the exome regions was larger than expected (P < 0.05), and five genes (KRTCAP2, HMCN2, ANKRD36C, ADGRL2 and DIPK2A) had more DNM than expected (P < 0.05/(2×19 618)). Protein-protein interaction analysis was conducted among forty-six genes with protein-altering DNM and thirteen genes associated with NSCL/P selected by literature reviewing. Six pairs of interactions occurred between the genes with DNM and known NSCL/P-related genes. The score measuring the confidence level of the predicted interaction between RGPD4 and SUMO1 was 0.868, which was higher than the scores for other pairs of genes. CONCLUSION: Our study provided novel insights into the development of NSCL/P and demonstrated that functional analyses of genes carrying DNM were warranted to understand the genetic architecture of complex diseases.

[Development of a Ranking Tool for Scientificity, Transparency and Applicability of Clinical Practice Guidelines].

Objective: To address the limitations of existing methods and tools for evaluating clinical practice guidelines, we aimed to develop a comprehensive instrument focusing on the three main dimensions of guideline development: scientificity, transparency, applicability. We will use it to rank the guidelines according to the scores. We abbreviated it as STAR, and its reliability, validity and usability were also tested. Methods: A multidisciplinary expert working group was set up, including methodologists, statisticians, journal editors, medical professionals, and others. Scoping review, Delphi methods and hierarchical analysis were used to determine the final checklist of STAR. Results: The new instrument contained 11 domains and 39 items. Intrinsic reliability of each domain was indicated by Cronbach's α coefficient, with a average value of 0.646. The Cohen's kappa coefficients for methodological evaluators and clinical evaluators were 0.783 and 0.618. The overall content validity index was 0.905. The R2 for the criterion validity analysis was 0.76. The average score for usability of the items was 4.6, and the mean time spent to evaluate each guideline was 20 minutes. Conclusion: The instrument has good reliability, validity and evaluating efficiency, and can be used for evaluating and ranking guidelines more comprehensively.

[Effectiveness, safety and cost of urinary follicle stimulating hormone in controlled ovarian stimulation in China: multi-center retrospective cohort study of 102 061 in vitro fertilization cycles].

Objective: To explore the effectiveness, safety and cost between urinary follicle stimulating hormone (uFSH) and recombinant follicle stimulating hormone (rFSH) in controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) in China. Methods: Data were collected from 16 reproductive centers in China covering oocytes collection time from May 1, 2015 to June 30, 2018. Eligible patients were over 18 years old, adopting COS with uFSH (uFSH group) or rFSH (rFSH group) as start gonadotropins (Gn), and using in vitro fertilization (IVF) and (or) intracytoplasmic sperm injection for fertilisation, excluding frozen embryo recovery cycle. Generalised estimating equation was used to address the violation of independency assumption between cycles due to multiple IVF cycles for one person and clustering nature of cycles carried out within one center. Controlling variables included age, body mass index, anti-Müllerian hormone level, cause of infertility, ovulation protocol, type of fertilisation, number of embryos transferred, number of days of Gn use. Results: Totally 102 061 cycles met eligibility criteria and were included in the analyses. In terms of effectiveness, after controlling relevant unbalanced baseline characteristics, compared with rFSH group, the high oocyte retrieval (>15 oocytes was considered high retrieval) rate of uFSH group significantly decreased in gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist protocol (OR=0.642, P<0.01) and in gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist protocol (OR=0.556, P=0.001), but the clinical pregnancy rate per transfer cycle and the live birth rate per transfer cycle significantly increased (OR=1.179, OR=1.169, both P<0.01) in both agonist and antagonist protocols. For safety, multiple analysis result demonstrated that in the agonist protocol, compared with rFSH group, the incidence of moderate to severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome of uFSH group significantly decreased (OR=0.644, P=0.002). The differences in ectopic pregnancy rate and multiple pregnancy rate between the uFSH and rFSH groups were not significant (P=0.890, P=0.470) in all patients. In terms of cost, compared with rFSH group, the uFSH group had lower total Gn costs for each patient (P<0.01). Conclusion: For patients who underwent COS, uFSH has better safety, and economic profiles over rFSH in China.