Visible Light-Induced Copper-Catalyzed Regio- and Stereoselective Difluoroalkylthiocyanation of Alkynes.

The first regio- and stereoselective difluoroalkylthiocyanation of alkynes with BrCF2R and KSCN has been disclosed under visible light-induced copper catalysis. The copper complex photosensitizer formed in situ not only promotes the generation of CF2-alkyl radicals but also facilitates the construction of C-SCN bonds, allowing the reaction to proceed smoothly without any additional photocatalysts or radical initiators. Moreover, the challenging internal alkynes can also be transformed to deliver CF2-derived tetrasubstituted olefins with potential applications in agricultural and medicinal chemistry.

Predictive etiological classification of acute ischemic stroke through interpretable machine learning algorithms: a multicenter, prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The prognosis, recurrence rates, and secondary prevention strategies varied significantly among different subtypes of acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Machine learning (ML) techniques can uncover intricate, non-linear relationships within medical data, enabling the identification of factors associated with etiological classification. However, there is currently a lack of research utilizing ML algorithms for predicting AIS etiology. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to use interpretable ML algorithms to develop AIS etiology prediction models, identify critical factors in etiology classification, and enhance existing clinical categorization. METHODS: This study involved patients with the Third China National Stroke Registry (CNSR-III). Nine models, which included Natural Gradient Boosting (NGBoost), Categorical Boosting (CatBoost), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Random Forest (RF), Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LGBM), Gradient Boosting Decision Tree (GBDT), Adaptive Boosting (AdaBoost), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and logistic regression (LR), were employed to predict large artery atherosclerosis (LAA), small vessel occlusion (SVO), and cardioembolism (CE) using an 80:20 randomly split training and test set. We designed an SFS-XGB with 10-fold cross-validation for feature selection. The primary evaluation metrics for the models included the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for discrimination and the Brier score (or calibration plots) for calibration. RESULTS: A total of 5,213 patients were included, comprising 2,471 (47.4%) with LAA, 2,153 (41.3%) with SVO, and 589 (11.3%) with CE. In both LAA and SVO models, the AUC values of the ML models were significantly higher than that of the LR model (P < 0.001). The optimal model for predicting SVO (AUC [RF model] = 0.932) outperformed the optimal LAA model (AUC [NGB model] = 0.917) and the optimal CE model (AUC [LGBM model] = 0.846). Each model displayed relatively satisfactory calibration. Further analysis showed that the optimal CE model could identify potential CE patients in the undetermined etiology (SUE) group, accounting for 1,900 out of 4,156 (45.7%). CONCLUSIONS: The ML algorithm effectively classified patients with LAA, SVO, and CE, demonstrating superior classification performance compared to the LR model. The optimal ML model can identify potential CE patients among SUE patients. These newly identified predictive factors may complement the existing etiological classification system, enabling clinicians to promptly categorize stroke patients' etiology and initiate optimal strategies for secondary prevention.

Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses Reveal the Role of Phenylalanine Metabolism in the Maize Response to Stalk Rot Caused by Fusarium proliferatum.

Stalk rot is a prevalent disease of maize (Zea mays L.) that severely affects maize yield and quality worldwide. The ascomycete fungus Fusarium spp. is the most common pathogen of maize stalk rot. At present, the molecular mechanism of Fusarium proliferation during the maize stalk infection that causes maize stalk rot has rarely been reported. In this study, we investigated the response of maize to F. proliferatum infestation by analyzing the phenotypic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic data of inbred lines ZC17 (resistant) and CH72 (susceptible) with different levels of resistance to stalk rot. Physiological and phenotypic results showed that the infection CH72 was significantly more severe than ZC17 after inoculation. Transcriptome analysis showed that after inoculation, the number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was higher in CH72 than in ZC17. Nearly half of these DEGs showed the same expression trend in the two inbred lines. Functional annotation and enrichment analyses indicated that the major pathways enriched for DEGs and DEMs included the biosynthesis of plant secondary metabolites, phenylalanine metabolism, biosynthesis of plant hormones, and plant-pathogen interactions. The comprehensive analysis of transcriptome and metabolome data indicated that phenylalanine metabolism and the phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis pathways played a crucial role in maize resistance to F. proliferatum infection. In addition, a transcription factor (TF) analysis of the DEGs showed that several TF families, including MYB, bHLH, NAC, and WRKY, were significantly activated after inoculation, suggesting that these TFs play important roles in the molecular regulatory network of maize disease resistance. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the molecular basis of the response of maize to Fusarium proliferatum infection and highlight the importance of combining multiple approaches, such as phenotyping, transcriptomics, and metabolomics, to gain a comprehensive understanding of plant-pathogen interactions.

Bifunctional Chiral Electrocatalysts Enable Enantioselective α-Alkylation of Aldehydes.

Herein, we describe an innovative approach to the asymmetric electrochemical α-alkylation of aldehydes facilitated by a newly designed bifunctional chiral electrocatalyst. The highly efficient bifunctional chiral electrocatalyst combines a chiral aminocatalyst with a redox mediator. It plays a dual role as a redox mediator for electrooxidation, while simultaneously providing remarkable asymmetric induction for the stereoselective α-alkylation of aldehydes. Additionally, this novel catalyst exhibits enhanced catalytic activity and excellent stereoselective control comparable to conventional catalytic systems. As a result, this strategy provides a new avenue for versatile asymmetric electrochemistry. The electrooxidation of diverse phenols enables the C-H/C-H oxidative α-alkylation of aldehydes in a highly chemo- and stereoselective fashion. Detailed mechanistic studies by control experiments and cyclic voltammetry analysis demonstrate possible reaction pathways and the origin of enantio-induction.

Development and validation of postoperative circulating tumor DNA combined with clinicopathological risk factors for recurrence prediction in patients with stage I-III colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) detection following curative-intent surgery could directly reflect the presence of minimal residual disease, the ultimate cause of clinical recurrence. However, ctDNA is not postoperatively detected in ≥ 50% of patients with stage I-III colorectal cancer (CRC) who ultimately recur. Herein we sought to improve recurrence risk prediction by combining ctDNA with clinicopathological risk factors in stage I-III CRC. METHODS: Two independent cohorts, both consisting of early-stage CRC patients who underwent curative surgery, were included: (i) the discovery cohort (N = 124) with tumor tissues and postoperative plasmas for ctDNA determination; and (ii) the external validation cohort (N = 125) with available ctDNA results. In the discovery cohort, somatic variations in tumor tissues and plasmas were determined via a 733-gene and 127-gene next-generation sequencing panel, respectively. RESULTS: In the discovery cohort, 17 of 108 (15.7%) patients had detectable ctDNA. ctDNA-positive patients had a significantly high recurrence rate (76.5% vs. 16.5%, P < 0.001) and short recurrence-free survival (RFS; P < 0.001) versus ctDNA-negative patients. In addition to ctDNA status, the univariate Cox model identified pathologic stage, lymphovascular invasion, nerve invasion, and preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen level associated with RFS. We combined the ctDNA and clinicopathological risk factors (CTCP) to construct a model for recurrence prediction. A significantly higher recurrence rate (64.7% vs. 8.1%, P < 0.001) and worse RFS (P < 0.001) were seen in the high-risk patients classified by the CTCP model versus those in the low-risk patients. Receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrated that the CTCP model outperformed ctDNA alone at recurrence prediction, which increased the sensitivity of 2 year RFS from 49.6% by ctDNA alone to 87.5%. Harrell's concordance index, calibration curve, and decision curve analysis also suggested that the CTCP model had good discrimination, consistency, and clinical utility. These results were reproduced in the validation cohort. CONCLUSION: Combining postoperative ctDNA and clinical risk may better predict recurrence than ctDNA alone for developing a personalized postoperative management strategy for CRC.

Copper-catalyzed radical-mediated intermolecular cyanomonofluoroalkylation of alkenes and alkynes.

A novel copper-catalyzed three-component reaction of monofluoroalkylation agents, alkenes and TMSCN is described. In addition, alkynes could also be compatible with the reaction system to obtain three-component products for the first time with moderate yield and excellent E/Z stereoselectivity. This reaction provides a facile method for the synthesis of cyanomonofluoroalkyl compounds, which may serve as potentially useful organic intermediates for further transformations. Preliminary mechanistic investigation indicated that monofluoroalkyl free radicals were involved in the cyanomonofluoroalkylation process.

Perineal defect reconstruction after surgery for advanced or locally recurrent rectal cancer involving organ resection: Multiple flaps combined with lining repair.

AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of multiple perineal perforator flaps in repairing deep perineal defects after pelvic exenteration for locally advanced or recurrent rectal cancer. METHOD: We investigated the outcomes of eight patients whose repairs involved a novel method of using an internal pudendal artery perforator (IPAP) flap combined with an inferior gluteal artery perforator (IGAP) flap. RESULTS: There were four male and four female patients with a mean age of 56 years (36-72 years). Bilateral IPAP flaps combined with bilateral IGAP flaps were used in five patients, unilateral IPAP flaps combined with bilateral IGAP flaps were used in two patients and bilateral IPAP flaps were used in one patient. There were no functional limitations in daily activities during the 6-month follow-up period. CONCLUSION: Our study showed that using multiple perineal perforator flaps combined with lining repair is feasible for repairing deep perineal defects in patients who have undergone rectal cancer surgery that includes pelvic exenteration.

Electroreductively Induced Radicals for Organic Synthesis.

Organic electrochemistry has attracted tremendous interest within the novel sustainable methodologies that have not only reduced the undesired byproducts, but also utilized cleaner and renewable energy sources. Particularly, oxidative electrochemistry has gained major attention. On the contrary, reductive electrolysis remains an underexplored research direction. In this context, we discuss advances in transition-metal-free cathodically generated radicals for selective organic transformations since 2016. We highlight the electroreductive reaction of alkyl radicals, aryl radicals, acyl radicals, silyl radicals, fluorosulfonyl radicals and trifluoromethoxyl radicals.

Rectal cancer-derived exosomes activate the nuclear factor kappa B pathway and lung fibroblasts by delivering integrin beta-1.

Numerous studies have revealed the importance of tumor-derived exosomes in rectal cancer (RC). This study aims to explore the influence of tumor-derived exosomal integrin beta-1 (ITGB1) on lung fibroblasts in RC along with underlying mechanisms. Exosome morphology was observed using a transmission electron microscope. Protein levels of CD63, CD9, ITGB1, p-p65 and p65 were detected using Western blot. To determine ITGB1's mRNA expression, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used. Moreover, levels of interleukin (IL)-8, IL-1ß, and IL-6 in cell culture supernatant were measured via commercial ELISA kits. ITGB1 expression was increased in exosomes from RC cells. The ratio of p-p65/p65 as well as levels of interleukins in lung fibroblasts was raised by exosomes derived from RC cells, while was reduced after down-regulation of exosomal ITGB1. The increased ratio of p-p65/p65 as well as levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines caused by exosomes from RC cells was reversed by the addition of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) inhibitor. We concluded that the knockdown of RC cells-derived exosomal ITGB1 repressed activation of lung fibroblasts and the NF-κB pathway in vitro.

An enrichment model using regular health examination data for early detection of colorectal cancer.

OBJECTIVE: Challenges remain in current practices of colorectal cancer (CRC) screening, such as low compliance, low specificities and expensive cost. This study aimed to identify high-risk groups for CRC from the general population using regular health examination data. METHODS: The study population consist of more than 7,000 CRC cases and more than 140,000 controls. Using regular health examination data, a model detecting CRC cases was derived by the classification and regression trees (CART) algorithm. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was applied to evaluate the performance of models. The robustness and generalization of the CART model were validated by independent datasets. In addition, the effectiveness of CART-based screening was compared with stool-based screening. RESULTS: After data quality control, 4,647 CRC cases and 133,898 controls free of colorectal neoplasms were used for downstream analysis. The final CART model based on four biomarkers (age, albumin, hematocrit and percent lymphocytes) was constructed. In the test set, the area under ROC curve (AUC) of the CART model was 0.88 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.87-0.90] for detecting CRC. At the cutoff yielding 99.0% specificity, this model's sensitivity was 62.2% (95% CI, 58.1%-66.2%), thereby achieving a 63-fold enrichment of CRC cases. We validated the robustness of the method across subsets of test set with diverse CRC incidences, aging rates, genders ratio, distributions of tumor stages and locations, and data sources. Importantly, CART-based screening had the higher positive predictive value (1.6%) than fecal immunochemical test (0.3%). CONCLUSIONS: As an alternative approach for the early detection of CRC, this study provides a low-cost method using regular health examination data to identify high-risk individuals for CRC for further examinations. The approach can promote early detection of CRC especially in developing countries such as China, where annual health examination is popular but regular CRC-specific screening is rare.

WiFi Indoor Localization with CSI Fingerprinting-Based Random Forest.

WiFi fingerprinting indoor positioning systems have extensive applied prospects. However, a vast amount of data in a particular environment has to be gathered to establish a fingerprinting database. Deficiencies of these systems are the lack of universality of multipath effects and a burden of heavy workload on fingerprint storage. Thus, this paper presents a novel Random Forest fingerprinting localization (RFFP) method using channel state information (CSI), which utilizes the Random Forest model trained in the offline stage as fingerprints in order to economize memory space and possess a good anti-multipath characteristic. Furthermore, a series of specific experiments are conducted in a microwave anechoic chamber and an office to detail the localization performance of RFFP with different wireless channel circumstances, system parameters, algorithms, and input datasets. In addition, compared with other algorithms including K-Nearest-Neighbor (KNN), Weighted K-Nearest-Neighbor (WKNN), REPTree, CART, and J48, the RFFP method provides far greater classification accuracy as well as lower mean location error. The proposed method offers outstanding comprehensive performance including accuracy, robustness, low workload, and better anti-multipath-fading.

The Analysis and Suppressing of Non-Uniformity in a High-Speed Spike-Based Image Sensor.

In this paper, the non-ideal factors, which include spatial noise and temporal noise, are analyzed and suppressed in the high-speed spike-based image sensor, which combines the high-speed scanning sequential format with the method that uses the interspike time interval to indicate the scene information. In this imager, spatial noise contains device mismatch, which results in photo response non-uniformity (PRNU) and the non-uniformity of dark current. By multiplying the measured coefficient matrix the photo response non-uniformity is suppressed, and the non-uniformity of dark current is suppressed by correcting the interspike time interval based on the time interval of dark current. The temporal noise is composed of the shot noise and thermal noise. This kind of noise can be eliminated when using the spike frequency to restore the image. The experimental results show that, based on the spike frequency method, the standard deviation of the image decreases from 18.4792 to 0.5683 in the uniform bright light by using the calibration algorithm. While in the relatively uniform dark condition, the standard deviation decreases from 1.5812 to 0.4516. Based on interspike time interval method, because of time mismatch and temporal noise, the standard deviation of the image changes from 27.4252 to 27.4977 in the uniform bright light by using the calibration algorithm. While in the uniform dark condition, the standard deviation decreases from 2.361 to 0.3678.

Case-matched study of short-term effects of 3D vs 2D laparoscopic radical resection of rectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to compare and evaluate the security and efficacy of 3D vs 2D laparoscopy in rectal cancer treatment. METHODS: Forty-six patients who suffered from rectal cancer and went on laparoscopic radical resection of rectal carcinoma in Peking University Shougang Hospital from Feb. 2015 to Mar. 2016 were included in the study. They were randomly divided into two groups. The 23 patients operated with the 3D system were compared with 23 patients operated with the 2D system by perioperative data. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in age, sex, pathological type, tumor differentiation, TNM staging, and surgical procedures (P > 0.05). The average operating time of 3D laparoscopic surgery group (172.2 ± 27.5 min) was shorter than that of 2D group (192.6 ± 22.3) (P < 0.05); the rate of transfer to laparotomy is lower in 2D group (72.7%) than in 3D group (86.4%), but they have no significant difference; and the intraoperative blood loss (247.0 ± 173.6 ml vs 282.6 ± 195.6 ml), postoperative passage of flatus (2.8 ± 0.8 days vs 3.1 ± 1.0 days), and indwelling catheter time (5.6 ± 1.9 days vs 6.3 ± 2.0 days) in 3D group and 2D group (P > 0.05) were not significantly different. There were no differences in other complications between the two groups. No significantly different recrudescence and death rates were found between the two groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The 3D laparoscopy shortens the operation time of rectum cancer. 3D laparoscopic surgery is more efficient in treatment of rectal cancer than 2D laparoscopy and is worth of being generalized.

Soft propargylic deprotonation: designed ligand enables Au-catalyzed isomerization of alkynes to 1,3-dienes.

By functionalizing the privileged biphenyl-2-ylphosphine with a basic amino group at the rarely explored 3' position, the derived gold(I) complex possesses orthogonally positioned "push" and "pull" forces, which enable for the first time soft propargylic deprotonation and permit the bridging of a difference of >26 pK(a) units (in DMSO) between a propargylic hydrogen and a protonated tertiary aniline. The application of this design led to efficient isomerization of alkynes into versatile 1,3-dienes with synthetically useful scope under mild reaction conditions.

The clinical efficacy and safety of different biliary drainage in malignant obstructive jaundice: a meta-analysis.

Background: Currently, percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage (PTCD) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) are commonly employed in clinical practice to alleviate malignant obstructive jaundice (MOJ). Nevertheless, there lacks a consensus regarding the superiority of either method in terms of efficacy and safety. Aim: To conduct a systematic evaluation of the effectiveness and safety of PTCD and ERCP in treating MOJ, and to compare the therapeutic outcomes and safety profiles of these two procedures. Methods: CNKI, VIP, Wanfang, CBM, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the use of PTCD or ERCP for MOJ. The search period was from the establishment of the databases to July 2023. After quality assessment and data extraction from the included studies, Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan5.3 software. Results: A total of 21 RCTs involving 1,693 patients were included. Meta-analysis revealed that there was no significant difference in the surgical success rate between the two groups for patients with low biliary obstruction (P=0.81). For patients with high biliary obstruction, the surgical success rate of the PTCD group was higher than that of the ERCP group (P < 0.0001), and the overall surgical success rate of the PTCD group was also higher than that of the ERCP group (P = 0.008). For patients with low biliary obstruction, the rate of jaundice relief (P < 0.00001) and the clinical efficacy (P = 0.0005) were better in the ERCP group, while for patients with high biliary obstruction, the rate of jaundice relief (P < 0.00001) and the clinical efficacy (P = 0.003) were better in the PTCD group. There was no significant difference in the overall jaundice remission rate and clinical efficacy between the two groups (P = 0.77, 0.53). There was no significant difference in the reduction of ALT, TBIL, and DBIL before and after surgery and the incidence of postoperative complications between the two groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Both PTCD and ERCP can efficiently alleviate biliary obstruction and enhance liver function. ERCP is effective in treating low biliary obstruction, while PTCD is more advantageous in treating high biliary obstruction.

Solvothermal Preparation of Crystal Seeds and Anisotropy-Controlled Growth of Silver Nanoplates.

We synthesized silver nanoplates using the solvothermal method and, for the first time, placed them as crystal seeds in a water-based growth solution, thereby successfully achieving the large-scale production of silver nanoplates. The synthesis method enabled independent control of the lateral size and vertical size of the silver nanoplates. More specifically, the lateral size could be adjusted within the range of 565 nm-1.682 µm, while the vertical size was achieved by introducing Cl- as a capping agent and the vertical size was thickened from 18.28 to 40.41 nm.

Coastal erosion and flooding risk assessment based on grid scale: A case study of six coastal metropolitan areas.

Coastal areas, situated at the critical juncture of sea-land interaction, are confronted with significant challenges from coastal erosion and flooding. It is imperative to evaluate these risks and offer scientific guidance to foster regional sustainable development. This article developed a coastal risk assessment model based on grid scale, integrating both coastal exposure and socio-ecological environment. Fourteen indicators were selected, aiming to offer a systematic approach for estimating and comparing disaster risks in coastal areas. This risk assessment model was applied to Shanghai, New York, Sydney, San Francisco, Randstad, and Tokyo metropolitan areas. The results indicate: (1) Accounting for the protective role of habitat types like mangroves and the distance attenuation effect offered a more precise representation of hazard situation; (2) The integration of the Game Theory weighting method with both subjective Analytic Hierarchy Process and objective CRITIC weighting enhanced the scientific validity and rationality of the results by minimizing deviations between subjective and objective weights; (3) Shanghai exhibited the highest average hazard and vulnerability, San Francisco had the lowest average hazard and Sydney had the lowest average vulnerability; In terms of comprehensive risk, Shanghai possessed the highest average risk, while Sydney presented the lowest. The proposed model framework is designed to swiftly identify high-risk zones, providing detailed information references for local governments to devise efficacious risk management and prevention strategies.

Detection and Anti-Detection with Microwave-Infrared Compatible Camouflage Using Asymmetric Composite Metasurface.

Detection and anti-detection with multispectral camouflage are of pivotal importance, while suffer from significant challenges due to the inherent contradiction between detection and anti-detection and conflict microwave and infrared (IR) stealth mechanisms. Here, a strategy is proposed to asymmetrically control transmitted microwave wavefront under radar-IR bi-stealth scheme using composite metasurface. It is engineered composed of infrared stealth layer (IRSL), microwave absorbing layer (MAL), and asymmetric microwave transmissive structure (AMTS) with polarization conversion from top to bottom. Therein, IR emissivity, microwave reflectivity, and transmissivity are simultaneously modulated by elaborately designing the filling ratio of ITO square patches on IRSL, which ensures both efficient microwave transmission and IR camouflage. Furthermore, full-polarized backward microwave stealth is achieved on MAL by transmitting and absorbing microwaves under x- and y- polarization, respectively, while forward wavefront is controlled by precise curvature phase compensation on AMTS according to ray-tracing technology. For verification, a proof-of-concept metadevice is numerically and experimentally characterized. Both results coincide well, demonstrating spiral detective wavefront manipulation under y-polarized forward wave excitation while effective reduction of radar cross section within 8-18 GHz and low IR emissivity (<0.3) for backward detection. This strategy provides a new paradigm for integration of detection and anti-detection with multispectral camouflage.

A recurrence-predictive model based on eight genes and tumor mutational burden/microsatellite instability status in Stage II/III colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Although adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) is widely used to treat patients with Stage II/III colorectal cancer (CRC), administering ACT to specific patients remains a challenge. The decision to ACT requires an accurate assessment of recurrence risk and absolute treatment benefit. However, the traditional TNM staging system does not accurately assess a patient's individual risk of recurrence. METHODS: To identify recurrence risk-related genetic factors for Stage II/III CRC patients after radical surgery, we conducted an analysis of whole-exome sequencing of 47 patients with Stage II/III CRC who underwent radical surgery at five institutions. Patients were grouped into non-recurrence group (NR, n = 24, recurrence-free survival [RFS] > 5 years) and recurrence group (R, n = 23, RFS <2 years). The TCGA-COAD/READ cohort was employed as the validation dataset. RESULTS: A recurrence-predictive model (G8plus score) based on eight gene (CUL9, PCDHA12, HECTD3, DCX, SMARCA2, FAM193A, AATK, and SORCS2) mutations and tumor mutation burden/microsatellite instability (TMB/MSI) status was constructed, with 97.87% accuracy in our data and 100% negative predictive value in the TCGA-COAD/READ cohort. For the TCGA-COAD/READ cohort, the G8plus-high group had better RFS (HR = 0.22, p = 0.024); the G8plus-high tumors had significantly more infiltrated immune cell types, higher tertiary lymphoid structure signature scores, and higher immunological signature scores. The G8plus score was also a predict biomarker for immunotherapeutic in advanced CRC in the PUCH cohort. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, the G8plus score is a powerful biomarker for predicting the risk of recurrence in patients with stage II/III CRC. It can be used to stratify patients who benefit from ACT and immunotherapy.

Examining the Effects of Socioeconomic Development on Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) in China's Cities Based on Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis and MGWR Model.

Understanding the characteristics of PM2.5 and its socioeconomic factors is crucial for managing air pollution. Research on the socioeconomic influences of PM2.5 has yielded several results. However, the spatial heterogeneity of the effect of various socioeconomic factors on PM2.5 at different scales has yet to be studied. This paper collated PM2.5 data for 359 cities in China from 2005 to 2020, as well as socioeconomic data: GDP per capita (GDPP), secondary industry proportion (SIP), number of industrial enterprise units above the scale (NOIE), general public budget revenue as a proportion of GDP (PBR), and population density (PD). The spatial autocorrelation and multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) model was used to analyze the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of PM2.5 and explore the impact of different scales of economic factors. Results show that the overall economic level was developing well, with a spatial distribution trend of high in the east and low in the west. With a large positive spatial correlation and a highly concentrated clustering pattern, the PM2.5 concentration declined in 2020. Secondly, the OLS model's statistical results were skewed and unable to shed light on the association between economic factors and PM2.5. Predictions from the GWR and MGWR models may be more precise than those from the OLS model. The scales of the effect were produced by the MGWR model's variable bandwidth and regression coefficient. In particular, the MGWR model's regression coefficient and variable bandwidth allowed it to account for the scale influence of economic factors; it had the highest adjusted R2 values, smallest AICc values, and residual sums of squares. Lastly, the PBR had a clear negative impact on PM2.5, whereas the negative impact of GDPP was weak and positively correlated in some western regions, such as Gansu and Qinghai provinces. The SIP, NOIE, and PD were positively correlated with PM2.5 in most regions. Our findings can serve as a theoretical foundation for researching the associations between PM2.5 and socioeconomic variables, and for encouraging the coequal growth of the economy and the environment.