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1.
Neurobiol Dis ; 134: 104679, 2020 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31751607

RESUMO

Sleep and circadian rhythms are among the most powerful but least understood contributors to cognitive performance and brain health. Here we capitalize on the circadian resetting effect of blue-wavelength light to phase shift the sleep patterns of adult patients (aged 18-48 years) recovering from mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), with the aim of facilitating recovery of brain structure, connectivity, and cognitive performance. During a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 32 adults with a recent mTBI, we compared 6-weeks of daily 30-min pulses of blue light (peak λ = 469 nm) each morning versus amber placebo light (peak λ = 578 nm) on neurocognitive and neuroimaging outcomes, including gray matter volume (GMV), resting-state functional connectivity, directed connectivity using Granger causality, and white matter integrity using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Relative to placebo, morning blue light led to phase-advanced sleep timing, reduced daytime sleepiness, and improved executive functioning, and was associated with increased volume of the posterior thalamus (i.e., pulvinar), greater thalamo-cortical functional connectivity, and increased axonal integrity of these pathways. These findings provide insight into the contributions of the circadian and sleep systems in brain repair and lay the groundwork for interventions targeting the retinohypothalamic system to facilitate injury recovery.


Assuntos
Concussão Encefálica/terapia , Encéfalo/patologia , Encéfalo/fisiopatologia , Cognição , Fototerapia/métodos , Sono , Actigrafia , Adolescente , Adulto , Concussão Encefálica/fisiopatologia , Concussão Encefálica/psicologia , Mapeamento Encefálico , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Humanos , Luz , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Resultado do Tratamento , Adulto Jovem
2.
Behav Sleep Med ; 14(2): 200-11, 2016.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25396689

RESUMO

Sleep deprivation is associated with performance decrements on some measures of executive functioning. For instance, sleep deprivation results in altered decision making on the Iowa Gambling Task. However, it is unclear which component processes of the task may be driving the effect. In this study, Iowa Gambling task performance was decomposed using the Expectancy-Valence model. Recent sleep debt and greater daytime sleepiness were associated with higher scores on the updating parameter, which reflects the extent to which recent experiences are emphasized over remote ones. Findings suggest that the effects of insufficient sleep on IGT performance are due to shortening of the time horizon over which decisions are integrated. These findings may have clinical implications in that individuals with sleep problems may not integrate more temporally distant information when making decisions.


Assuntos
Tomada de Decisões , Jogo de Azar/psicologia , Privação do Sono/psicologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Função Executiva , Feminino , Humanos , Iowa , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fases do Sono , Análise e Desempenho de Tarefas , Fatores de Tempo , Adulto Jovem
3.
Neuroimage ; 106: 123-33, 2015 Feb 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25463450

RESUMO

Sleep deprivation (SD) can degrade cognitive functioning, but growing evidence suggests that there are large individual differences in the vulnerability to this effect. Some evidence suggests that baseline differences in the responsiveness of a fronto-parietal attention system that is activated during working memory (WM) tasks may be associated with the ability to sustain vigilance during sleep deprivation. However, the neurocircuitry underlying this network remains virtually unexplored. In this study, we employed diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to investigate the association between the microstructure of the axonal pathway connecting the frontal and parietal regions--i.e., the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF)--and individual resistance to SD. Thirty healthy participants (15 males) aged 20-43 years underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) at rested wakefulness prior to a 28-hour period of SD. Task-related fronto-parietal fMRI activation clusters during a Sternberg WM Task were localized and used as seed regions for probabilistic fiber tractography. DTI metrics, including fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, axial and radial diffusivity were measured in the SLF. The psychomotor vigilance test (PVT) was used to evaluate resistance to SD. We found that activation in the left inferior parietal lobule (IPL) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) positively correlated with resistance. Higher fractional anisotropy of the left SLF comprising the primary axons connecting IPL and DLPFC was also associated with better resistance. These findings suggest that individual differences in resistance to SD are associated with the functional responsiveness of a fronto-parietal attention system and the microstructural properties of the axonal interconnections.


Assuntos
Nível de Alerta , Transtornos Cognitivos/patologia , Lobo Frontal/patologia , Lobo Parietal/patologia , Privação do Sono/patologia , Substância Branca/patologia , Adulto , Transtornos Cognitivos/fisiopatologia , Conectoma/métodos , Imagem de Tensor de Difusão/métodos , Resistência à Doença/fisiologia , Feminino , Lobo Frontal/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Masculino , Memória de Curto Prazo , Vias Neurais/patologia , Vias Neurais/fisiopatologia , Lobo Parietal/fisiopatologia , Privação do Sono/fisiopatologia , Substância Branca/fisiopatologia , Adulto Jovem
4.
Psychol Rep ; 117(2): 473-89, 2015 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26340052

RESUMO

It is well established that objective early life stressors increase risk for anxiety disorders and that environmental stressors interact with dispositional factors such as trait anxiety. There is less information on how subjective perception of stress during childhood relates to later clinical anxiety. This study tested whether childhood perceived stress and trait anxiety were independently and interactively associated with adult anxiety disorders. Forty-seven adults diagnosed with anxiety disorders (M age = 34 yr., SD = 11) and 29 healthy participants (M = 33 yr., SD = 13) completed the adult Perceived Stress Scale, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Global Perceived Early Life Events Scale as a measure of perceived stress during childhood. In a logistic regression model, high childhood perceived stress (ß = 0.64) and trait anxiety (ß = 0.11) were associated with significantly greater odds of adult anxiety disorder. The association between childhood perceived stress and adult anxiety remained significant when controlling for adult perceived stress. These findings suggest that children's perception of stress in their daily lives may be an important target of intervention to prevent the progression of stress into clinically significant anxiety.


Assuntos
Transtornos de Ansiedade/psicologia , Ansiedade/psicologia , Maus-Tratos Infantis/psicologia , Percepção , Estresse Psicológico/psicologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Ansiedade/complicações , Transtornos de Ansiedade/complicações , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estresse Psicológico/complicações , Adulto Jovem
5.
Exp Brain Res ; 232(5): 1567-74, 2014 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24496489

RESUMO

Sleep problems often co-occur with psychopathological conditions and affective dysregulation. Individuals with mood disorders have significantly higher rates of sleep disturbances than healthy individuals, and among those with mood disorders, sleep problems are associated with lower rates of remission and response to treatment. Sleep disruption may itself be a risk factor for various forms of psychopathology, as experimental sleep deprivation has been found to lead to increased affective, cognitive, and somatic symptoms within healthy volunteers. However, little is known about the relationship between recurring sleep complaints in a naturalistic environment and symptoms of psychopathology among healthy individuals. In the present study, 49 healthy adults (21 males and 28 females) reported sleep quality and completed the Personality Assessment Inventory, a standardized self-report assessment of symptoms of psychopathology. Consistent with prior published findings during total sleep deprivation, individuals endorsing self-reported naturally occurring sleep problems showed higher scores on scales measuring somatic complaints, anxiety, and depression. Furthermore, the reported frequency of sleep disturbance was closely linked with the severity of self-reported symptoms. While causal directionality cannot be inferred, these findings support the notion that sleep and emotional functioning are closely linked.


Assuntos
Transtorno da Personalidade Antissocial/complicações , Transtornos do Sono-Vigília/etiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Análise de Variância , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Inventário de Personalidade , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Adulto Jovem
6.
Neuroimage ; 71: 216-23, 2013 May 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23353029

RESUMO

The recent epidemic of obesity corresponds closely with the decline in the average number of hours of sleep obtained nightly. While growing research suggests that sleep loss may affect hormonal and other physiological systems related to food intake, no studies have yet explored the role that sleepiness may play in reducing prefrontal inhibitory control over food intake. Because evidence suggests that women may be more prone to obesity and eating disorders, as well as more likely to suffer from sleep problems, we examined the relation between general daytime sleepiness, brain responses to food stimuli, and self-reported overeating separately for men and women. Thirty-eight healthy adults (16 women; 22 men) aged 18 to 45 underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while viewing pictures of high- and low-calorie foods. Subjects completed the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and provided a rating to the query "how often do you eat more than you intend to." Contrast images comparing brain activation derived from the high- versus low-calorie conditions were correlated voxel-wise with scores from the ESS in a second-level regression model, the output of which was used to predict self-reported overeating. As hypothesized, daytime sleepiness correlated with reduced activation in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex during perception of high- versus low-calorie food images. Moreover, activation within this cluster predicted overeating, but only for women. Findings suggest that normal fluctuations in sleepiness may be sufficient to affect brain regions important for regulating food intake, but that these effects may differ between men and women.


Assuntos
Mapeamento Encefálico , Ingestão de Alimentos/fisiologia , Córtex Pré-Frontal/fisiologia , Sono/fisiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Caracteres Sexuais , Adulto Jovem
7.
J Sleep Res ; 22(5): 527-34, 2013 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23593990

RESUMO

In modern society, people often fail to obtain the amount of sleep that experts recommend for good health and performance. Insufficient sleep can lead to degraded cognitive performance and alterations in emotional functioning. However, most people also acknowledge that on a regular basis they obtain more sleep than they subjectively perceive they need at a minimum to stave off performance decrements, a construct we describe as subjective 'sleep credit'. Few people would contest the notion that getting more sleep is better, but data on both behavioural and neuroanatomical correlates of 'sleep credit' are surprisingly limited. We conducted a voxel-based morphometric study to assess cerebral grey matter correlates of habitually sleeping more than one's subjective requirements. We further tested whether these structural correlates are associated with perceived emotional intelligence and indices of psychopathology while controlling for age, gender, and total intracranial volume. In a sample of 55 healthy adults aged 18-45 years (28 males, 27 females), whole-brain multiple regression showed that habitual subjective 'sleep credit' was correlated positively with grey matter volume within regions of the left medial prefrontal cortex and right orbitofrontal gyrus. Volumes were extracted and regressed against self-report emotion and psychopathology indices. Only grey matter volume of the medial prefrontal cortex cluster correlated with greater emotional intelligence and lower scores on several indices of psychopathology. Findings converge with previous evidence of the role of the medial prefrontal cortex in the relationship between sleep and emotional functioning, and suggest that behaviour and brain structure vary with habitual 'sleep credit'.


Assuntos
Inteligência Emocional/fisiologia , Saúde Mental , Fibras Nervosas Amielínicas , Córtex Pré-Frontal/anatomia & histologia , Córtex Pré-Frontal/fisiologia , Sono/fisiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Emoções/fisiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Modelos Lineares , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fibras Nervosas Amielínicas/fisiologia , Tamanho do Órgão , Córtex Pré-Frontal/citologia , Testes Psicológicos , Autorrelato , Crânio/anatomia & histologia , Fatores de Tempo , Adulto Jovem
8.
Brain Inj ; 24(11): 1364-71, 2010.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20715897

RESUMO

PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: To determine the influence of the terms concussion, mild traumatic brain injury and minor head injury on expected injury outcome, term-related familiarity and actual symptom reporting. RESEARCH DESIGN: A questionnaire varied the terms concussion, mild traumatic brain injury and minor head injury. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Two hundred and twenty-four university students were allocated one questionnaire version. Participants rated injury outcome statements for their truthfulness, specified term familiarity and completed measures on post-concussion symptoms, anxiety, depression, pain and affectivity. Chi-square tests compared response frequencies of statement ratings and familiarity between questionnaire versions and a rank-based multivariate method compared psychological measures between questionnaire versions. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS: Terminology significantly influenced both expected injury outcome and familiarity. Outcome expectations were reliably more negative for the term mild traumatic brain injury than concussion or minor head injury. Mild traumatic brain injury was the least familiar term. However, terminology groups did not differ in actual symptom reporting. CONCLUSIONS: The data showed that the use of terminology affected athletes' injury outcome expectations and familiarity. The impact of the data and advice for the best term for future use are discussed. While it is not easy to make a clear recommendation, the data clearly indicate a strong need for education of brain injury at university level and possibly beyond.


Assuntos
Traumatismos em Atletas/psicologia , Síndrome Pós-Concussão/psicologia , Terminologia como Assunto , Adolescente , Adulto , Concussão Encefálica/psicologia , Feminino , Educação em Saúde , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Humanos , Escala de Gravidade do Ferimento , Masculino , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Fatores de Risco , Inquéritos e Questionários , Resultado do Tratamento , Universidades , Adulto Jovem
9.
Psychol Rep ; 122(3): 853-879, 2019 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29699472

RESUMO

Higher levels of emotional intelligence have been associated with better inter and intrapersonal functioning. In the present study, 59 healthy men and women were randomized into either a three-week online training program targeted to improve emotional intelligence (n = 29), or a placebo control training program targeted to improve awareness of nonemotional aspects of the environment (n = 30). Compared to placebo, participants in the emotional intelligence training group showed increased performance on the total emotional intelligence score of the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test, a performance measure of emotional intelligence, as well as subscales of perceiving emotions and facilitating thought. Moreover, after emotional intelligence training, but not after placebo training, individuals displayed the ability to arrive at optimal performance faster (i.e., they showed a faster learning rate) during an emotion-guided decision-making task (i.e., the Iowa Gambling Task). More specifically, although both groups showed similar performance at the start of the Iowa Gambling Task from pre- to posttraining, the participants in the emotional intelligence training group learned to choose more advantageous than disadvantageous decks than those in the placebo training group by the time they reached the "hunch" period of the task (i.e., the point in the task when implicit task learning is thought to have occurred). Greater total improvements in performance on the Iowa Gambling Task from pre- to posttraining in the emotional intelligence training group were also positively correlated with pre- to posttraining changes in Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test scores, in particular with changes in the ability to perceive emotions. The present study provides preliminary evidence that emotional intelligence can be trained with the help of an online training program targeted at adults; it also suggests that changes in emotional intelligence, as a result of such a program, can lead to improved emotion-guided decision-making.


Assuntos
Tomada de Decisões/fisiologia , Inteligência Emocional/fisiologia , Jogo de Azar/psicologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Adulto Jovem
10.
Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci ; 12(10): 1624-1636, 2017 10 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28981827

RESUMO

Emotional intelligence (EI) is defined as an individual's capacity to accurately perceive, understand, reason about, and regulate emotions, and to apply that information to facilitate thought and achieve goals. Although EI plays an important role in mental health and success in academic, professional and social realms, the neurocircuitry underlying this capacity remains poorly characterized, and no study to date has yet examined the relationship between EI and intrinsic neural network function. Here, in a sample of 54 healthy individuals (28 women, 26 men), we apply independent components analysis (ICA) with dual regression to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data acquired while subjects were resting in the scanner to investigate brain circuits (intrinsic resting state networks) whose activity is associated with greater self-reported (i.e. Trait) and objectively measured (i.e. Ability) EI. We show that higher Ability EI, but not Trait EI, is associated with stronger negatively correlated spontaneous fMRI signals between the basal ganglia/limbic network (BGN) and posterior default mode network (DMN), and regions involved in emotional processing and regulation. Importantly, these findings suggest that the functional connectivity within and between intrinsic networks associated with mentation, affective regulation, emotion processing, and reward are strongly related to ability EI.


Assuntos
Inteligência Emocional/fisiologia , Vias Neurais/fisiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Gânglios da Base/fisiologia , Mapeamento Encefálico , Feminino , Humanos , Sistema Límbico/fisiologia , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Descanso/fisiologia , Recompensa , Autorrelato , Adulto Jovem
11.
Neurosci Lett ; 612: 238-244, 2016 Jan 26.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26711488

RESUMO

Most people who sustain a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) will recover to baseline functioning within a period of several days to weeks. A substantial minority of patients, however, will show persistent symptoms and mild cognitive complaints for much longer. To more clearly delineate how the duration of time since injury (TSI) is associated with neuroplastic cortical volume changes and cognitive recovery, we employed voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and select neuropsychological measures in a cross-sectional sample of 26 patients with mTBI assessed at either two-weeks, one-month, three-months, six-months, or one-year post injury, and a sample of 12 healthy controls. Longer duration of TSI was associated with larger gray matter volume (GMV) within the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and right fusiform gyrus, and better neurocognitive performance on measures of visuospatial design fluency and emotional functioning. In particular, volume within the vmPFC was positively correlated with design fluency and negatively correlated with symptoms of anxiety, whereas GMV of the fusiform gyrus was associated with greater design fluency and sustained visual psychomotor vigilance performance. Moreover, the larger GMV seen among the more chronic individuals was significantly greater than healthy controls, suggesting possible enlargement of these regions with time since injury. These findings are interpreted in light of burgeoning evidence suggesting that cortical regions often exhibit structural changes following experience or practice, and suggest that with greater time since an mTBI, the brain displays compensatory remodeling of cortical regions involved in emotional regulation, which may reduce distractibility during attention demanding visuo-motor tasks.


Assuntos
Lesões Encefálicas/patologia , Lesões Encefálicas/fisiopatologia , Substância Cinzenta/patologia , Substância Cinzenta/fisiopatologia , Adulto , Nível de Alerta , Lesões Encefálicas/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Testes de Inteligência , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Determinação da Personalidade , Desempenho Psicomotor , Fatores de Tempo , Adulto Jovem
12.
Neuroreport ; 25(10): 771-6, 2014 Jul 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24858795

RESUMO

Emotional suppression (ES) is a critical component of the ability to self-regulate emotion. However, people who chronically use ES as a primary strategy often experience heightened anxiety or depression. Although functional neuroimaging studies have extensively mapped the brain regions involving in emotional regulation, the neural substrates of ES as a trait construct remain relatively unexplored. Using a validated backward masked facial affect paradigm, we examined the association between ES and functional brain responses to masked angry, fearful, and happy faces. Healthy adults underwent functional MRI and completed the Courtauld Emotional Control Scale as a measure of ES. Correlations between self-reported ES and brain responses to the facial affect stimuli (affective>neutral) were evaluated within the brain regions involved in emotional processing, including the amygdala, insula, anterior cingulate cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, and orbitofrontal cortex. In response to angry faces, higher trait tendency to suppress anger and anxiety was significantly correlated with increased activation within the rostral anterior cingulate cortex, whereas no correlation was observed for masked happy or fearful faces. This finding suggests that the rostral anterior cingulate cortex contributes to the unconscious suppression of emotional responses to angry facial affect and may play a role in the mediating anatomy of trait ES.


Assuntos
Afeto/fisiologia , Ira/fisiologia , Giro do Cíngulo/fisiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Encéfalo/fisiologia , Mapeamento Encefálico , Emoções , Expressão Facial , Feminino , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem
13.
Sci Rep ; 3: 3457, 2013 Dec 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24336512

RESUMO

Physical activity facilitates neurogenesis of dentate cells in the rodent hippocampus, a brain region critical for memory formation and spatial representation. Recent findings in humans also suggest that aerobic exercise can lead to increased hippocampal volume and enhanced cognitive functioning in children and elderly adults. However, the association between physical activity and hippocampal volume during the period from early adulthood through middle age has not been effectively explored. Here, we correlated the number of minutes of self-reported exercise per week with gray matter volume of the hippocampus using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) in 61 healthy adults ranging from 18 to 45 years of age. After controlling for age, gender, and total brain volume, total minutes of weekly exercise correlated significantly with volume of the right hippocampus. Findings highlight the relationship between regular physical exercise and brain structure during early to middle adulthood.


Assuntos
Exercício Físico , Substância Cinzenta/anatomia & histologia , Hipocampo/anatomia & histologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Voluntários Saudáveis , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Tamanho do Órgão , Adulto Jovem
14.
Neuroreport ; 24(5): 233-40, 2013 Mar 27.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23399993

RESUMO

According to the hyperarousal theory of insomnia, difficulty in initiating or maintaining sleep occurs as a result of increased cognitive and physiological arousal caused by acute stressors and associated cognitive rumination, placing the individual in a perpetual cycle of hyperarousal and increased sensitivity to sensory stimulation. We tested the hypothesis that difficulty in initiating or maintaining sleep would be associated with increased functional connectivity between primary sensory processing and motor planning regions. Fifty-eight healthy adults (29 men, 29 women) completed a self-report inventory about sleep onset and maintenance problems and underwent a 6-min resting-state functional MRI scan. Bilateral regions of interest (ROIs) were placed in primary visual cortex, auditory cortex, olfactory cortex, and the supplementary motor cortex, and the mean processed signal time course was extracted and correlated with each of the other ROIs. Difficulty in falling asleep was associated with increased functional connectivity between the primary visual cortex and other sensory regions such as the primary auditory cortex, olfactory cortex, and the supplementary motor cortex. The primary auditory cortex also showed greater connectivity with the supplementary motor cortex in those with sleep initiation problems. Problems with sleep maintenance were associated with greater connectivity between the primary visual cortex and the olfactory cortex. Consistent with the predictions of the hyperarousal model, difficulty in falling asleep was associated with greater functional connectivity between primary sensory and supplementary motor regions. Such augmented functional connectivity may contribute to the sustained sensory processing of environmental stimuli, potentially prolonging the latency to sleep.


Assuntos
Córtex Cerebral/patologia , Rede Nervosa/patologia , Distúrbios do Início e da Manutenção do Sono/patologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Córtex Cerebral/irrigação sanguínea , Feminino , Humanos , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Rede Nervosa/irrigação sanguínea , Oxigênio/sangue , Distúrbios do Início e da Manutenção do Sono/psicologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto Jovem
15.
Soc Neurosci ; 8(4): 334-46, 2013.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23802123

RESUMO

Emotional intelligence (EI) refers to a constellation of traits, competencies, or abilities that allow individuals to understand emotional information and successfully navigate and solve social/emotional problems. While little is known about the neurobiological substrates that underlie EI, some evidence suggests that these capacities may involve a core neurocircuitry involved in emotional decision-making that includes the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), insula, and amygdala. In a sample of 39 healthy volunteers (22 men; 17 women), scores on the Bar-On EQ-i (a trait/mixed model of EI) and Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT; an ability model of EI) were correlated with functional magnetic resonance imaging responses during brief presentations of moving facial expressions that changed in the level of perceived trustworthiness. Core emotion neurocircuitry was responsive to dynamic changes in facial features, regardless of whether they reflected increases or decreases in apparent trustworthiness. In response to facial movements indicating decreasing trustworthiness, MSCEIT correlated positively with functional responses of the vmPFC and rostral ACC, whereas the EQ-i was unrelated to regional activation. Systematic differences in EI ability appear to be significantly related to the responsiveness of the vmPFC and rostral ACC to facial movements suggesting potential trustworthiness.


Assuntos
Mapeamento Encefálico , Encéfalo/fisiologia , Inteligência Emocional/fisiologia , Confiança , Adolescente , Adulto , Face , Expressão Facial , Feminino , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem
16.
J Anxiety Disord ; 27(4): 413-9, 2013 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23746489

RESUMO

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with functional abnormalities within a neurocircuitry that includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and medial prefrontal cortex. Evidence of structural abnormalities within these regions, and their association with PTSD severity and symptom burden is, however, sparse. The present study evaluated the relation between indices of gray matter volume and PTSD symptom severity using voxel-based morphometry. Fifteen individuals meeting DSM-IV criteria for PTSD completed the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale and underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging. Greater PTSD severity and avoidance/numbing were correlated with increased gray matter volume of the right amygdala-hippocampal complex. Greater hyper-arousal was associated with reduced gray matter volume in the left superior medial frontal gyrus. Findings are consistent with current neurocircuitry models of PTSD, which posit that the disorder is associated with structural and functional variance within this distributed network.


Assuntos
Encéfalo/patologia , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/patologia , Adulto , Tonsila do Cerebelo/patologia , Feminino , Lobo Frontal/patologia , Hipocampo/patologia , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neuroimagem , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Adulto Jovem
17.
Neuroreport ; 24(17): 962-7, 2013 Dec 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24080950

RESUMO

Physical exercise has many health benefits, including improved cardiovascular fitness, lean muscle development, increased metabolism, and weight loss, as well as positive effects on brain functioning and cognition. Recent evidence suggests that regular physical exercise may also affect the responsiveness of reward regions of the brain to food stimuli. We examined whether the total number of minutes of self-reported weekly physical exercise was related to the responsiveness of appetite and food reward-related brain regions to visual presentations of high-calorie and low-calorie food images during functional MRI. Second, we examined whether such responses would correlate with self-reported food preferences. While undergoing scanning, 37 healthy adults (22 men) viewed images of high-calorie and low-calorie foods and provided desirability ratings for each food image. The correlation between exercise minutes per week and brain responses to the primary condition contrast (high-calorie>low-calorie) was evaluated within the amygdala, insula, and medial orbitofrontal cortex, brain regions previously implicated in responses to food images. Higher levels of exercise were significantly correlated with lower responsiveness within the medial orbitofrontal cortex and left insula to high-calorie foods. Furthermore, activation of these regions was positively correlated with preference ratings for high-calorie foods, particularly those with a savory flavor. These findings suggest that physical exercise may be associated with reduced activation in food-responsive reward regions, which are in turn associated with reduced preferences for unhealthy high-calorie foods. Physical exercise may confer secondary health benefits beyond its primary effects on cardiovascular fitness and energy expenditure.


Assuntos
Tonsila do Cerebelo/fisiologia , Córtex Cerebral/fisiologia , Exercício Físico , Alimentos , Córtex Pré-Frontal/fisiologia , Recompensa , Adolescente , Adulto , Mapeamento Encefálico , Feminino , Preferências Alimentares/fisiologia , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem
18.
Arch Clin Neuropsychol ; 27(3): 355-61, 2012 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22377909

RESUMO

This is the first study to assess sport concussion knowledge and the effect of sport concussion self-report on knowledge in the UK general public. In the online survey, participants (n = 227) stated personal sport concussion history, injury indicators, and rated 26 injury statements for truthfulness using definite (true, false) or non-definite (probably true, probably false) response options. As anticipated, knowledge was limited. Few statement ratings were definite, and misconceptions prevailed. The injury's seriousness was systematically underestimated, suggesting that knowledge may not be sufficient for injury self-diagnosis and self-recovery measures. Sport concussion self-report was associated with more definite than non-definite statement ratings. However, response accuracy did not differ. This suggested that personal injury experience may yield a false sense of security. The use of accessible, easy-to-use tools needs to be promoted to improve sport practice safety.


Assuntos
Traumatismos em Atletas , Concussão Encefálica , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Adolescente , Adulto , Traumatismos em Atletas/complicações , Concussão Encefálica/etiologia , Feminino , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Humanos , Masculino , Sistemas On-Line , Autorrelato , Fatores Sexuais , Reino Unido/epidemiologia , Adulto Jovem
19.
Neuroreport ; 23(18): 1059-64, 2012 Dec 19.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23108043

RESUMO

The detection and appreciation of humor is a complex cognitive process that remains poorly understood. Although functional neuroimaging studies have begun to map the brain systems involved in humor appreciation, there are virtually no data on the structural correlates between gray matter volume and this capacity. Using voxel-based morphometry, the present study examined the association between gray matter volume and the ability to detect and appreciate humor. Fifty-nine healthy adults aged 18-45 years (30 men) underwent structural MRI and completed the University of Pennsylvania Humor Appreciation Test (HAT). After controlling for age and sex, gray matter volume of the left inferior frontal gyrus, left temporal pole, and left insula correlated positively with the appreciation of visual and verbal humor on the HAT, whereas the gray matter volume of the right inferior frontal gyrus correlated only with verbal humor appreciation scores. There were no negative correlations between gray matter volume and HAT performance. These data support a neurobiological basis for humor appreciation, particularly involving left-hemispheric cortical systems, and further suggest that individual differences in humor appreciation may be related to differences in regional gray matter volume.


Assuntos
Córtex Cerebral/metabolismo , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Senso de Humor e Humor como Assunto/psicologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estimulação Luminosa/métodos , Adulto Jovem
20.
Neurosci Lett ; 518(1): 10-3, 2012 Jun 14.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22542893

RESUMO

Sleep disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnea, and chronic insomnia have been associated with reduced gray matter volume of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC). Functional neuroimaging and behavioral data also implicate this region as important in sleep-related problems and the ability to resist the impairing effects of sleep loss on cognition. However, no study has linked gray matter volume within this region to normal self-reported levels of daytime sleepiness. We therefore hypothesized that reduced gray matter volume within the VMPFC would be related to greater self-reported levels of general daytime sleepiness, as assessed by the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) in a sample of 36 healthy non-clinical participants. Using voxel-based morphometry, scores of the ESS were correlated with gray matter volume, after controlling for age, gender, and whole brain volume. Daytime sleepiness correlated negatively with gray matter volume in a cluster of voxels within the left gyrus rectus and medial orbitofrontal cortex. Findings converge with prior evidence to suggest that the VMPFC and medial orbitofrontal cortex may play a particularly important role in sleep-wake related phenomena including sleep disorders and trait-like individual differences in vulnerability to the impairing effects of sleep deprivation on neurobehavioral performance, and also in normal variations in self-reported daytime sleepiness.


Assuntos
Mapeamento Encefálico , Córtex Pré-Frontal/patologia , Privação do Sono/patologia , Sono/fisiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Ritmo Circadiano , Feminino , Humanos , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Córtex Pré-Frontal/fisiologia , Adulto Jovem
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