Examining the role of community resilience and social capital on mental health in public health emergency and disaster response: a scoping review.

The ability of the public to remain psychologically resilient in the face of public health emergencies and disasters (such as the COVID-19 pandemic) is a key factor in the effectiveness of a national response to such events. Community resilience and social capital are often perceived as beneficial and ensuring that a community is socially and psychologically resilient may aid emergency response and recovery. This review presents a synthesis of literature which answers the following research questions: How are community resilience and social capital quantified in research?; What is the impact of community resilience on mental wellbeing?; What is the impact of infectious disease outbreaks, disasters and emergencies on community resilience and social capital?; and, What types of interventions enhance community resilience and social capital?A scoping review procedure was followed. Searches were run across Medline, PsycInfo, and EMBASE, with search terms covering both community resilience and social capital, public health emergencies, and mental health. 26 papers met the inclusion criteria.The majority of retained papers originated in the USA, used a survey methodology to collect data, and involved a natural disaster. There was no common method for measuring community resilience or social capital. The association between community resilience and social capital with mental health was regarded as positive in most cases. However, we found that community resilience, and social capital, were initially negatively impacted by public health emergencies and enhanced by social group activities.Several key recommendations are proposed based on the outcomes from the review, which include: the need for a standardised and validated approach to measuring both community resilience and social capital; that there should be enhanced effort to improve preparedness to public health emergencies in communities by gauging current levels of community resilience and social capital; that community resilience and social capital should be bolstered if areas are at risk of disasters or public health emergencies; the need to ensure that suitable short-term support is provided to communities with high resilience in the immediate aftermath of a public health emergency or disaster; the importance of conducting robust evaluation of community resilience initiatives deployed during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Low uptake of COVID-19 lateral flow testing among university students: a mixed methods evaluation.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate COVID-19 lateral flow testing (LFT) among asymptomatic university students. STUDY DESIGN: This study was a mixed methods evaluation of LFT among University of Bristol students. METHODS: We conducted (1) an analysis of testing uptake and exploration of demographic variations in uptake using logistic regression; (2) an online student survey about views on university testing; and (3) qualitative interviews to explore participants' experiences of testing and subsequent behaviour, analysed using a thematic approach. RESULTS: A total of 12,391 LFTs were conducted on 8025 of 36,054 (22.3%) students. Only one in 10 students had the recommended two tests. There were striking demographic disparities in uptake with those from ethnic minority groups having lower uptake (e.g. 3% of Chinese students were tested vs 30.7% of White students) and variations by level and year of study (ranging from 5.3% to 33.7%), place of residence (29.0%-35.6%) and faculty (15.2%-32.8%). Differences persisted in multivariable analyses. A total of 436 students completed the online survey, and 20 in-depth interviews were conducted. Barriers to engagement with testing included a lack of awareness, knowledge and understanding, and concerns about the accuracy and safety. Students understood the limitations of LFTs but requested further information about test accuracy. Tests were used to inform behavioural decisions, often in combination with other information, such as the potential for exposure to the virus and perceptions of vulnerability. CONCLUSIONS: The low uptake of testing brings into question the role of mass LFT in university settings. Innovative strategies may be needed to increase LFT uptake among students.

[Radiological and clinical aspects of resection of the cardia]. / Radiologische und klinische Aspekte nach Kardiaresektion

Following resection of the cardia, problems may arise during two phases; in these, clinical and radiological examination may be required. Immediately after the operation one is concerned particularly with checking the incision or the extent and localisation of suture abnormalities. In the late post-operative period the problems are different. In addition to a description of the anatomy at the proximal and distal ends of the stomach, it is necessary to estimate functional conditions, such as passage through the anastomosis and the pylorus, the reservoir function of the gastric remnant and gastro-oesophageal reflux. An important task is to demonstrate tumour recurrence. For this purpose endoscopic, biopsy and cytological examinations are required.

[Radiation load of patients and radiation-exposed personnel in the endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreaticography]. / Strahlenbelastung von Patienten und strahlenexponiertem Personal bei der endoskopischen retrograden Cholangio-Pankreatikographie

Measurements of radiation in 54 patients and examiners during endoscopic-retrograde cholangiopancreaticography (ERCP) were analyzed. The values of radiation were relatively low and were compared favorably with those of gastroenterologic x-ray diagnostics. With greater experience it can be lowered further. Dangerous exposition to radiation was not found in patient or in examiner. The values obtained are far below the maximum dose permitted by radiation legislation. The question of a danger from repeated examination is not important, on the contrary, due to minimal exposition, the frequency of ERCP can be increased.

[Morphology and physiopathology of Billroth I gastroduodenostomy]. / Morfologia e fisiopatologia della gastroduodenostomia secondo Billroth I

97 patients subjected from 1 to 7 years previously to partial gastric resection by gastroduodenostomy (Billroth I) have been studied endoscopically and radiologically. Acid secretion after pentagastrin injection has also been determined. The most frequent mucous alterations identified by endoscopy were erosions in the stomach residue with inflammatory granulation in the anastomosis region. Recurrent ulcers were observed in 3% of cases. Acid secretion was reduced in 87% by comparison with the preoperative picture. The quantity of residual recretion depended on the greater curvature of the residual stomach. Radiological studies highlighted functional modifications indicative of organized motility in the residual stomach and pseudopyloric function at anastomosis level making coordinated draining possible.

[A new contrast medium (author's transl)]. / Uber ein neues Röntgenkontrastmittel

Report about a new roentgen contrast medium which contains as salt-forming cations the physiologic alpha-amino acids L-lysine, L-ornithine instead of the body-foreign N-methyl-glucamine base and as anion diatrizoate acids. Favourable results concerning clinical and roentgenological aspects of the lysine salt of diatrizoate acid are derived: general and local tolerance in angiographic and urologic examinations are good, pulse rate remains stable, blood pressure fluctuations are minimal.

[Radiologic diagnosis of retroperitoneal fibrosis (author's transl)]. / Zur röntgenologischen Diagnostik der retroperitonealen Fibrose

The value of the various radiologic techniques for the diagnosis and follow-up of retroperitoneal fibrosis are discussed on the basis of two case reports and an analysis of 48 patients. The most important technique is the IVP with breathing and profile exposures. AP and lateral pre-operative retrograde pyelography is often essential for the diagnosis. Cavography and arteriogram should always be done in this condition, since they permit assessment of vascular compression and extension distally of the fibrosis. MDP and contrast enema should be employed, if the signs warrant it. These radiologic techniques permit, when positive, combined surgical planning by various surgical specialists.

[The valence of radiodiagnostic methods for retroperitoneal fibrosis (author's transl)]. / Wertigkeit röntgendiagnostischer Verfahren bei retroperitonealer Fibrose

The valence of radiological methods of examination for the diagnosis and observation of retroperitoneal fibrosis is presented with reference to 2 case reports and an analysis of 48 of our own patients. The i.v. urogram with breathing and profile exposures is the most important method of examination. Retrograde pyelography in the AP and lateral positions is often indispensable for preoperative diagnosis. Cavography and arteriogram are necessary to determine the extent of the vascular involvement and the extent of the fibrosis caudally.

[Endoscopic transpapillary cholangiography (author's transl)]. / Endoskopische retrograde Cholangiographie

Endoscopic transpapillary Cholangiography is able to give valuable informations for indication and operative procedure in biliary diseases especially in obstructive jaundice. Indication for "blind" explorative laparotomy seems to become more rare as well as necessity for clearing situations of biliary tract by surgical preparation or X-ray-examinations as usually performed. If one is well trained in technical procedures and in interpretation of radiologic findings, very helpful diagnostic hints can be presented. In opposition to retrograde pancreaticography, endoscopic examination of the biliary tract can be propagated with more enthusism.

[Radiation exposure of patients and personnel in the endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography (author's transl)]. / Strahlenbelastung von Patienten und strahlenexponiertem Personal bei der endoskopischen retrograden Cholangio-Pankreatikographie

The results of the measurement of radiation protection in 54 patients and the involved personnel exposed to radiation (physician performing the endoscopy and the radiologist) during ERCP were analyzed. The radiation exposure values were relatively low and were within the range of those doses to be expected for gastroenterologic radiodiagnostics. After many years of experience, the radiation exposure for patients and physician can be further reduced. Actual danger from radiation need not be feared for the patient or the exposed personnel. The range of maximum values for radiation exposure set-up in the regulations for x-rays is so broad that, with endoscopic centers need not be decreased. Rather it can still be considerably increased.

[Morphology and pathophysiology of Billroth I gastro-duodenostomy (author's transl)]. / Der Billroth-I-Magen. Beitrag zur Morphologie und Pathophysiologie

Endoscopic and radiological studies were undertaken in 97 patients who had had a partial gastric resection with gastro-duodenostomy (Billroth I) one to seven years previously. Acid secretion was also analyzed after injection of pentagastrin. The most frequent mucosal changes seen at endoscopy were erosion in the residual stomach, with inflammatory granulation in the region of the anastomosis. Recurrent ulcers were seen in 3%. Acid secretion was reduced by 87% from its pre-operative level. The amount of residual secretion depended on the length of the greater curvature in the residual stomach. Radiological studies revealed functional changes indicating that there is a motility pattern in the residual stomach and a pseudopyloric function at the anastomosis which makes co-ordinated emptying possible.