Maternal Exposure to Trace Elements, Toxic Metals, and Longitudinal Changes in Infancy Anthropometry and Growth Trajectories: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Exploration of stage-specific effects of maternal exposure to trace elements and toxic metals on infancy continuous growth and trajectories is critical for early-life health management. Within a Chinese prospective cohort in 2014-2015, a total of 919 mother-infant pairs were included, and the urinary levels of 17 elements including vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, arsenic, molybdenum, palladium, cadmium, tin, gold, mercury, thallium, and lead in early (mean: 11.9 weeks), and late pregnancy (mean: 32.4 weeks) were assessed. Standardized anthropometric assessments of infants were conducted at 1, 3, 6, 8, and 12 months of age. A three-step longitudinal and high-dimensional data analysis procedure was carried out to estimate the impacts of exposome on dynamic growth. Early-pregnancy exposures to V and Cr were positively associated with repeated measurements of length-for-age z-scores (LAZ). Six trajectories were identified based on LAZ. Maternal single exposure to V and Cr as well as mixed exposure to trace elements in early pregnancy were associated with raised odds for the high-stable group. Our results suggested positive associations between maternal trace element exposome and infancy dynamic growth. V and Cr were the key elements and the early pregnancy might be the critical window.

Differences of blood cells, lymphocyte subsets and cytokines in COVID-19 patients with different clinical stages: a network meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Due to the rapid spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) worldwide, it is necessary to ascertain essential immune inflammatory parameters that describe the severity of the disease and provide guidance for treatment. We performed network meta-analyses to determine differences in blood cells, lymphocyte subsets, and cytokines in COVID-19 patients with different clinical stages. METHODS: Databases were systematically searched to May 2, 2020, and updated on June 1, 2020. Network meta-analyses were conducted via Stata 15.0, and the mean difference (MD) and its 95% CI were used as the effect values of the pooled analysis. RESULTS: Seventy-one studies were included involving 8647 COVID-19 patients, White blood cell (WBC), neutrophil (NEUT), IL-6, and IL-10 counts increased significantly with worsening of the COVID-19, while lymphocyte (LYM) counts decreased. The levels of platelet (PLT), CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and CD19+ cells in severe and critical patients were significantly lower than those in mild patients. IL-1ß count was significantly elevated in critical patients. CONCLUSIONS: Immune suppression and inflammatory injury play crucial roles in the progression of COVID-19, and the identification of susceptible cells and cytokines provide guidance for the early and accurate treatment of COVID-19 patients.

Effects of indoor air pollution from household solid fuel use on the risk of gastrointestinal and liver diseases in middle aged and elderly adults.

Solid fuels are widely used in China and increase the concentrations of indoor air pollutants. Nevertheless, there is limited longitudinal evidence linking solid fuel use and Gastrointestinal (GI) and liver diseases. This study aimed to prospectively investigate the association between household solid fuel use and the risk of GI and liver diseases in middle aged and elderly adults. This work was based on the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Longitudinal data incorporate with cross-sectional data were analyzed. Compared with individuals using clean fuel for cooking, solid fuel users were observed to have higher risk of GI diseases (OR in 2011, 2013, 2015, 2018 wave separately: 1.37, 95 % CI: 1.24-1.50, P < 0.001; 1.24, 95 % CI: 1.11-1.39, P < 0.001; 1.18, 95 % CI: 1.06-1.33, P < 0.001; 1.23, 95 % CI: 1.04-1.45, P < 0.05). The associations between solid fuel use and liver diseases were not significant in most of the groups. Participants transforming from solid to clean cooking fuels had lower risk of GI and liver diseases than persistent solid fuel users. Moreover, biomass cooking fuel users were at a significant higher risk of both liver and GI diseases compared with clean fuel users. Overall, household solid fuel use, especially for cooking, was related to higher risk of GI and liver diseases, while switching from solid to clean fuels could reduce this risk. Using biomass for cooking was identified to be more associated with the increasing risk of GI and liver diseases than cooking with coal.

Effect of prenatal exposure to phthalates on birth weight of offspring: A meta-analysis.

Prenatal exposure to phthalates is common. However, its effect on birth weight has always been met with conflicting conclusions. To explore the effects of prenatal phthalate exposure on neonatal weight, we searched PubMed, Web of Science (WOS), Cochrane Library, and Embase databases for articles published up to October 24, 2023. Observational studies with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were included. Our findings indicate no significant association between either mixed exposure effects or single phthalate metabolites and offspring birth weight when monitoring maternal urine phthalate metabolites. When stratified by sex, ΣHMWPs and MMP significantly reduced the birth weight of female offspring (ΣHMWPs: Pooled ß = -62.08, 95%CI: -123.11 to -1.05, P = 0.046; MMP: Pooled ß = -10.77, 95%CI: -18.74 to -2.80, P = 0.008). The results of subgroup analysis showed that ΣPAEs and ΣDEHP significantly decreased birth weight in the specific gravity correction group (ΣPAEs: Pooled estimates = -29.31, 95%CI: -58.52 to -0.10, P = 0.049; ΣDEHP: Pooled estimates = -18.25, 95%CI: -33.03 to -3.47, P = 0.016), and MECPP showed a positive correlation in the creatinine correction group (MECPP: Pooled estimates = 18.45, 95%CI: 0.13 to 36.77, P = 0.048). MEP and MBzP were negatively associated with birth weight in the no adjustment for gestational age group (MEP: Pooled estimates = -7.70, 95%CI: -14.19 to -1.21, P = 0.020; MBzP: Pooled estimates = -9.55, 95%CI: -16.08 to -3.03, P = 0.004). To make the results more convincing, more high-quality studies with large samples are urgently required.

Residential energy transition and chronic respiratory diseases.

Obtaining clean energy is of prime importance for planetary health and sustainable development. We aimed to assess the association between residential energy transition and the risk of chronic respiratory diseases. Using data from the Global Health Observatory and Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study, we delineated the spatial distribution and temporal trends of the population using clean fuels for cooking at a global scale. In the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, we performed rigorous and well-structured multistage analyses incorporating both cross-sectional and prospective data analyses to examine the associations between solid fuel use, residential energy transition, duration of solid fuel use, and the risk of chronic respiratory diseases. Despite great progress, huge disparities in access to clean energy persist globally. Residential energy transition was associated with a lower risk of chronic respiratory diseases. In the period of 2011-2013, compared with persistent solid fuel users, both participants who switched from solid to clean fuels (adjusted risk ratio [RR] 0.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.62-0.98) and persistent clean fuel users (adjusted RR 0.71, 95% CI 0.57-0.89) had significantly lower risk of chronic respiratory diseases (p < 0.001 for trend). Consistent associations were observed in the period of 2011-2015 and 2011-2018. Household energy transition from solid to clean fuels could reduce the risk of chronic respiratory diseases. This is a valuable lesson for policy-makers and the general public to accelerate energy switching to alleviate the burden of chronic respiratory diseases and achieve health benefits, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.

Pigment microparticles and microplastics found in human thrombi based on Raman spectral evidence.

INTRODUCTION: Environmental microparticle is becoming a global pollutant and the entire population is increasingly exposed to the microparticles from artificial materials. The accumulation of microparticles including microplastics and its subsequent effects need to be investigated timely to keep sustainable development of human society. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to explore the accumulation of environmental particles in thrombus, the pathological structure in the blood circulation system. METHODS: Patients receiving cardiovascular surgical operations were screened and twenty-six thrombi were collected, digested and filtered. Non-soluble microparticles were enriched on the filter membrane and then were analyzed and identified with Raman Spectrometer. The associations of particle status (presence or absence) or particle number in the thrombus and clinical indicators were examined. One strict quality control-particle detection system was designed to eliminate environmental contaminations. RESULTS: Among twenty-six thrombi, sixteen contained eighty-seven identified particles ranging from 2.1 to 26.0 µm in size. The number of microparticles in each thrombus ranged from one to fifteen with the median reaching five. All the particles found in thrombi were irregularly block-shaped. Totally, twenty-one phthalocyanine particles, one Hostasol-Green particle, and one low-density polyethylene microplastic, which were from synthetic materials, were identified in thrombi. The rest microparticles included iron compounds and metallic oxides. After the adjustment for potential confounders, a significantly positive association between microparticle number and blood platelet levels was detected (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: This study provides the first photograph and Raman spectrum evidence of microparticles in thrombi. A large number of non-soluble particles including synthetic material microparticles could accumulate in arteries, suggesting that the risk of microparticle exposure was under-estimated and the re-evaluation of its health effects is urgently needed. There will be a series of reports on assessing the health effects of microparticle exposure in humans in the future and this research provided clues for the subsequent research.

Prenatal exposure to pesticides and domain-specific neurodevelopment at age 12 and 18 months in Nanjing, China.

BACKGROUND: The extensive usage of pesticides has led to a ubiquitous exposure in the Chinese general population. Previous studies have demonstrated developmental neurotoxicity associated with prenatal exposure to pesticides. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to delineate the landscape of internal pesticides exposure levels from pregnant women's blood serum samples, and to identify the specific pesticides associated with the domain-specific neuropsychological development. METHODS: Participants included 710 mother-child pairs in a prospective cohort study initiated and maintained in Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital. Maternal spot blood samples were collected at enrollment. Leveraging on an accurate, sensitive and reproducible analysis method for 88 pesticides, a total of 49 pesticides were measured simultaneously using gas chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). After implementing a strict quality control (QC) management, 29 pesticides were reported. We assessed neuropsychological development in 12-month-old (n = 172) and 18-month-old (n = 138) children using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ), Third Edition. Negative binomial regression models were used to investigate the associations between prenatal exposure to pesticides and ASQ domain-specific scores at age 12 and 18 months. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis and generalized additive models (GAMs) were fitted to evaluate non-linear patterns. Longitudinal models with generalized estimating equations (GEE) were conducted to account for correlations among repeated observations. Weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) were applied to examining the joint effect of the mixture of pesticides. Several sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the robustness of the results. RESULTS: We observed that prenatal exposure to chlorpyrifos was significantly associated with a 4 % decrease in the ASQ communication scores both at age 12 months (RR, 0.96; 95 % CI, 0.94-0.98; P < 0.001) and 18 months (RR, 0.96; 95 % CI, 0.93-0.99; P < 0.01). In the ASQ gross motor domain, higher concentrations of mirex (RR, 0.96; 95 % CI, 0.94-0.99, P < 0.01 for 12-month-old children; RR, 0.98; 95 % CI, 0.97-1.00, P = 0.01 for 18-month-old children), and atrazine (RR, 0.97; 95 % CI, 0.95-0.99, P < 0.01 for 12-month-old children; RR, 0.99; 95 % CI, 0.97-1.00, P = 0.03 for 18-month-old children) were associated with decreased scores. In the ASQ fine motor domain, higher concentrations of mirex (RR, 0.98; 95 % CI, 0.96-1.00, P = 0.04 for 12-month-old children; RR, 0.98; 95 % CI, 0.96-0.99, P < 0.01 for 18-month-old children), atrazine (RR, 0.97; 95 % CI, 0.95-0.99, P < 0.001 for 12-month-old children; RR, 0.98; 95 % CI, 0.97-1.00, P = 0.01 for 18-month-old children), and dimethipin (RR, 0.94; 95 % CI, 0.89-1.00, P = 0.04 for 12-month-old children; RR, 0.93; 95 % CI, 0.88-0.98, P < 0.01 for 18-month-old children) were associated with decreased scores. The associations were not modified by child sex. There was no evidence of statistically significant nonlinear relationships between pesticides exposure and RRs of delayed neurodevelopment (Pnonlinearity > 0.05). Longitudinal analyses implicated the consistent findings. CONCLUSION: This study gave an integrated picture of pesticides exposure in Chinese pregnant women. We found significant inverse associations between prenatal exposure to chlorpyrifos, mirex, atrazine, dimethipin and the domain-specific neuropsychological development (i.e., communication, gross motor and fine motor) of children at 12 and 18 months of age. These findings identified specific pesticides with high risk of neurotoxicity, and highlighted the need for priority regulation of them.

Ecological change of the gut microbiota during pregnancy and progression to dyslipidemia.

The composition of the gut microbiome was previously found to be associated with clinical responses to dyslipidemia, but there is limited consensus on the dynamic change of the gut microbiota during pregnancy and the specific microbiome characteristics linked to dyslipidemia in pregnant women. We collected fecal samples from 513 pregnant women at multiple time points during pregnancy in a prospective cohort. Taxonomic composition and functional annotations were determined by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and shotgun metagenomic sequencing. The predictive potential of gut microbiota on the risk of dyslipidemia was determined. The gut microbiome underwent dynamic changes during pregnancy, with significantly lower alpha diversity observed in dyslipidemic patients compared to their healthy counterparts. Several genera, including Bacteroides, Paraprevotella, Alistipes, Christensenellaceae R7 group, Clostridia UCG-014, and UCG-002 were negatively associated with lipid profiles and dyslipidemia. Further metagenomic analysis recognized a common set of pathways involved in gastrointestinal inflammation, where disease-specific microbes played an important role. Machine learning analysis confirmed the link between the microbiome and its progression to dyslipidemia, with a micro-averaged AUC of 0.824 (95% CI: 0.782-0.855) combined with blood biochemical data. Overall, the human gut microbiome, including Alistipes and Bacteroides, was associated with the lipid profile and maternal dyslipidemia during pregnancy by perturbing inflammatory functional pathways. Gut microbiota combined with blood biochemical data at the mid-pregnancy stage could predict the risk of dyslipidemia in late pregnancy. Therefore, the gut microbiota may represent a potential noninvasive diagnostic and therapeutic strategy for preventing dyslipidemia in pregnancy.

Associations between maternal exposure to perfluoroalkylated substances (PFASs) and infant birth weight: a meta-analysis.

The objective of this study was to determine the associations between maternal exposure to PFASs and infant birth weight and to explore evidence for a possible dose-response relationship. Four databases including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Medline before 20 September 2022 were systematically searched. A fixed-effect model was used to estimate the change in infant birth weight (g) associated with PFAS concentrations increasing by 10-fold. Dose-response meta-analyses were also conducted when possible. The study follows the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). A total of 21 studies were included. Among these studies, 18 studies examined the associations between PFOA and birth weight, 17 studies reported PFOS, and 11 studies discussed PFHxS. Associations between PFHxS (ES = -5.67, 95% CI: -33.92 to 22.59, P = 0.694) were weaker than those for PFOA and PFOS (ES = -58.62, 95% CI: -85.23 to -32.01, P < 0.001 for PFOA; ES = -54.75, 95% CI: -84.48 to -25.02, P < 0.001 for PFOS). The association was significantly stronger in the high median PFOS concentration group (ES = -107.23, 95% CI: -171.07 to -43.39, P < 0.001) than the lower one (ES = -29.15, 95% CI: -63.60 to -5.30, P = 0.097; meta-regression, P = 0.045). Limited evidence of a dose-response relationship was found. This study showed negative associations between maternal exposure to PFASs and infant birth weight. Limited evidence of a dose-response relationship between exposure to PFOS and infant birth weight was found. Further studies are needed to find more evidence.

Epidemiological Characterisation of blaNDM-Positive Enterobacterales from Food-Producing Animal Farms in Southwest China.

Carbapenems are atypical ß-lactam antibiotics with a broade antibacterial spectrum and strong antibacterial activity; however, the emergence and spread of carbapenemases have led to a decline in their effectiveness. New Delhi metallo-ß-lactamase (NDM) is an important carbapenemase that has attracted widespread attention and poses a major threat to public health. To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of blaNDM in swine and chicken farms in southwestern China, we isolated 102 blaNDM-positive Enterobacterales strains from 18 farms in Sichuan and Yunnan provinces in 2021, with Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. being the main reservoirs of blaNDM, variant blaNDM-5 being the most prevalent, and all strains being multi-drug resistant. Whole-genome sequencing analysis of 102 blaNDM-positive Enterobacterales strains revealed that blaNDM had spread primarily through its carriers on the same farm and among the 18 farms in this study. A high degree of genetic similarity between animal-derived blaNDM-positive Escherichia coli strains and human-derived strains was also identified, suggesting a potential mutual transmission between them. Nanopore sequencing results indicated that blaNDM is predominantly present on the IncX3 plasmid, that an insertion sequence might be important for recombination in the blaNDM genetic environment, and that most of the plasmids carrying blaNDM are transferable. Collectively, our results enrich the current epidemiological information regarding blaNDM in pig and chicken farms in Southwest China, revealing its transmission pattern, as well as the potential risk of transmission to humans, which could help to better understand and control the spread of blaNDM.

Diagnostic value of high sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) in dialysis patients with myocardial infarction.

Background: As a sensitive diagnostic marker for myocardial infarction (MI) in people with normal renal function, elevated high sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) was often found in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients requiring dialysis. However, the accuracy of baseline hs-cTnT in the diagnosis of MI (including Type 1 MI (T1MI) and Type 2 MI (T2MI)) in dialysis patients is still controversial. The aim of this study was to retrospectively explore whether there were any clinical indices that could increase the predictive value of hs-cTnT on admission for MI occurrence in dialysis patients. Methods: Here, 136 patients with uremia who underwent regular dialysis with coronary angiography in the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from August 2017 to October 2021 were enrolled. According to the coronary angiography results and the presence of clinical symptoms, the patients were divided into: (1). AMI group (n = 69; angiography positive) and Control group (n = 67; angiography negative); (2). T1MI group (n = 69; angiography positive), T2MI group (n = 7; angiography negative & symptomatic), and Control group (n = 60; angiography negative & asymptomatic). Results: Here, we found the mean hs-cTnT on admission in the Control group was much lower than that in the AMI group. Hs-cTnT alone had a mediocre predictive performance, with an AUROC of 0.7958 (95% CI: 0.7220, 0.8696). Moreover, the ROC curve of hs-cTnT combined with the Triglyceride (TG), Time of dialysis, and Albumin (Alb) showed a higher sensitivity area [0.9343 (95% CI: 0.8901, 0.9786)] than that of single hs-cTnT. Next, hs-cTnT combined with the TG, Time of dialysis, and Alb also presented a better performance in predicting T1MI [0.9150 (95% CI: 0.8678, 0.9621)] or T2MI (0.9167 [0.9167 (95% CI: 0.8427, 0.9906)] occurrences. Last, these combined variables could better distinguish patient between T1MI and T2MI group than hs-cTnT alone. Conclusions: On admission, a combination of hs-cTnT, TG, Time of dialysis, and Alb presented a higher sensitivity than hs-cTnT alone in predicting MI occurrence in dialysis patients, suggesting a better diagnostic approach for future clinical applications.

Hepatic DKK1-driven steatosis is CD36 dependent.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is prevalent worldwide; about 25% of NAFLD silently progress into steatohepatitis, in which some of them may develop into fibrosis, cirrhosis and liver failure. However, few drugs are available for NAFLD, partly because of an incomplete understanding of its pathogenic mechanisms. Here, using in vivo and in vitro gain- and loss-of-function approaches, we identified up-regulated DKK1 plays a pivotal role in high-fat diet-induced NAFLD and its progression. Mechanistic analysis reveals that DKK1 enhances the capacity of hepatocytes to uptake fatty acids through the ERK-PPARγ-CD36 axis. Moreover, DKK1 increased insulin resistance by activating the JNK signaling, which in turn exacerbates disorders of hepatic lipid metabolism. Our finding suggests that DKK1 may be a potential therapeutic and diagnosis candidate for NAFLD and metabolic disorder progression.

Sensitive detection of viable salmonella bacteria based on tertiary cascade signal amplification via splintR ligase ligation-PCR amplification-CRISPR/Cas12a cleavage.

Several viable Salmonella bacteria are capable of causing severe human diseases and huge economic losses. In this regard, viable Salmonella bacteria detection techniques that can identify small numbers of microbial cells are highly valuable. Here, we present a detection method (referred to as SPC) based on the amplification of tertiary signals using splintR ligase ligation, PCR amplification and CRISPR/Cas12a cleavage. The detection limit of the SPC assay was 6 copies (HilA RNA) and 10 CFU (cell). Based on Intracellular HilA RNA detection, this assay can be used to distinguish between viable and dead Salmonella. In addition, it is able to detect multiple serotypes of Salmonella and has been successfully used to detect Salmonella in milk or isolated from farms. Overall, this assay is a promising test for viable pathogens detection and biosafety control.

Assessing maternal thyroid function and its relationship to duration of the first stage of labor.

Introduction: Maternal thyroid function plays a critical role in the normal labor process. Whether maternal thyroid function affects the duration of the first stage of labor is still unknown. Methods: Maternal serum levels of free thyroxine (FT4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) were detected in 31,382 pregnant women. A multiple linear regression model was applied to investigate the effect of maternal thyroid function on the duration of the first stage of labor. Results: FT4 level in the second trimester and in the third trimester was found to be negatively associated with duration of the first stage of labor (ß = -1.30 h, 95% CI: -2.28, -0.32, P < 0.01; ß = -0.35 h, 95% CI: -0.61, -0.10, P < 0.01). TSH level in the third trimester was found to be positively associated with the duration of the first stage of labor (ß = 0.12 h, 95% CI: 0.06, 0.18, P < 0.001). Per unit increase in TPOAb (IU/mL) in the second trimester and in the third trimester was significantly associated with prolonged first stage of labor (ß = 0.08 h, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.14, P = 0.02; ß = 0.09 h, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.15, P = 0.01). For pregnant women suffering from subclinical hypothyroidism combined without TPOAb, TSH level in the third trimester exhibited a significant positive association with the length of the first stage of labor (ß = 2.44 h, 95% CI: 0.03, 4.84, P = 0.04). Conclusions: These findings suggest that maternal FT4, TSH and TPOAb might be important predictors of the first stage of labor.

Associations between PM2.5 exposure and infant growth: A mediation analysis of oral microbiota.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have linked growth retardation with ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure. However, few studies explored such association from the perspective of microbiota, such as oral microbiota. We aimed to identify the potential role of oral microbiota in the links between PM2.5 exposure and infant growth. METHODS: Baseline information of 335 recruited mother-child pairs was collected by structured questionnaires. Growth indicators (weight, length) of one-year-old infants were abstracted from medical records when they had physical examination and corresponding z scores were calculated. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing was performed to assess oral microbiota of infants and co-abundance groups (CAGs) were further calculated. We assessed PM2.5 levels by inverse distance weighting (IDW). Generalized linear regression and mediation analysis were performed to determine associations between PM2.5 exposure, oral microbiota and growth indicators. RESULTS: Per 10 µg m-3 increment of PM2.5 in the period of 10th month-examination was associated with decreased length z score (ß = -1.97, 95%CI: -3.83, -0.11). Oral microbiota correlated with weight z score and body mass index (BMI) z score was identified by Spearman correlation analysis. CAG4 was statistically associated with increased weight z score (ß = 3.40, 95%CI: 0.29, 6.51) and BMI z score (ß = 5.44, 95%CI: 1.00, 9.87). Several bacteria in the level of genus and CAG associated with PM2.5 exposure were additionally identified (P < 0.05). Mediation analysis revealed that PM2.5 in the period of birth-3rd month impacted the z scores of weight and BMI by altering relative abundance of Megasphaera (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: PM2.5 exposure from 10th to 12th month after birth could retard infant linear growth. PM2.5 might impact oral microbiota of one-year-old infants. Growth-related bacteria and CAGs were identified. Megasphaera might function as mediator between PM2.5 exposure during birth-3rd month and infant z scores of weight and BMI.

Characterization and Public Health Insights of the New Delhi Metallo-ß-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacterales from Laying Hens in China.

The New Delhi metallo-ß-lactamase (NDM) is a major element for the rapid expansion of the carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales, which poses a great challenge to public health security. NDM-producing Enterobacterales strains (50 Escherichia coli, 40 Klebsiella pneumoniae, and 5 Enterobacter cloacae) were isolated from laying hens in China for the surveillance of antibiotic-resistant pathogens, and all were found to be multi-drug resistant bacteria. The genomic analysis of these NDM-positive bacteria revealed the ST167, ST617, and ST410 of the fifteen ST-type E. coli clones and ST37 of the four ST-type K. pneumoniae clones to be the same types as the human-derived strains. Among them, some new clone types were also found. Most of the blaNDM genes (blaNDM-1 or blaNDM-5) were on the IncX3 plasmids (n = 80) and were distributed in E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and E. cloacae, while the remaining blaNDM-5 genes were harbored in the E. coli ST167 with IncFII plasmids (n = 15). The typeⅠ1 of the eight IncX3 plasmid subtypes was consistent with the human-derived pNDM5_020001 plasmid (accession no. CP032424). In addition, these two plasmids did not affect the growth of the host bacteria and could be reproduced stably without antibiotics. Our study revealed the high genetic propensity of the NDM-positive Enterobacterales from the laying hens and human commensal Enterobacterales, suggesting the potentially enormous risk of its transmission to humans.

Environmental chemical exposure dynamics and machine learning-based prediction of diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: With dramatically increasing prevalence, diabetes mellitus has imposed a tremendous toll on individual well-being. Humans are exposed to various environmental chemicals, which have been postulated as underappreciated but potentially modifiable diabetes risk factors. OBJECTIVES: To determine the utility of environmental chemical exposure in predicting diabetes mellitus. METHODS: A total of 8501 eligible participants from NHANES 2005-2016 were randomly assigned to a discovery (N = 5953) set and a validation (N = 2548) set. We applied random forest (RF) and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression with 10-fold cross-validation in the discovery set to select features, and built an optimal model to predict diabetes mellitus, blood insulin, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and 2-h plasma glucose after oral glucose tolerance test (2-h PG after OGTT). RESULTS: The machine learning model using LASSO regression predicted diabetes with an area under the receiver operating characteristics (AUROC) of 0.80 and 0.78 in the discovery set and validation set, respectively. The linear model predicted blood insulin level with an R2 of 0.42 and 0.40 in the discovery set and validation set, respectively. For FPG, the discovery set and validation set yielded an R2 of 0.16 and 0.15, respectively. For 2-h PG after OGTT, the discovery set and validation set yielded an R2 of 0.18 and 0.17, respectively. CONCLUSION: We used environmental chemical exposure, constructed machine learning models and achieved relatively accurate prediction for diabetes, emphasizing the predictive value of widespread environmental chemicals for complicated diseases.

Insight Into the Potential Value of Gut Microbial Signatures for Prediction of Gestational Anemia.

The gut microbiota alternations are associated with gestational anemia (GA); however, limited predictive value for the subsequent incidence of anemia in normal gestational women has been obtained. We sought to rigorously characterise gut dysbiosis in subjects with GA and explored the potential predictive value of novel microbial signatures for the risk of developing GA. A prospective cohort of subjects with GA (n = 156) and healthy control (n = 402), all of whom were free of GA in the second trimester, by 16S rRNA gene sequencing was conducted. Microbial signatures altered dramatically in GA compared with healthy control in the second trimester. Megamonas, Veillonella, and Haemophilus were confirmed to show differential abundances in GA after adjusting for covariates. On the contrary, Lachnospiraceae and Blautia were enriched in control. Microbial co-abundance group (CAG) network was constructed. Prospectively, CAG network relatively accurately predicted upcoming GA in normal pregnant women with an AUC of 0.7738 (95%CI: 0.7171, 0.8306) and the performance was further validated in Validation set (0.8223, 95%CI: 0.7573, 0.8874). Overall, our study demonstrated that alterations in the gut microbial community were associated with anemia in pregnancy and microbial signatures could accurately predict the subsequent incidence of anemia in normal pregnant women. Our findings provided new insights into understanding the role of gut microbiota in GA, identifying high-risk individuals, and modulating gut microbiota as a therapeutic target, thus improving quality of life and well-being of women and children.

Associations of maternal exposure to fine particulate matter constituents during pregnancy with Apgar score and duration of labor: A retrospective study in Guangzhou, China, 2012-2017.

BACKGROUND: Limited evidence is available for demonstrating effects of prenatal PM2.5 and its components exposure on Apgar score and duration of labor. OBJECTIVE: We sought to investigate the associations between PM2.5 constituents, Apgar score and duration of labor, and evaluated the potential mediating role of duration of labor. METHODS: This study included 5396 participants. The V4·CH.02 was applied to assessing exposure to PM2.5 constituents. The associations between PM2.5 constituents Apgar score and duration of labor were examined by multivariate linear regression. Mediation analysis was conducted to estimate the potential mediation effect of duration of labor. RESULTS: Trimester-specific exposure to soil dust was significantly associated with 1-min Apgar score (1st trimester: OR: 1.03, 95% CI:0.97, 1.10; 2nd trimester: OR: 1.07, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.14; 3rd trimester: OR: 1.07, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.13), duration of first stage of labor (1st trimester: ß: 0.32, 95% CI: 0.07, 0.58; 2nd trimester: ß: 0.27, 95% CI: 0.04, 0.51; 3rd trimester: ß: 0.37, 95% CI: 0.13, 0.61) and duration of second stage of labor (1st trimester: ß: 0.04, 95% CI: -0.00, 0.09; 2nd trimester: ß: 0.05, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.10; 3rd trimester: ß: 0.05, 95% CI: 0.00, 0.09). The duration of labor mediated the relationship between soil dust and 1-min Apgar score. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that prenatal exposure to soil dust was significantly associated with the risk of abnormal 1-min Apgar score and extended stage of labor.