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1.
Can J Kidney Health Dis ; 11: 20543581241242562, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38623282

RESUMO

Rationale: Alport Syndrome (AS) is a progressive genetic condition characterized by chronic kidney disease (CKD), hearing loss, and eye abnormalities. It is caused by mutations in the genes COL4A3, COL4A4, and COL4A5. Heterozygous mutations in COL4A4 and COL4A3 cause autosomal dominant Alport Syndrome (ADAS), and a spectrum of phenotypes ranging from asymptomatic hematuria to CKD, with variable extra-renal features. In the past, heterozygous mutations in these genes were thought to be benign, however recent studies show that about 30% of patients can progress to CKD, and 15% can progress to end stage kidney disease (ESKD). Presenting Concerns: We present a case of a woman who was noted to have microscopic hematuria pre-living kidney donation. Genetic testing revealed a heterozygous variant of uncertain significance (VUS) in the COL4A4 gene. VUSs are medically nonactionable findings and data show that VUSs can be detected in 41% of all patients who undergo clinical genetic testing. VUSs frustrate clinicians and patients alike. Although they cannot be used in medical decision-making, data suggest that reanalysis can result in the reclassification of a VUS over time. Diagnosis: Post-donation, the index patient had a higher than anticipated rise in serum creatinine, raising a concern for possible intrinsic kidney disease. Kidney biopsy was deemed high risk in the setting of a unilateral kidney thereby limiting possible diagnostic intervention to determine the cause of disease. Intervention: Re-evaluation of prior genetic testing results and reassessment of the previously identified VUS in COL4A4 was performed 5-years post-donation. These analyses, along with the addition of new phenotypic data and extended pedigree data, resulted in the reclassification of the previously identified VUS to a likely pathogenic variant. Outcomes: This case demonstrates the importance of structured, periodic re-evaluation of genetic testing results. With the ever-changing landscape of genetics in medicine, the interpretation of a VUS can be dynamic and therefore warrant caution in living kidney donor evaluations. Studies have shown that about 10% of VUSs can be upgraded to a pathogenic classification after an 18- to 36-month interval. Structured re-evaluation of genomic testing results has not yet been integrated into clinical practice and poses a unique challenge in living kidney donation. Novel findings: This case report highlights the variability of the ADAS phenotype caused by pathogenic heterozygous variants in the type 4 collagen genes. It supports the nomenclature change from a benign hematuria phenotype to ADAS, particularly when additional risk factors such as proteinuria, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis or glomerular basement membrane changes on kidney biopsy are present, or as in this case, evidence of disease in other family members.


Justification: Le syndrome d'Alport (SA) est une maladie génétique progressive caractérisée par une insuffisance rénale chronique (IRC), une perte auditive et des anomalies oculaires. La maladie est causée par des mutations dans les gènes COL4A3, COL4A4 et COL4A5. Des mutations hétérozygotes dans les gènes COL4A4 et COL4A3 provoquent le syndrome d'Alport autosomique dominant (SAAD) et un specter de phénotypes allant de l'hématurie asymptomatique à l'IRC, avec des caractéristiques extrarénales variables. Dans le passé, les mutations hétérozygotes de ces gènes étaient considérées comme bénignes, mais des études récentes montrent qu'environ 30 % des patients peuvent progresser vers l'IRC et 15 % vers l'insuffisance rénale terminale (IRT). Présentation du cas: Nous présentons le cas d'une femme chez qui on avait observé une hématurie microscopique avant un don vivant de rein. Les tests génétiques ont révélé un variant hétérozygote de signification incertaine dans le gène COL4A4. Les variants de signification incertaine (VSI) sont des résultats qui ne peuvent être utilisés médicalement et les données montrent qu'ils peuvent être détectés chez 41 % des patients qui subissent des tests génétiques cliniques. Les VSI sont frustrants tant pour les cliniciens que pour les patients. Bien qu'ils ne puissent pas être utilisés dans la prise de décisions médicales, les données suggèrent que leur réanalyse pourrait entraîner leur reclassification au fil du temps. Diagnostic: Après le don, ce cas index a présenté une élévation de la créatinine sérique plus importante que prévu, ce qui a soulevé une préoccupation quant à la présence d'une néphropathie intrinsèque. La biopsie rénale a été jugée à haut risque dans le contexte de rein unilatéral, ce qui a limité la possible intervention diagnostique pour déterminer la cause de la maladie. Intervention: La réévaluation des résultats des tests génétiques antérieurs et du VSI précédemment identifié dans COL4A4 a été réalisée 5 ans après le don. Ces analyses, ainsi que l'ajout de nouvelles données phénotypiques et de données généalogiques étendues, ont abouti à la reclassification du VSI précédemment identifié en variant probablement pathogène. Résultats: Ce cas illustre l'importance de réévaluer de façon structurée et périodique les résultats des tests génétiques. La génétique étant en constante évolution en médecine, l'interprétation d'un VSI peut être dynamique et, ainsi, justifier la prudence dans les évaluations des donneurs de reins vivants. Des études ont montré qu'environ 10 % des VSI peuvent être reclassés comme pathogènes après 18 à 36 mois. La réévaluation structurée des résultats des tests génomiques, qui n'a pas encore été intégrée dans la pratique clinique, pose un défi unique dans le contexte d'un don vivant de reins. Principales observations: Ce rapport de cas met en évidence la variabilité du phénotype du SAAD causé par des variants hétérozygotes pathogènes dans les gènes du collagène de type 4. Il soutient un changement de nomenclature du phénotype d'hématurie bénigne en SAAD, en particulier en présence de facteurs de risque supplémentaires tels que la protéinurie et la glomérulosclérose segmentaire et focale, de modifications de la membrane basale glomérulaire sur la biopsie rénale ou, comme dans ce cas, de preuves de la maladie chez d'autres membres de la famille.

2.
Open Forum Infect Dis ; 11(5): ofae182, 2024 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38737424

RESUMO

Background: People with HIV are at a greater risk of end-stage kidney disease than the general population. Considering the risk of death after end-stage kidney disease, access to renal transplantation in people with HIV is critically important. Methods: We included all adult patients on chronic dialysis in Ontario, Canada, between 1 April 2007 and 31 December 2020. We determined the probability of kidney transplantation with competing risk of death over time since the initiation of dialysis by calculating the adjusted subdistribution hazard ratios (sdHR; 95% confidence interval [CI]). We also compared long-term renal allograft and posttransplant mortality outcomes between HIV-negative and HIV-positive persons. Results: Of 40 686 people (median age, 68 years; interquartile range, 57-77; 38.4% women), 173 were HIV-positive and 40 513 were HIV-negative. The incidence of kidney transplantation in HIV-negative and HIV-positive patients was 40.5 (95% CI, 39.4-41.6)/1000 person-years and 35.0 (95% CI, 22.8-53.7)/1000 person-years, respectively (P = .51). Considering the competing risk of death, HIV-positive people had a significantly lower chance of receiving kidney transplants than HIV-negative people (sdHR, 0.46 [95% CI, .30-.70]). The long-term allograft failure risk was not significantly different between HIV-negative and HIV-positive people, considering the competing risk of posttransplant death (sdHR, 1.71 [95% CI, .46-6.35]). Conclusions: Although the incidence and crude probability of kidney transplantation were similar among HIV-negative and HIV-positive persons in this cohort, those with HIV had a significantly lower likelihood of kidney transplantation than those without HIV. Having HIV was not significantly associated with a poor long-term allograft outcome compared with patients without HIV.

3.
Transplant Proc ; 56(1): 50-57, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38199855

RESUMO

Expanded criteria donor (ECD) kidneys experience suboptimal outcomes compared with standard criteria donor kidneys. To examine the additional impact of deceased organ category, donation after circulatory death (DCD), and neurologic determination of death (NDD) on ECD outcomes, we examined 1- and 3-year patient and graft survival in all ECD kidney recipients in our institution between January 2008 and December 2017. Of 166 ECD recipients, 49 (29.5%) were DCD and 117 (70.5%) were NDD. Delayed graft function was higher in the DCD/ECD group 61.2 % vs 32.0 % among NDD/ECD recipients. Graft loss was significantly increased among DCD/ECD (hazard ratio for graft loss 4.81 [95% CI1.78-13.01], P = .002 at 1 year and 2.03 [95% CI 1.03-4.0], P = .042 at 3 years). Death-censored graft loss was higher among DCD/ECD (hazard ratio was 10.12 [95% CI, 2.14, 47.92], P = .004 at 1 year and 2.83 [95% CI, 1.24, 6.46], P = .014 at 3 years). There was no statistically significant difference in all-cause mortality. Our study demonstrated that DCD/ECD kidneys have lower graft survival compared with NDD/ECD kidneys. Time on dialysis, waiting time, and panel reactive antibody should be taken into account when offering these organs to patients.


Assuntos
Transplante de Rim , Obtenção de Tecidos e Órgãos , Humanos , Transplante de Rim/efeitos adversos , Diálise Renal , Doadores de Tecidos , Sobrevivência de Enxerto , Estudos Retrospectivos
4.
Can J Kidney Health Dis ; 11: 20543581231221891, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38186562

RESUMO

Background: Safety issues are detected in about one third of prescription drugs in the years following regulatory agency approval. Older adults, especially those with chronic kidney disease, are at particular risk of adverse reactions to prescription drugs. This protocol describes a new approach that may identify credible drug-safety signals more efficiently using administrative health care data. Objective: To use high-throughput computing and automation to conduct 700+ drug-safety cohort studies in older adults in Ontario, Canada. Each study will compare 74 acute (30-day) outcomes in patients who start a new prescription drug (new users) to a group of nonusers with similar baseline health characteristics. Risks will be assessed within strata of baseline kidney function. Design and setting: The studies will be population-based, new-user cohort studies conducted using linked administrative health care databases in Ontario, Canada (January 1, 2008, to March 1, 2020). The source population for these studies will be residents of Ontario aged 66 years or older who filled at least one outpatient prescription through the Ontario Drug Benefit (ODB) program during the study period (all residents have universal health care, and those aged 65+ have universal prescription drug coverage through the ODB). Patients: We identified 3.2 million older adults in the source population during the study period and built 700+ initial medication cohorts, each containing mutually exclusive groups of new users and nonusers. Nonusers were randomly assigned cohort entry dates that followed the same distribution of prescription start dates as new users. Eligibility criteria included a baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) measurement within 12 months before the cohort entry date (median time was 71 days before cohort entry in the new user group), no prior receipt of maintenance dialysis or a kidney transplant, and no prior prescriptions for drugs in the same subclass as the study drug. New users and nonusers will be balanced on ~400 baseline health characteristics using inverse probability of treatment weighting on propensity scores within 3 strata of baseline eGFR: ≥60, 45 to <60, <45 mL/min per 1.73 m2. Outcomes: We will compare new user and nonuser groups on 74 clinically relevant outcomes (17 composites and 57 individual outcomes) in the 30 days after cohort entry. We used a prespecified approach to identify these 74 outcomes. Statistical analysis plan: In each cohort, we will obtain eGFR-stratum-specific weighted risk ratios and risk differences using modified Poisson regression and binomial regression, respectively. Additive and multiplicative interaction by eGFR category will be examined. Drug-outcome associations that meet prespecified criteria (identified signals) will be further examined in additional analyses (including survival, negative-control exposure, and E-value analyses) and visualizations. Results: The initial medication cohorts had a median of 6120 new users per cohort (interquartile range: 1469-38 839) and a median of 1 088 301 nonusers (interquartile range: 751 697-1 267 009). Medications with the largest number of new users were amoxicillin trihydrate (n = 1 000 032), cephalexin (n = 571 566), prescription acetaminophen (n = 571 563), and ciprofloxacin (n = 504,374); 19% to 29% of new users in these cohorts had an eGFR <60 mL/min per 1.73 m2. Limitations: Despite our use of robust techniques to balance baseline indicators and to control for confounding by indication, residual confounding will remain a possibility. Only acute (30-day) outcomes will be examined. Our data sources do not include nonprescription (over-the-counter) drugs or drugs prescribed in hospitals and do not include outpatient prescription drug use in children or adults <65 years. Conclusion: This accelerated approach to conducting postmarket drug-safety studies has the potential to more efficiently detect drug-safety signals in a vulnerable population. The results of this protocol may ultimately help improve medication safety.


Contexte: Des problèmes d'innocuité sont détectés dans environ un tiers des médicaments d'ordonnance au cours des années qui suivent leur approbation par l'organisme de réglementation. Les personnes âgées, en particulier celles qui sont atteintes d'insuffisance rénale chronique, sont particulièrement exposées aux effets indésirables des médicaments d'ordonnance. Ce protocole décrit une nouvelle approche qui, à partir des données administratives du système de santé, pourrait permettre d'identifier plus efficacement les signaux crédibles sur la sécurité des médicaments. Objectif: Utiliser l'informatique à haut débit et l'automatisation pour mener plus de 700 études de cohorte sur l'innocuité des médicaments chez les adultes âgés résidant en Ontario (Canada). Chaque étude comparera 74 résultats aigus (30 jours) chez des patients qui commencent un nouveau médicament sur ordonnance (nouveaux utilisateurs) à ceux d'un groupe de non-utilisateurs avec des caractéristiques de santé initiales similaires. Les risques seront évalués par strates de la fonction rénale initiale. Cadre et type d'étude: Études populationnelles de cohortes de nouveaux utilisateurs de médicaments menées à l'aide des bases de données administratives couplées du système de santé ontarien (Canada). Période étudiée: du 1er janvier 2008 au 1er mars 2020. Population source: les Ontariens de 66 ans ou plus ayant rempli au moins une ordonnance pour patient non hospitalisé par l'entremise du Program de médicaments de l'Ontario (PMO) pendant la période de l'étude (tous les résidents de la province bénéficient d'un système de soins de santé universel; les personnes âgées de 65 ans et plus bénéficient d'une couverture universelle des médicaments d'ordonnance par l'intermédiaire du PMO). Sujets: Nous avons identifié 3,2 millions d'adultes âgés dans la population source au cours de la période d'étude et constitué plus de 700 cohortes de médicaments, chacune contenant des groupes mutuellement exclusifs de nouveaux utilisateurs et de non-utilisateurs. Les non-utilisateurs se sont vu attribuer au hasard des dates d'entrée dans la cohorte qui suivaient les dates de début d'ordonnance des nouveaux utilisateurs. Les critères d'admissibilité étaient d'avoir une mesure initiale du débit de filtration glomérulaire estimé [DFGe] dans les 12 mois précédant la date d'entrée dans la cohorte (dans le groupe des nouveaux utilisateurs, le délai médian était de 71 jours avant l'entrée dans la cohorte), ne pas suivre de dialyze chronique, ne pas avoir eu de greffe rénale et n'avoir jamais eu de prescription d'un médicament de la même sous-classe que le médicament à l'étude. Les nouveaux utilisateurs et les non-utilisateurs seront jumelés selon environ 400 caractéristiques de santé initiales à l'aide de la probabilité inverse de traitement pondérée selon les scores de propension dans les trois strates de mesure du DFGe initial: ≥60 ml/min/1,73 m2; 45 à <60 ml/min/1,73 m2 et <45 ml/min/1,73 m2. Résultats: Nous comparerons les groupes de nouveaux utilisateurs et de non-utilisateurs selon 74 critères de jugement cliniquement pertinents (17 critères composites et 57 critères individuels) pendant les 30 jours suivant l'entrée dans la cohorte. Une approche prédéfinie a permis de déterminer ces 74 résultats. Plan d'analyze statistique: Dans chaque cohorte, nous calculerons les différences de risque (par régression de Poisson) et les rapports de risque (par régression binomiale) pondérés pour chaque strate de DFGe. Les interactions additives et multiplicatives par catégorie de DFGe seront examinées. Les associations médicaments-résultats répondant à des critères prédéfinis (signaux identifiés) seront examinées plus avant dans des analyses supplémentaires (survie, exposition à des témoins négatifs, analyses de la valeur E, etc.) et des visualizations. Résultats: Dans les cohortes initiales de médicaments, les médianes sont de 6 120 nouveaux utilisateurs (intervalle interquartile de 1 469 à 38 839) et de 1 088 301 non-utilisateurs (intervalle interquartile de 751 697 à 1 267 009). Les médicaments comptant le plus grand nombre de nouveaux utilisateurs sont le trihydrate d'amoxicilline (n = 1 000 032), la céfalexine (n = 571 566), l'acétaminophène sur ordonnance (n = 571 563) et la ciprofloxacine (n = 504 374). De 19 à 29 % des nouveaux utilisateurs dans ces cohortes présentaient un DFGe < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2. Limites: Malgré l'utilization de techniques robustes pour équilibrer les indicateurs de base et pour contrôler le risque de confusion par indication, il pourrait subsister des facteurs de confusion résiduels. Seuls les résultats aigus (30 jours) seront examinés. Nos sources de données ne comprennent pas les médicaments sans ordonnance (en vente libre) ni les médicaments prescrits dans les hôpitaux, et n'incluent pas l'utilization de médicaments sur ordonnance en ambulatoire chez les enfants ou les adultes de moins de 65 ans. Conclusion: Cette approche accélérée pour la réalisation d'études d'innocuité des médicaments après leur mise en marché a le potentiel de détecter efficacement les effets indésirables de ces médicaments dans une population vulnérable. Les résultats de ce protocole serviront à améliorer l'innocuité des médicaments.

5.
Pharmacotherapy ; 44(7): 558-569, 2024 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38922947

RESUMO

IMPORTANCE: Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) may increase digoxin concentration, a medication with a narrow therapeutic index. Small changes in digoxin concentration could predispose individuals to the risk of toxicity. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the risk of digoxin toxicity in older adults taking digoxin following co-prescription of TMP-SMX compared with co-prescription of amoxicillin. DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PARTICIPANTS: Retrospective population-based cohort study in Ontario, Canada (2002-2020) using linked health care data. Participants comprised 47,961 older adults taking digoxin (58% women; median age 80 years [interquartile range 74-86]) who were newly treated with TMP-SMX (n = 10,273) compared with those newly treated with amoxicillin (n = 37,688). EXPOSURE: Co-prescription of TMP-SMX versus amoxicillin in older adults concurrently taking digoxin. MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURE: The primary outcome was a hospital encounter (i.e., hospital admission or emergency department visit) with digoxin toxicity within 30 days of the antibiotic prescription. Inverse probability of treatment weighting on the propensity score was used to balance comparison groups on indicators of baseline health. Weighted risk ratios (RR) were obtained using modified Poisson regression and weighted risk differences (RD) using binomial regression. The number needed to harm (NNH) was calculated as 1/RD. RESULTS: A hospital encounter with digoxin toxicity occurred in 49/10,273 (0.48%) patients treated with TMP-SMX versus 32/37,688 (0.08%) in those treated with amoxicillin (weighted RR, 5.71 [95% confidence interval (CI), 3.19 to 10.24]; weighted RD, 0.39% [95% CI, 0.25% to 0.53%]; NNH 256 [95% CI, 233 to 400]). CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: In older adults taking digoxin, the 30-day risk of a hospital encounter with digoxin toxicity was nearly 6 times higher in those co-prescribed TMP-SMX versus amoxicillin, although the absolute risk difference was low (0.4%). Physicians should prescribe an alternative antibiotic when clinically appropriate. If TMP-SMX must be co-prescribed with digoxin (if the benefit is believed to outweigh the risk), digoxin should be dose-reduced on an individual basis.


Assuntos
Amoxicilina , Antibacterianos , Digoxina , Combinação Trimetoprima e Sulfametoxazol , Humanos , Digoxina/efeitos adversos , Digoxina/administração & dosagem , Idoso , Feminino , Masculino , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Estudos Retrospectivos , Amoxicilina/efeitos adversos , Amoxicilina/administração & dosagem , Combinação Trimetoprima e Sulfametoxazol/efeitos adversos , Combinação Trimetoprima e Sulfametoxazol/administração & dosagem , Antibacterianos/efeitos adversos , Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Estudos de Coortes , Interações Medicamentosas , Ontário/epidemiologia , Cardiotônicos/efeitos adversos , Cardiotônicos/uso terapêutico , Cardiotônicos/administração & dosagem
6.
Gene ; 927: 148731, 2024 Nov 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38944164

RESUMO

Vascular calcification is prevalent in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Genetic causes of CKD account for 10-20% of adult-onset disease. Vascular calcification is thought to be one of the most important risk factors for increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in CKD patients and is detectable in 80% of patients with end stage kidney disease (ESKD). Despite the high prevalence of vascular calcification in CKD, no single gene cause has been described. We hypothesized that variants in vascular calcification genes may contribute to disease pathogenesis in CKD, particularly in families who exhibit a predominant vascular calcification phenotype. We developed a list of eight genes that are hypothesized to play a role in vascular calcification due to their involvement in the ectopic calcification pathway: ABCC6, ALPL, ANK1, ENPP1, NT5E, SLC29A1, SLC20A2, and S100A12. With this, we assessed exome data from 77 CKD patients, who remained unsolved following evaluation for all known monogenic causes of CKD. We also analyzed an independent cohort (Ontario Neurodegenerative Disease Research Initiative (ONDRI), n = 520) who were screened for variants in ABCC6 and compared this to a control cohort of healthy adults (n = 52). We identified two CKD families with heterozygous pathogenic variants (R1141X and A667fs) in ABCC6. We identified 10 participants from the ONDRI cohort with heterozygous pathogenic or likely pathogenic variant in ABCC6. Replication in a healthy control cohort did not reveal any variants. Our study provides preliminary data supporting the hypothesis that ABCC6 may play a role in vascular calcification in CKD. By screening CKD patients for genetic causes early in the diagnostic pathway, patients with genetic causes associated with vascular calcification can potentially be preventatively treated with new therapeutics with aims to decrease mortality.


Assuntos
Proteínas Associadas à Resistência a Múltiplos Medicamentos , Insuficiência Renal Crônica , Calcificação Vascular , Humanos , Proteínas Associadas à Resistência a Múltiplos Medicamentos/genética , Calcificação Vascular/genética , Calcificação Vascular/patologia , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/genética , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto , Idoso , Predisposição Genética para Doença
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