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1.
Dev Psychopathol ; 33(1): 29-46, 2021 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32308172

RESUMO

Given the equivocal literature on the relationship between internalizing symptoms and early adolescent alcohol use (AU) and AU disorder (AUD), the present study took a developmental perspective to understand how internalizing and externalizing symptoms may operate together in the etiology of AU and AUD. We pit the delayed onset and rapid escalation hypothesis (Hussong et al., 2011) against a synthesis of the dual failure model and the stable co-occurring hypothesis (Capaldi, 1992; Colder et al., 2013, 2018) to test competing developmental pathways to adolescent AU and AUD involving problem behavior, peer delinquency, and early initiation of AU. A latent transactional and mediational framework was used to test pathways to AUD spanning developmental periods before AU initiation (Mage = 11) to early and high risk for AUD (Mage = 14-15 and Mage = 17-18). The results supported three pathways to AUD. The first started with "pure" externalizing symptoms in early childhood and involved multiple mediators, including the subsequent development of co-occurring symptoms and peer delinquency. The second pathway involved stable co-occurring symptoms. Interestingly, chronically elevated pure internalizing symptoms did not figure prominently in pathways to AUD. Selection and socialization effects between early AU and peer delinquency constituted a third pathway.


Assuntos
Alcoolismo , Comportamento Problema , Consumo de Álcool por Menores , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Humanos , Grupo Associado , Fatores de Risco
2.
J Community Psychol ; 47(4): 833-855, 2019 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30656686

RESUMO

AIMS: The social/environmental context of youth is important for mental, emotional, and behavioral (MEB) health. This study used person-oriented methods to examine the influences of family, neighborhood, and poverty on late adolescent MEB outcomes. METHODS: Latent class analysis was used to discern significant clusters of at-risk, diverse young men (N = 625) based on contextual factors; differences in MEB outcomes were examined. RESULTS: Four classes emerged. Resourced and Protected youth had low risk across all indicators. Non-resourced and Protected youth lived in poverty, poor neighborhoods, but had good parenting; despite low delinquency, substance use was elevated. Resourced but High Risk youth had negative parenting but good neighborhoods. Outcomes included elevated delinquency and mental health problems. Non-resourced and High Risk youth were poor, lived in bad neighborhoods, and experienced abusive parenting; MEB outcomes were poor. CONCLUSION: Findings confirm the unique effects that negative parenting, neighborhoods, and poverty have on adolescent development. Implications are discussed.


Assuntos
Poder Familiar/psicologia , Pobreza/psicologia , Características de Residência , Meio Social , Adolescente , Desenvolvimento do Adolescente , Humanos , Análise de Classes Latentes , Masculino , Pobreza/estatística & dados numéricos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/epidemiologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/psicologia
3.
J Community Health ; 43(2): 304-311, 2018 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28852906

RESUMO

Recently implemented New York State policy allows police and fire to administer intranasal naloxone when responding to opioid overdoses. This work describes the geographic distribution of naloxone administration (NlxnA) by police and fire when responding to opioid overdoses in Erie County, NY, an area of approximately 920,000 people including the City of Buffalo. Data are from opioid overdose reports (N = 800) filed with the Erie County Department of Health (July 2014-June 2016) by police/fire and include the overdose ZIP code, reported drug(s) used, and NlxnA. ZIP code data were geocoded and mapped to examine spatial patterns of NlxnA. The highest NlxnA rates (range: 0.01-84.3 per 10,000 population) were concentrated within the city and first-ring suburbs. Within 3 min 27.3% responded to NlxnA and 81.6% survived the overdose. The average individual was male (70.3%) and 31.4 years old (SD = 10.3). Further work is needed to better understand NlxnA and overdose, including exploring how the neighborhood environment creates a context for drug use, and how this context influences naloxone use and overdose experiences.


Assuntos
Overdose de Drogas , Serviços Médicos de Emergência , Naloxona , Antagonistas de Entorpecentes , Adulto , Serviços de Saúde Comunitária/métodos , Serviços de Saúde Comunitária/estatística & dados numéricos , Overdose de Drogas/tratamento farmacológico , Overdose de Drogas/epidemiologia , Serviços Médicos de Emergência/métodos , Serviços Médicos de Emergência/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Bombeiros , Humanos , Masculino , Naloxona/administração & dosagem , Naloxona/uso terapêutico , Antagonistas de Entorpecentes/administração & dosagem , Antagonistas de Entorpecentes/uso terapêutico , New York/epidemiologia , Polícia , Adulto Jovem
4.
Alcohol Clin Exp Res ; 41(12): 2185-2196, 2017 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28945280

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: As predicted by self-medication theories that drinking is motivated by a desire to ameliorate emotional distress, some studies find internalizing symptoms (e.g., anxiety, depression) increase risk of adolescent drinking; however, such a risk effect has not been supported consistently. Our prior work examined externalizing symptoms as a potential moderator of the association between internalizing symptoms and adolescent alcohol use to explain some of the inconsistencies in the literature. We found that internalizing symptoms were protective against early adolescent alcohol use particularly for youth elevated on externalizing symptoms (a 2-way interaction). Our sample has now been followed for several additional assessments that extend into young adulthood, and the current study tests whether the protective effect of internalizing symptoms may change as youth age into young adulthood, and whether this age-moderating effect varied across different clusters of internalizing symptoms (social anxiety, generalized anxiety, and depression). Internalizing symptoms were hypothesized to shift from a protective factor to a risk factor with age, particularly for youth elevated on externalizing symptoms. METHODS: A community sample of 387 adolescents was followed for 9 annual assessments (mean age = 12.1 years at the first assessment and 55% female). Multilevel cross-lagged 2-part zero-inflated Poisson models were used to test hypotheses. RESULTS: The most robust moderating effects were for levels of alcohol use, such that the protective effect of all internalizing symptom clusters was most evident in the context of moderate to high levels of externalizing problems. A risk effect of internalizing symptoms was evident at low levels of externalizing symptoms. With age, the risk and protective effects of internalizing symptoms were evident at less extreme levels of externalizing behavior. With respect to alcohol-related problems, findings did not support age moderation for generalized anxiety or depression, but it was supported for social anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: Findings highlight the importance of considering the role of emotional distress from a developmental perspective and in the context of externalizing behavior problems.


Assuntos
Envelhecimento/psicologia , Controle Interno-Externo , Consumo de Álcool por Menores/psicologia , Adolescente , Fatores Etários , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Proteção , Fatores de Risco , Adulto Jovem
5.
J Gambl Stud ; 33(2): 327-342, 2017 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27557549

RESUMO

In this article we examine data from a national U.S. adult survey of gambling to determine correlates of problem gambling and discuss them in light of theories of the etiology of problem gambling. These include theories that focus on personality traits, irrational beliefs, anti-social tendencies, neighborhood influences and availability of gambling. Results show that males, persons in the 31-40 age range, blacks, and the least educated had the highest average problem gambling symptoms. Adults who lived in disadvantaged neighborhoods also had the most problem gambling symptoms. Those who attended religious services most often had the fewest problem gambling symptoms, regardless of religious denomination. Respondents who reported that it was most convenient for them to gamble had the highest average problem gambling symptoms, compared to those for whom gambling was less convenient. Likewise, adults with the personality traits of impulsiveness and depression had more problem gambling symptoms than those less impulsive or depressed. Respondents who had friends who approve of gambling had more problem gambling symptoms than those whose friends did not approve of gambling. The results for the demographic variables as well as for impulsiveness and religious attendance are consistent with an anti-social/impulsivist pathway to problem gambling. The results for depression are consistent with an emotionally vulnerable pathway to problem gambling.


Assuntos
Jogo de Azar/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Etnicidade , Feminino , Jogo de Azar/psicologia , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Comportamento Impulsivo , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Assunção de Riscos , Autoimagem , Fatores Sexuais , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia
6.
J Early Adolesc ; 37(4): 525-558, 2017 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28479653

RESUMO

Early adolescence is a dynamic period for the development of alcohol appraisals (expected outcomes of drinking and subjective evaluations of expected outcomes), yet the literature provides a limited understanding of psychosocial factors that shape these appraisals during this period. This study took a comprehensive view of alcohol appraisals and considered positive and negative alcohol outcome expectancies, as well as subjective evaluations of expected outcomes. Developmental-ecological theory guided examination of individual, peer, family, and neighborhood predictors of cognitive appraisals of alcohol and use. A community sample of 378 adolescents (mean age 11.5 years at Wave 1, 52% female) was assessed annually for 4 years. Longitudinal path analysis suggested that the most robust predictors of alcohol appraisals were peer norms. Furthermore, perceived likelihood of positive and negative alcohol outcomes prospectively predicted increases in drinking. There was limited support for appraisals operating as mediators of psychosocial risk and protective factors.

7.
Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse ; 42(1): 48-55, 2016.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26598962

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Driving under the influence remains a pervasive problem. Approximately 30% of those arrested for impaired driving offenses each year are repeat offenders, suggesting that current rehabilitative efforts are not sufficiently effective for reducing driving while intoxicated (DWI) recidivism. Aggression, negative affect, substance use problems, and childhood delinquency have been noted in the population of impaired drivers, but study of these variables on recidivism has been limited. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the current study was to examine the effects of aggression, negative affect, substance use problems, and childhood delinquency on DWI recidivism among first time offenders. METHODS: In 1992, 6436 individuals in impaired driver programs in New York State were surveyed. A total of 3511 individuals provided names so that state driver abstracts could be reviewed in the future. A total of 2043 matches were found and 1770 remained after excluding those with previous DWI convictions. Driver records were reviewed in 2010 and 2012, providing between 18 and 20 years of follow-up. RESULTS: During the follow-up period, 16.5% of individuals were arrested for an impaired driving offense. Multivariate analysis suggested that recidivism was a function of several problems, including: alcohol problem severity, aggression, negative affect, drug problem severity, criminal history, and childhood delinquency. CONCLUSION: Impaired driving programs should assess for childhood delinquency, aggressive tendencies, and negative affect as these constructs, along with substance use, are evident among impaired drivers who recidivate. Interventions addressing aggression and negative affect may ultimately prove useful in reducing recidivism.


Assuntos
Afeto , Agressão/psicologia , Dirigir sob a Influência/psicologia , Delinquência Juvenil/psicologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/psicologia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Modelos Psicológicos , Recidiva
8.
J Gambl Stud ; 32(2): 379-90, 2016 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26050148

RESUMO

In this article, we examine the relationship between the total number of types of gambling that are legal in a state and the gambling involvement of state residents. Of particular interest is whether more types of legal gambling are associated with higher rates of problem gambling. Telephone surveys of U.S. adults were conducted in 1999-2000 and 2011-2013. The same questions were used and the data sets were combined for most of the analyses. Gambling exposure was defined as the sum of the number of years that all types were legal. Results tabulated by state showed progressively higher rates of problem gambling, frequent gambling and any past year gambling as the number of legal types of gambling increased. Holding constant the number of legal types, problem gambling rates increased as exposure increased. States with longer exposure to legal lotteries or casinos tended to have higher rates of problem gambling. An analysis was also conducted in which the data sets from 1999 to 2000 and from 2011 to 2013 were compared. Among the states, there was a striking positive relationship between changes in the number of legal types of gambling between the two studies and changes in rates of frequent gambling between the two studies. For states that had fewer types of legal gambling in 2011 than in 1999, the rates of frequent gambling went down. For states that increased their types of legal gambling, rates of frequent gambling typically, but not always, went up. Possible explanations for these results were discussed.


Assuntos
Comportamento Aditivo/epidemiologia , Jogo de Azar/epidemiologia , Programas de Rastreamento/estatística & dados numéricos , Assunção de Riscos , Adulto , Comportamento Aditivo/psicologia , Feminino , Jogo de Azar/psicologia , Humanos , Masculino , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia
9.
J Gambl Stud ; 32(4): 1055-1063, 2016 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26615561

RESUMO

In this article we examine the relationship between extent of gambling for U.S. adults and the distance from their residence to the nearest casino or track. We employ data from a telephone survey of U.S. adults conducted in 2011-2013. The chances that the respondents gambled in the past year, were frequent gamblers, or were problem gamblers were greater if they lived close to a casino. The chances that the respondents gambled in the past year or were frequent gamblers were greater if they lived close to a horse or dog track. The effects of closeness to a casino on the likelihood of past-year gambling, frequent gambling, and problem gambling, as well as the effect of closeness to a track on past-year gambling, extended to about 30 miles from the respondent's home. In addition, the concentration of casinos within 30 miles of the respondent's home was positively related to the respondents' chance of being a frequent or problem gambler. If a respondent had no casinos within 30 miles, he or she had a 2.7 % chance of being a problem gambler; if one casino, a 3.9 % chance; if six or more, a 6.2 % chance. The authors estimate that at least part of this effect is causal.


Assuntos
Comportamento Aditivo/psicologia , Jogo de Azar/psicologia , Recompensa , Assunção de Riscos , Adulto , Feminino , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Risco , Inquéritos e Questionários , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia
10.
J Gambl Stud ; 31(3): 695-715, 2015 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24880744

RESUMO

Telephone surveys of US adults were conducted in 1999-2000 and again in 2011-2013. The same questions and methods were used so as to make the surveys comparable. There was a reduction in percentage of past-year gambling and in frequency of gambling. Rates of problem gambling remained stable. Lottery was included among the specific types of gambling for which past year participation and frequency of play declined. Internet gambling was the only form of gambling for which the past-year participation rate increased. The average win/loss increased for several forms of gambling, providing a modest indication that gamblers were betting more, albeit less frequently. Between the two surveys, the rates of past-year participation in gambling declined markedly for young adults. In both surveys, rates of problem gambling were higher for males than females, and this difference increased markedly between surveys as problem gambling rates increased for males and decreased for females. For the combined surveys, rates of problem gambling were highest for blacks and Hispanics and lowest for whites and Asians. In both surveys, the rates of problem gambling declined as socio-economic status became higher. Possible explanations for these trends are discussed.


Assuntos
Comportamento Aditivo/epidemiologia , Jogo de Azar/epidemiologia , Estilo de Vida , Adulto , Comportamento Aditivo/psicologia , Feminino , Jogo de Azar/psicologia , Humanos , Masculino , Programas de Rastreamento/estatística & dados numéricos , Assunção de Riscos , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Adulto Jovem
11.
J Am Chem Soc ; 136(9): 3491-504, 2014 Mar 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24410116

RESUMO

While antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been widely investigated as potential therapeutics, high-resolution structures obtained under biologically relevant conditions are lacking. Here, the high-resolution structures of the homologous 22-residue long AMPs piscidin 1 (p1) and piscidin 3 (p3) are determined in fluid-phase 3:1 phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylglycerol (PC/PG) and 1:1 phosphatidylethanolamine/phosphatidylglycerol (PE/PG) bilayers to identify molecular features important for membrane destabilization in bacterial cell membrane mimics. Structural refinement of (1)H-(15)N dipolar couplings and (15)N chemical shifts measured by oriented sample solid-state NMR and all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations provide structural and orientational information of high precision and accuracy about these interfacially bound α-helical peptides. The tilt of the helical axis, τ, is between 83° and 93° with respect to the bilayer normal for all systems and analysis methods. The average azimuthal rotation, ρ, is 235°, which results in burial of hydrophobic residues in the bilayer. The refined NMR and MD structures reveal a slight kink at G13 that delineates two helical segments characterized by a small difference in their τ angles (<10°) and significant difference in their ρ angles (~25°). Remarkably, the kink, at the end of a G(X)4G motif highly conserved among members of the piscidin family, allows p1 and p3 to adopt ρ angles that maximize their hydrophobic moments. Two structural features differentiate the more potent p1 from p3: p1 has a larger ρ angle and less N-terminal fraying. The peptides have comparable depths of insertion in PC/PG, but p3 is 1.2 Å more deeply inserted than p1 in PE/PG. In contrast to the ideal α-helical structures typically assumed in mechanistic models of AMPs, p1 and p3 adopt disrupted α-helical backbones that correct for differences in the amphipathicity of their N- and C-ends, and their centers of mass lie ~1.2-3.6 Å below the plane defined by the C2 atoms of the lipid acyl chains.


Assuntos
Peptídeos Catiônicos Antimicrobianos/química , Proteínas de Peixes/química , Bicamadas Lipídicas/química , Interações Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Imersão , Cristais Líquidos/química , Simulação de Dinâmica Molecular , Fosfatidilcolinas/química , Fosfatidilgliceróis/química , Estrutura Secundária de Proteína
12.
Dev Psychopathol ; 26(2): 425-36, 2014 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24621660

RESUMO

Developmental-ecological models are useful for integrating risk factors across multiple contexts and conceptualizing mediational pathways for adolescent alcohol use, yet these comprehensive models are rarely tested. This study used a developmental-ecological framework to investigate the influence of neighborhood, family, and peer contexts on alcohol use in early adolescence (N = 387). Results from a multi-informant longitudinal cross-lagged mediation path model suggested that high levels of neighborhood disadvantage were associated with high levels of alcohol use 2 years later via an indirect pathway that included exposure to delinquent peers and adolescent delinquency. Results also indicated that adolescent involvement with delinquent peers and alcohol use led to decrements in parenting, rather than being consequences of poor parenting. Overall, the study supported hypothesized relationships among key microsystems thought to influence adolescent alcohol use, and thus findings underscore the utility of developmental-ecological models of alcohol use.


Assuntos
Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/epidemiologia , Poder Familiar/psicologia , Grupo Associado , Adolescente , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/psicologia , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Delinquência Juvenil/psicologia , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , New York/epidemiologia , Relações Pais-Filho , Pais/psicologia , Áreas de Pobreza , Características de Residência/estatística & dados numéricos , Fatores de Risco
13.
Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse ; 40(3): 251-7, 2014 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24766089

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Young drivers represent a disproportionate number of the individuals involved in alcohol-impaired driving. Although there is a known association between drinking and alcohol-impaired driving in young drivers, the link between early onset drinking and early onset alcohol-impaired driving has not been explored. OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to assess this link along with potentially confounding factors. METHODS: The assessment used a proportional hazards model with data collected from the Buffalo Longitudinal Study of Young Men, a population-based sample of 625 males at aged 16-19. RESULTS: Controlling for the effects of potentially relevant confounds, the early onset of drinking was the most influential factor in predicting the early onset of alcohol-impaired driving. Race and the early onset of other forms of delinquency also played a significant role in the early onset of alcohol-impaired driving. CONCLUSION: Preventing an early start of drinking among adolescents may be the most critical factor to address in preventing an early start of alcohol-impaired driving.


Assuntos
Acidentes de Trânsito/estatística & dados numéricos , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/epidemiologia , Condução de Veículo/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Idade de Início , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Assunção de Riscos , Adulto Jovem
14.
J Nerv Ment Dis ; 201(1): 17-22, 2013 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23274290

RESUMO

The aim of this study was to identify anxiety, depression, and suicidal ideation disparities among Chinese Americans and how immigration-related factors affected the outcomes. We tried to explain the differences as a function of the Chinese culture. Data were derived from the National Latino and Asian American Study, the first national epidemiological survey of these populations in the United States. We used only the Chinese sample (N = 600) and focused on depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and suicidal ideation. The United States-born Chinese and those Chinese who immigrated to the United States at 18 years or younger were at higher risk for lifetime depressive or anxiety disorders or suicidal ideation than were their China-born counterparts who arrived in the country at or after 18 years of age. For Chinese Americans, immigration-related factors were associated with depression and anxiety disorders and suicidal ideation. The higher prevalence of these disorders might be attributed to the psychological strains experienced by those who are at higher risk of cultural conflicts.


Assuntos
Transtornos de Ansiedade/etnologia , Asiático/etnologia , Transtorno Depressivo/etnologia , Emigrantes e Imigrantes/psicologia , Ideação Suicida , Aculturação , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Transtornos de Ansiedade/diagnóstico , Asiático/psicologia , China/etnologia , Comparação Transcultural , Transtorno Depressivo/diagnóstico , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Prevalência , Fatores Sexuais , Fatores de Tempo , Estados Unidos/etnologia
15.
J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol ; 42(5): 681-92, 2013.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23477426

RESUMO

A large literature suggests associations between self-regulation and motivation and adolescent problem behavior; however, this research has mostly pitted these constructs against one another or tested them in isolation. Following recent neural-systems based theories (e.g., Ernst & Fudge, 2009 ), the present study investigated the interactions between self-regulation and approach and avoidance motivation prospectively predicting delinquency and depressive symptoms in early adolescence. The community sample included 387 adolescents aged 11 to 13 years old (55% female; 17% minority). Laboratory tasks were used to assess self-regulation and approach and avoidance motivation, and adolescent self-reports were used to measure depressive symptoms and delinquency. Analyses suggested that low levels of approach motivation were associated with high levels of depressive symptoms, but only at high levels of self-regulation (p = .01). High levels of approach were associated with high levels of rule breaking, but only at low levels of self-regulation (p < .05). These findings support contemporary neural-based systems theories that posit integration of motivational and self-regulatory individual differences via moderational models to understand adolescent problem behavior.


Assuntos
Comportamento do Adolescente/psicologia , Depressão/diagnóstico , Delinquência Juvenil/psicologia , Motivação , Controles Informais da Sociedade , Adolescente , Criança , Depressão/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino
16.
Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse ; 38(2): 130-4, 2012 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22220630

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Little research has examined the development of alcohol expectancies in childhood, a notable omission as expectancies are viable targets for prevention programs. Moreover, limited alcohol expectancies research has been conducted from the perspective of psychobiological models of motivation despite the strong conceptual links between such models and cognitive models of alcohol use. OBJECTIVE: To examine if the associations between individual differences from the revised reinforcement sensitivity theory (Gray JA, McNaughton N. The Neuropsychology of Anxiety: An Enquiry into the Functions of the Septo-hippocampal System (2nd ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2000) and alcohol use is mediated by alcohol expectancies in a large community sample of early adolescents using a prospective design. METHODS: 378 families (1 caregiver; 1 child) were recruited via random digit phone call using a prospective design. RESULTS: Our findings suggest that both a strong behavioral approach system and fight-flight or freeze system were associated with high levels of positive outcome expectancies, which subsequently predicted an increase in likelihood of alcohol use. There was also some evidence that drive (an aspect of behavioral approach system) was also positively associated with negative expectancies, which subsequently predicted a low probability of alcohol use. CONCLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE: Individual differences in reinforcement sensitivity may influence the acquisition of positive and negative outcome expectancies, thereby potentially influencing the likelihood of alcohol use in early adolescence. Thus, reinforcement sensitivity theory is a promising theory to account for the link between neural models of addiction and early acquisition of alcohol use in humans.


Assuntos
Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/psicologia , Motivação , Reforço Psicológico , Adolescente , Ansiedade/psicologia , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Estudos Prospectivos , Inquéritos e Questionários
17.
Child Youth Serv Rev ; 34(9): 1966-1973, 2012 Sep 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23049152

RESUMO

This paper is one of two in a series that reports detailed findings from a larger study that simultaneously explored individual, family and neighborhood level predictors of victimization and offending among youth. The current analysis aims to identify which neighborhood level factors have better predictive power with regard to type of victimization (direct and vicarious measures) and total offending overtime (Wave 1 and Wave 2). METHODS: Path analysis was conducted using data from a multi-wave, panel study (N=625) of youth ages 16-19 at Wave 1. A best fitting model was determined showing causal pathways from neighborhood level factors including crime and perception of safety, to direct and vicarious victimization through exposure to violence, and subsequent offending. FINDINGS: Neighborhood crime significantly predicted property victimization. Neighborhood crime and perception of safety significantly predicted vicarious victimization by exposure to violence in the neighborhood. Neighborhood crime and perception of safety were significantly associated with Wave 1 offending. Findings highlight the need for professionals who work with youth to be cognizant of how their environments influence their lives. Prevention and intervention models seeking to create sustainable change among youth should consider mezzo and macro level components that build and strengthen neighborhood capacity through community partnerships.

18.
J Early Adolesc ; 31(4): 526-547, 2011 Aug 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21857763

RESUMO

Though peer socialization theories are prominent in the adolescent substance use literature, variability in the degree to which adolescents are vulnerable to peer influence is likely, and few studies have examined this issue. This study examines the association between perceived peer substance use/approval of substance use and adolescent intentions to initiate alcohol and cigarette use, and how social goals moderate this relationship. Results support the moderating role of social goals, and suggest important differences across alcohol and cigarette use. Peer use and approval of cigarette use was associated with future intentions to smoke for adolescents with strong agentic goals, and peer use and approval of alcohol use was associated with intentions to drink for adolescents with strong communal goals. These findings suggest that adolescent substance use theories and prevention programs focusing on peer socialization should consider individual differences in social goals and potential differences in peer influence across drugs.

19.
Am J Geriatr Psychiatry ; 18(12): 1146-54, 2010 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20808098

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: To examine whether there is an association between area socioeconomic status and the experience of suicidal ideation among older adults. DESIGN: Secondary analyses of data from a prospective study of naturalistic outcomes of depressive symptoms. SETTING: Monroe County, NY. PARTICIPANTS: A cohort of older adults (≥65 years, N = 515) attending primary care settings. MEASUREMENTS: Area socioeconomic status was based on the median household incomes of the census tracts (CTs) in which participants lived. At 6- and 12-month follow-up, the longitudinal interval follow-up evaluation was used to assess weekly depressive symptom status over the previous 6 months, which was used to construct a measure of any suicidal ideation during the study. RESULTS: Residents of CTs with median household incomes of less than $30,000/yr were more likely to experience suicidal ideation than residents of higher income CTs (unadjusted odds ratio [OR], 4.60; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.64-12.86). Adjustment for demographic and baseline clinical factors did not eliminate the association (OR, 5.44; 95% CI, 1.71-17.24). Subsequent models that adjusted for medical, functional, and psychosocial variables did not explain this association either. CONCLUSIONS: There is a robust association between lower CT income and the occurrence of suicidal ideation in a primary care cohort of older adults over 1 year. These findings indicate the need for more research into how social worlds come to influence the emotional well being of older adults and whether social factors such as CT income can be used to identify individuals at increased risk for suicidal behavior.


Assuntos
Depressão/psicologia , Atenção Primária à Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Ideação Suicida , Idoso , Depressão/complicações , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Socioeconômicos
20.
J Crim Justice ; 38(4): 439-445, 2010 Jul 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20802847

RESUMO

The present study assessed how the trajectory of delinquency affects the growth curve of alcohol-impaired driving using three-waves of data collected from the Buffalo Longitudinal Survey of Young Men (BLSYM). Using the structural equation modeling method, latent growth modeling was utilized to assess four age cohorts of sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, and nineteen years of age at the first wave. The data indicated that the growth rate of delinquency significantly and positively affects the growth rate of alcohol-impaired driving for the respondents who were sixteen at the first wave. The growth rate of drinking was also significantly and positively associated with the growth rate of alcohol-impaired driving for this age cohort. Although the growth rate of delinquency had no significant effect on the growth rate of alcohol-impaired driving for the age cohort which was seventeen at Wave 1, the growth rates of both drinking and drug use did affect for this age cohort. The data, however, showed that alcohol-impaired driving had a significant increase across the waves for the eighteen year old cohort, but there was no significant variation in the rate across respondents. Finally, for the nineteen year old cohort there was no significant increase in alcohol-impaired driving across the waves, and also no significant variation of the growth rate of alcohol-impaired driving across the respondents. These findings indicated that interventions focused on reducing delinquency, alcohol and drug use by sixteen and seventeen year old male adolescents will also reduce their alcohol-impaired driving.

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