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1.
Ethn Dis ; 27(3): 233-240, 2017.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28811734

RESUMO

PURPOSE: Systemic inflammation, measured by C-reactive protein (CRP), is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality. We investigated whether aerobic exercise training (AEXT) affects African Americans with high inflammation (HI) the same way it does African Americans with low inflammation (LI) in terms of CVD risk factors. METHODS: 23 African Americans with CRP levels <3 mg/L (LI) and 14 African Americans with CRP ≥3 mg/L (HI) underwent six months of AEXT. Participants were sedentary, non-diabetic, non-smoking, with clinical blood pressure <160/100 mm Hg, were non-hyperlipidemic, had no signs of cardiovascular, renal, or pulmonary disease, and were not on medication. Measures included CD62E+ endothelial microparticles (EMPs), a measure of early stage endothelial dysfunction, as well as lipid and glucose profile, aerobic fitness, body composition, and blood pressure. RESULTS: The LI group improved aerobic fitness by 10%, body mass index by 3%, and plasma triglycerides by 20%, with no change being observed in HI group for these variables. The HI group improved fasting plasma glucose levels by 10%, with no change occurring in the LI group. Both groups improved CD62E+ EMPs by 38% and 59% for the LI and HI group, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A standard AEXT intervention differentially affected CVD risk factors among African Americans with high and low inflammation. This may indicate that, in African Americans with high inflammation, AEXT alone may not be enough to reap the same benefits as their low-inflammation peers in terms of CVD risk modification.


Assuntos
Negro ou Afro-Americano , Pressão Sanguínea/fisiologia , Proteína C-Reativa/metabolismo , Terapia por Exercício/métodos , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Inflamação/reabilitação , Triglicerídeos/sangue , Adulto , Idoso , Composição Corporal , Índice de Massa Corporal , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , Inflamação/sangue , Inflamação/etnologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pennsylvania/epidemiologia , Fatores de Risco
2.
J Exerc Physiol Online ; 14(1): 49-59, 2011 Feb 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21691463

RESUMO

African Americans have disproportionate levels of cardiovascular disease and oxidative stress. The purpose of our study was to examine racial differences between African American and Caucasian adults in time-course oxidative stress responses to a treadmill test. After a 12-hr fast, 18 participants (9 of each ethnic group; 21 ± 0.4 yrs) completed a submaximal treadmill test and underwent serial blood draws: Pre, Post (within 2 min), 30, 60, and 120 min after exercise. At each time-point, superoxide dismutase (SOD, U/mL), total antioxidant capacity (TAC, mM), protein carbonyls (PC, nmol/mg), and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARs, µmol/L) were measured. We found no difference between groups for blood pressure, BMI, or exercise capacity (as measured by volume of oxygen consumed, VO(2) max). African Americans had significantly (p < 0.05) higher SOD (Pre: 5.45 ± 0.4 vs. 3.69 ± 0.69; 60 min: 8.99 ± 0.7 vs. 4.23 ± 0.6; 120 min: 9.69 ± 1.6 vs. 3.52 ± 0.7), TAC (Pre: 2.31 ± 0.25 vs. 1.16 ± 0.3; Post: 2.39 ± 0.2 vs. 1.34 ± 0.2; 30 min: 2.29 ± 0.2 vs. 1.09 ± 0.2), and PC (Pre: 1.09 ± 0.1 vs. 0.82 ± 0.1; Post: 1.14 ± 0.1 vs. 0.81 ± 0.1; 30 min: 1.13 ± 0.1 vs. 0.85 ± 0.1; 60 min: 1.06 ± 0.1 vs. 0.81 ± 0.05), but not TBARs. Between groups, only SOD exhibited a different time-course response: levels for African Americans rose steadily throughout the 120 min, while levels for Caucasians peaked at 30 min and by 120 min had returned to pre-exercise levels. Race had a greater effect on oxidative stress responses than submaximal exercise did. African Americans had significantly higher TAC, SOD, and PC levels compared to Caucasians.

3.
Kidney Blood Press Res ; 33(4): 282-90, 2010.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20628261

RESUMO

AIMS: African-Americans, in particular women, exhibit disproportionate levels of hypertension, inflammation, and oxidative stress compared to other ethnic groups. The relationship between prehypertension, renal function, inflammation, and oxidative stress was examined. METHODS: Twenty-eight African-American women (53.5 +/- 1.1 years) followed an AHA diet and then underwent 24-hour ambulatory BP (ABP) monitoring. Urinary albumin (uAlb), serum and urinary creatinine, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), 24-hour urinary Na(+) excretion, plasma superoxide dismutase, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), urinary (uNOx) and plasma (pNOx) nitric oxide levels, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were measured. RESULTS: When the group was divided by average 24-hour ABP into optimal and nonoptimal groups, a significant difference existed between the groups for uNOx (p = 0.001; nonoptimal: 933.5 +/- 140.4, optimal: 425.0 +/- 52.6 mumol/gCr), and for hsCRP (p = 0.018, nonoptimal: 3.9 +/- 0.7, optimal: 1.9 +/- 0.6 mg/l). Significant inverse relationships existed between hsCRP and uNOx and between uAlb and pNOx in the non-optimal group, between GFR and pNOx in the entire group, and positive association existed between TAC and uNOx in the optimal group. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that in African-American women as BP levels rise toward hypertension, the NO/NOS balance may be associated with renal function, and may have implications for CV risk based on their hsCRP levels.


Assuntos
Negro ou Afro-Americano/estatística & dados numéricos , Rim/fisiologia , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Pré-Hipertensão/etnologia , Pré-Hipertensão/metabolismo , Albuminúria/etnologia , Albuminúria/metabolismo , Albuminúria/fisiopatologia , Proteína C-Reativa/metabolismo , Feminino , Taxa de Filtração Glomerular , Humanos , Hipertensão Renal/etnologia , Hipertensão Renal/metabolismo , Hipertensão Renal/fisiopatologia , Incidência , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estresse Oxidativo/fisiologia , Pré-Hipertensão/fisiopatologia , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Superóxido Dismutase/sangue
4.
Ethn Dis ; 20(4): 403-8, 2010.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21305829

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To examine the interaction of oxidative stress biomarkers with age, and also factors that influence oxidative stress such as body mass index (BMI) and fitness in a population of individuals with established higher risk of cardiovascular disease, African Americans. METHODS: Blood samples were obtained from healthy college-age and middle-age to older African Americans. Participants underwent a graded exercise test. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, total antioxidant capacity and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels were measured. RESULTS: TBARS levels were significantly (P = .001) lower in young participants relative to middle-age to older participants. SOD activity was significantly (P = .001) lower in middle-age to older participants with low fitness relative to participants with normal fitness, and lower (P = .04) in middle-age to older participants that were overweight relative to normal weight participants. DISCUSSION: In a healthy middle-age to older population of African Americans, BMI and fitness are crucial for maintaining a healthy endothelium.


Assuntos
Negro ou Afro-Americano/estatística & dados numéricos , Estresse Oxidativo/fisiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Biomarcadores/análise , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Aptidão Física/fisiologia , Fatores de Risco , Superóxido Dismutase/análise , Substâncias Reativas com Ácido Tiobarbitúrico/análise , Adulto Jovem
5.
Int J Exerc Sci ; 10(2): 246-257, 2017.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28344738

RESUMO

Improvements in indices of vascular health and endothelial function have been inversely associated with hypertension, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (e.g., myocardial infarction, stroke, and heart failure), renal failure, and mortality. Aerobic exercise training (AEXT) has been positively associated with improvements in clinical health values, as well as vascular health biomarkers, and endothelial function. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether measures of exercise adherence were related to clinical outcome measures and indices of vascular health subsequent to a 6-month AEXT intervention in a middle-to-older aged African American cohort. Following dietary stabilization, sedentary, apparently healthy, African American adults (40 - 71 y/o) underwent baseline testing including blood pressure, flow-mediated dilation (FMD) studies, fasting blood sampling, and graded exercise testing. Upon completion of a supervised 6-month AEXT intervention, participants repeated all baseline tests. Exercise adherence was measured three ways: exercise percentage, exercise volume, and exercise score. There were no significant correlations between the changes in the vascular health biomarkers of the participants and any of the adherence measures. In addition, there were no significant correlations between any of the adherence measures and the clinical values of the participants that had been significantly changed pre-post-AEXT. Participants improved their clinical and vascular health and decreased risk factors for hypertension and cardiovascular disease regardless of their level of adherence to AEXT. Future studies should continue to accurately quantify adherence in order to assess the exercise dose for improvements in vascular and clinical health.

6.
Blood Press Monit ; 19(6): 353-8, 2014 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25100263

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: The effects of exercise training on nocturnal blood pressure (BP) dipping status remain unclear. African Americans have the highest prevalence of nondippers compared with other racial/ethnic populations. In this 6-month study we tested the hypothesis that long-term aerobic exercise training would increase the levels of nocturnal BP dipping in African American nondippers. METHODS AND RESULTS: We recruited African Americans who were nondiabetic, nonsmoking, and free from cardiovascular and renal disease. For this analysis, only African Americans with a nondipping profile, defined as those with the absence of a nocturnal decline in systolic or diastolic BP (<10% of daytime values), which was determined by ambulatory BP monitoring, were chosen. A pre-post design was used, with baseline and final evaluation including office blood pressure measurement, 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, fasted blood sampling, and graded exercise testing. Participants engaged in 6 months of supervised aerobic exercise training (AEXT). Following the AEXT intervention, there were significant increases in systolic BP dipping (baseline: 5.8±3.9% vs. final: 9.4±6.1%, P=0.0055) and pulse pressure dipping (baseline: -3.1±6.6% vs. final: 5.0±12.8%, P=0.0109). Of the 18 participants with a nondipping profile at baseline, eight were nonclassified as nondippers after the AEXT intervention. There were no significant changes in office systolic BP/diastolic BP values following the AEXT intervention. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that the nondipping pattern of ambulatory BP can be improved by chronic AEXT in African American nondippers, regardless of a change in the 24-h average BP. This finding may be clinically important because of the target organ implication of nondipping nocturnal BP.


Assuntos
Negro ou Afro-Americano , Pressão Sanguínea/fisiologia , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Adulto , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Tempo
7.
Menopause ; 21(6): 579-84, 2014 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24193297

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: African-American women represent an understudied population in menopause research yet face greater postmenopausal challenges associated with mortality than their white peers. We investigated the effects of a mild-intensity aerobic exercise training program on markers of mortality risk in both premenopausal and postmenopausal African-American women. METHODS: Sixteen premenopausal women and 19 postmenopausal women underwent 6 months of mild-intensity aerobic exercise training. Measurements included markers of blood lipid and glucose profile, inflammation, kidney function, vascular health, and aerobic fitness before and after the exercise intervention. RESULTS: Before the exercise intervention, the premenopausal and postmenopausal groups only differed in age, low-density lipoprotein, and total cholesterol levels, with the latter two being higher in the postmenopausal group. Both triglycerides and markers of early-stage endothelial dysfunction (CD62E endothelial microparticles) improved in both groups with aerobic exercise training. Aerobic fitness, glomerular filtration rate, body mass index, plasma glucose levels, and markers of late-stage endothelial dysfunction (CD31/CD42b endothelial microparticles) only improved in the premenopausal group. CONCLUSIONS: Mild-intensity aerobic exercise training succeeds in improving some markers of cardiovascular disease and mortality in postmenopausal women. Higher levels of exercise intensity or perhaps additional interventions may need to be considered to further decrease mortality risk in this population.


Assuntos
Negro ou Afro-Americano , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Pós-Menopausa/fisiologia , Pré-Menopausa/fisiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Glicemia/metabolismo , Índice de Massa Corporal , Micropartículas Derivadas de Células/química , Colesterol/sangue , Selectina E/análise , Células Endoteliais/química , Feminino , Taxa de Filtração Glomerular/fisiologia , Humanos , Lipoproteínas LDL/sangue , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Consumo de Oxigênio/fisiologia , Aptidão Física/fisiologia , Projetos Piloto , Molécula-1 de Adesão Celular Endotelial a Plaquetas/análise , Complexo Glicoproteico GPIb-IX de Plaquetas/análise , Triglicerídeos/sangue
8.
J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) ; 16(7): 504-10, 2014 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24779748

RESUMO

As healthcare progresses toward individualized medicine, understanding how different racial groups respond to lifestyle interventions is valuable. It is established that African Americans have disproportionate levels of cardiovascular disease and impaired vascular health, and clinical practice guidelines suggest lifestyle interventions as the first line of treatment. Recently, the authors reported that 6 months of aerobic exercise improved inflammatory markers, flow-mediated dilation (FMD), and levels of circulating endothelial microparticles (EMPs) in African American adults. This study is a subgroup analysis of the aerobic exercise-induced changes in vascular health and blood pressure (BP) measures, including carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT), nitroglycerin-mediated dilation (NMD), ambulatory BP, and office BP. Sedentary African American adults (53.4±6.2 years; 21 women and 5 men) showed improved vascular health but no change in BP. Carotid artery IMT decreased 6.4%, plasma nitric oxide levels increased 76.6%, plasma EMP levels decreased, percentage of FMD increased 59.6%, and FMD/NMD ratio increased 36.2% (P<.05 for all). Six months of aerobic exercise training is sufficient to elicit improvements in vascular structure and function in African Americans, even without improvements in BP measures or NMD (ie, smooth muscle function). To our knowledge, this is the first study to report such findings in African Americans.


Assuntos
Pressão Sanguínea/fisiologia , Endotélio Vascular/fisiopatologia , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Hipertensão/fisiopatologia , Adulto , Negro ou Afro-Americano , Idoso , Determinação da Pressão Arterial , Espessura Intima-Media Carotídea , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fluxo Sanguíneo Regional , Vasodilatação/fisiologia
9.
Int J Hypertens ; 2013: 538017, 2013.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23691280

RESUMO

African Americans have the highest prevalence of hypertension in the world which may emanate from their predisposition to heightened endothelial inflammation. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a 6-month aerobic exercise training (AEXT) intervention on the inflammatory biomarkers interleukin-10 (IL-10), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and endothelial microparticle (EMP) CD62E+ and endothelial function assessed by flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in African Americans. A secondary purpose was to evaluate whether changes in IL-10, IL-6, or CD62E+ EMPs predicted the change in FMD following the 6-month AEXT intervention. A pre-post design was employed with baseline evaluation including office blood pressure, FMD, fasting blood sampling, and graded exercise testing. Participants engaged in 6 months of AEXT. Following the AEXT intervention, all baseline tests were repeated. FMD significantly increased, CD62E+ EMPs and IL-6 significantly decreased, and IL-10 increased but not significantly following AEXT. Changes in inflammatory biomarkers did not significantly predict the change in FMD. The change in VO2 max significantly predicted the change in IL-10. Based on these results, AEXT may be a viable, nonpharmacological method to improve inflammation status and endothelial function and thereby contribute to risk reduction for cardiovascular disease in African Americans.

10.
Hypertens Res ; 35(1): 55-61, 2012 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21814215

RESUMO

Visit-to-visit clinic blood pressure variability (BPV) and 24-h BPV have both been identified as independent risk factors for cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality; however, the mechanisms contributing to the increased CV risk as yet are unclear. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between BPV and endothelial function in a cohort of putatively healthy African Americans. A total of 36 African Americans who were sedentary, non-diabetic, non-smoking, free of CV and renal disease and not on antihypertensive medication followed an American Heart Association low fat, low salt diet for 6 weeks. Upon completion of the 6-week dietary stabilization period, participants underwent 24-h ambulatory BP monitoring and had their office blood pressure (BP) measured on 3 separate days. Right brachial artery diameter was assessed at rest, during reactive hyperemia (flow-mediated vasodilation: FMD), and after nitroglycerin administration (nitroglycerin-mediated vasodilation: NMD). Participants classified as having decreased endothelial function according to either %FMD or the FMD/NMD ratio had significantly higher 24-h BPV and a trend for higher visit-to-visit BPV when compared with participants with normal endothelial function. Continuous variable analyses revealed a significant positive association between NMD and 24-h diastolic BPV (DBPV). Visit-to-visit systolic BPV (SBPV), 24-h SBPV and 24-h DBPV were all negatively associated with the FMD/NMD ratio. All relationships remained significant after adjustment for age, body mass index and mean BP levels. These results may suggest that BPV is increased in African Americans with decreased endothelial function and is associated with the vascular smooth muscle response to nitric oxide.


Assuntos
Negro ou Afro-Americano , Pressão Sanguínea/fisiologia , Artéria Braquial/fisiologia , Endotélio Vascular/fisiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Monitorização Ambulatorial da Pressão Arterial , Dieta com Restrição de Gorduras , Dieta Hipossódica , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Hiperemia/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Risco , Vasodilatação/fisiologia
11.
Int J Hypertens ; 2010: 137206, 2011 Jan 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21274440

RESUMO

We investigated the relationship between renal function, blood pressure variability (BPV), and nitric oxide (NO) in a group of African Americans with normal or mildly impaired renal function. 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring was performed, NO measured, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) calculated in 38 African Americans. Participants were categorized as having normal (GFR > 90 mL/min per 1.73 m(2)) or mildly impaired (GFR 60-89 mL/min per 1.73 m(2)) renal function. Diastolic BPV was significantly lower in the mildly impaired renal function group. Regression analyses revealed a significant positive association between GFR and diastolic BPV for the entire study group. Plasma NO levels were significantly higher in the mildly impaired renal function group and negatively correlated with diastolic BPV. In conclusion, diastolic BPV was reduced in African Americans with mildly impaired renal function, which may be the result of increased NO production. These results conflict with previous findings in diseased and nonblack populations and could provide rationale for studying BPV early in the disease state when BP-buffering mechanisms are still preserved.

12.
Clin Transl Sci ; 4(1): 32-7, 2011 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21348953

RESUMO

African American race is an independent risk factor for enhanced oxidative stress and inflammation. We sought to examine whether oxidative-stress and inflammatory markers that are typically measured in humans also differ by race in cell culture. We compared levels between African American and Caucasian young adults and then separately in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) from both races. We found heightened oxidative stress and inflammation in the African Americans both in vitro and in vivo. African American HUVECs showed higher nitric oxide (NO) levels (10.8 ± 0.4 vs. 8.8 ± 0.7 µmol/L/mg, p = 0.03), Interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels (61.7 ± 4.2 vs. 23.9 ± 9.0 pg/mg, p = 0.02), and lower superoxide dismutase activity (15.6 ± 3.3 vs. 25.4 ± 2.8 U/mg, p = 0.04), and also higher protein expression (p < 0.05) of NADPH oxidase subunit p47phox, isoforms NOX2 and NOX4, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS), inducible NOS, as well as IL-6. African American adults had higher plasma protein carbonyls (1.1 ± 0.1 vs. 0.8 ± 0.1 nmol/mg, p = 0.01) and antioxidant capacity (2.3 ± 0.2 vs. 1.1 ± 0.3 mM, p = 0.01). These preliminary translational data demonstrate a racial difference in HUVECs much like that in humans, but should be interpreted with caution given its preliminary nature. It is known that racial differences exist in how humans respond to development and progression of disease, therefore these data suggest that ethnicity of cell model may be important to consider with in vitro clinical research.


Assuntos
Negro ou Afro-Americano , Inflamação/etnologia , Inflamação/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo , População Branca , Adulto , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Células Endoteliais/enzimologia , Humanos , Inflamação/enzimologia , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , NADPH Oxidases/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico/biossíntese , Óxido Nítrico Sintase/metabolismo , Carbonilação Proteica , Subunidades Proteicas/metabolismo , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismo , Adulto Jovem
13.
Am J Hypertens ; 24(10): 1102-7, 2011 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21677701

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Office-blood pressure (BP) measurements alone overlook a significant number of individuals with masked-hypertension (office-BP: 120/80-139/89 mm Hg and 24-h ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) daytime ≥135/85 mm Hg or night-time ≥120/70 mm Hg). Diminished endothelial function contributes to the pathogenesis of hypertension. To better understand the pathophysiology involved in the increased cardiovascular (CV) disease risk associated with masked-hypertension, we estimated the occurrence, assessed the endothelial function, compared plasma levels of inflammatory markers, white blood cell count (WBC count), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and examined the possible relationship between endothelial function and inflammatory markers in apparently healthy prehypertensive (office-BP: 120/80-139/89 mm Hg) African Americans. METHODS: Fifty African Americans who were sedentary, nondiabetic, nonsmoking, devoid of CV disease were recruited. Office-BP was measured according to JNC-7 guidelines to identify prehypertensives in whom ABPM was then assessed. Fasting plasma samples were assayed for inflammatory markers. Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) at rest and during reactive hyperemia was measured in a subset of prehypertensives. RESULTS: Subjects in the masked-hypertension sub-group had a higher hsCRP (P = 0.04) and diminished endothelial function (P = 0.03) compared to the true-prehypertensive sub-group (office-BP: 120/80-139/89 mm Hg and ABPM: daytime <135/85 mm Hg or night-time <120/70 mm Hg). Regression analysis showed that endothelial function was inversely related to hsCRP amongst the masked-hypertensive sub-group (R(2) = 0.160; P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Masked-hypertension was identified in 58% of African Americans which suggests that a masking phenomenon may exist in a sub-group of prehypertensives who also seem to have a diminished endothelial function that could be mediated by an elevated subclinical inflammation leading to the increased CV disease.


Assuntos
Endotélio Vascular/fisiologia , Hipertensão Mascarada/fisiopatologia , Vasodilatação , Adulto , Negro ou Afro-Americano , Idoso , Monitorização Ambulatorial da Pressão Arterial , Proteína C-Reativa/análise , Feminino , Humanos , Contagem de Leucócitos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Óxido Nítrico/fisiologia , Pré-Hipertensão/fisiopatologia , Fluxo Sanguíneo Regional
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