Quality-of-life scores improve after 96 weeks of PEG-IFNa-2a treatment of hepatitis D: An analysis of the HIDIT-II trial.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Infection with the hepatitis D virus (HDV) causes the most severe form of viral hepatitis with a high risk to develop clinical complications of liver disease. In addition, hepatitis delta has been shown to be associated with worse patient-reported outcomes. Until recently, only pegylated interferon alfa could be used to treat hepatitis delta. METHODS: Here, we investigated quality of life (QOL) as assessed by the Short Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36) in patients undergoing antiviral therapy with pegylated interferon alfa (PEG-IFNa-2a)-based treatment in the HIDIT-II trial. HIDIT-II was a randomized prospective trial exploring PEG-IFNa-2a with tenofovir disoproxil (TDF) or placebo for 96 weeks in patients with compensated hepatitis delta. Surveys completed by 83 study participants before, during, and after treatments were available. RESULTS: Overall, we observed a reduced QOL of HDV patients compared with a reference population, both in physical as well as mental scores. Interestingly, PEG-IFNa-2a treatment showed only minor impairment of the QOL during therapy. Moreover, HDV-RNA clearance was not associated with relevant changes in physical or social SF-36 scores, whereas an improvement of fibrosis during treatment was associated with increased QOL. Overall, slight improvements of the QOL scores were observed 24 weeks after the end of treatment as compared with baseline. TDF co-treatment had no influence on QOL. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, our findings suggest that PEG-IFNa-2a was reasonably tolerated even over a period of 96 weeks by hepatitis D patients reporting SF-36 questionnaires. Of note, several patients may benefit from PEG-IFNa-2a-based therapies with off-treatment improvements in quality of life.

Precision medicine in cancer: challenges and recommendations from an EU-funded cervical cancer biobanking study.

BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer (CC) remains a leading cause of gynaecological cancer-related mortality worldwide. CC pathogenesis is triggered when human papillomavirus (HPV) inserts into the genome, resulting in tumour suppressor gene inactivation and oncogene activation. Collecting tumour and blood samples is critical for identifying these genetic alterations. METHODS: BIO-RAIDs is the first prospective molecular profiling clinical study to include a substantial biobanking effort that used uniform high-quality standards and control of samples. In this European Union (EU)-funded study, we identified the challenges that were impeding the effective implementation of such a systematic and comprehensive biobanking effort. RESULTS: The challenges included a lack of uniform international legal and ethical standards, complexities in clinical and molecular data management, and difficulties in determining the best technical platforms and data analysis techniques. Some difficulties were encountered by all investigators, while others affected only certain institutions, regions, or countries. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the BIO-RAIDs programme highlight the need to facilitate and standardise regulatory procedures, and we feel that there is also a need for international working groups that make recommendations to regulatory bodies, governmental funding agencies, and academic institutions to achieve a proficient biobanking programme throughout EU countries. This represents the first step in precision medicine.

Glucocorticoid Effects on Tissue Residing Immune Cells in Giant Cell Arteritis: Importance of GM-CSF.

Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a systemic granulomatous vasculitis clinically characterized by a prompt response to glucocorticoid therapy. Dendritic cells (DCs) play a central role in the pathogenesis of the disease and are increased in temporal arteries from GCA patients. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of glucocorticoid therapy on granulomatous infiltrates and on peripheral DCs of GCA patients. Immunohistochemical staining of temporal artery specimens from 41 GCA patients revealed a rapid reduction of the number of DCs after initiation of glucocorticoid treatment. TUNEL staining was performed to quantify apoptotic S100+ DC, CD3+ T cells, and CD68+ macrophages in the granulomatous infiltrates. An increase of apoptotic cells up to 9 ± 2% after 4-5 days of glucocorticoid therapy and up to 27 ± 5% (p < 0.001, compared to earlier timepoints) after 6-10 days was detected. A decrease of CCL19 and CCL21 expression was observed after starting glucocorticoid therapy. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) expression also significantly decreased under glucocorticoid therapy. No GM-CSF expression was detected in the control specimens. Glucocorticoid therapy leads to a rapid, time-dependent reduction of DCs in temporal arteries from GCA patients and reduction of mediators for cell migration. Our data suggest GM-CSF as a novel therapeutic target of GCA.

No correlation between giant cell arteritis and Chlamydia pneumoniae infection: investigation of 189 patients by standard and improved PCR methods.

A total of 189 temporal artery biopsy samples from giant cell arteritis (GCA) patients were investigated using sensitive PCR targeting Chlamydia pneumoniae. Chlamydial DNA was detected in 17 samples, 11 of which were positive for chlamydial antigens. Our data did not reveal strong evidence that C. pneumoniae plays an important role in the pathogenesis of GCA.

Free iron ions decrease indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase expression and reduce IFNgamma-induced inhibition of Chlamydia trachomatis infection.

Interferon-gamma (IFNgamma)-mediated indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) expression, important in innate immunity, immune suppression, and tolerance, can be counteracted by ferrous iron (FeSO(4)). Elevation of intracellular iron levels during stimulation with IFNgamma impeded IFNgamma-induced IDO mRNA and protein expression in HEp-2 cells. Decreased IDO expression was accompanied by decreased tryptophan degradation. Accordingly, IFNgamma-mediated suppressing effects on Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection were reduced or even abolished in the presence of FeSO(4). Conversely, lowering intracellular iron levels by deferoxamine (DFO) did not increase IFNgamma-induced IDO expression but potentiated Chlamydia-suppressing effects by lowering intracellular iron availability. Additionally, DFO led to a CT-induced IDO expression in HEp-2 cells not treated with IFNgamma. In summary, this study demonstrates that iron acts as a regulatory element for modulating IDO expression, in addition to its function as an essential element for chlamydial growth. This may represent an important control mechanism of IDO expression at the transcriptional level.

Peginterferon alfa-2a plus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for hepatitis D (HIDIT-II): a randomised, placebo controlled, phase 2 trial.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis D is the most severe form of chronic viral hepatitis. Treatment guidelines recommend 1 year of peginterferon alfa, which is effective in 25-30% of patients only. Whether prolonged therapy with peginterferon alfa-2a for 96 weeks and combination therapy with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) would increase hepatitis D virus (HDV) RNA suppression is unknown. We aimed to explore whether prolonged treatment of HDV with 96 weeks of peginterferon would increase HDV RNA response rates and reduces post-treatment relapses. METHODS: We did two parallel, investigator-initiated, multicentre, double-blind randomised, controlled trials at 14 study sites in Germany, Greece, Romania, and Turkey. Patients with chronic HDV infection and compensated liver disease who were aged 18 years or older were eligible for inclusion. All patients were HBsAg positive for at least 7 months, anti-HDV positive for at least 3 months, and HDV-RNA positive at the local laboratory at the screening visit. Patients were ineligible if alanine aminotransferase levels were higher than ten times above the upper limit of normal and if platelet counts were lower than 90 000 per µL, or if they had received interferon therapy or treatment with a nucleoside and nucleotide analogue within the preceding 6 months. Patients were randomly assigned by blinded stratified block randomisation (1:1) to receive 180 µg of peginterferon alfa-2a weekly plus either TDF (300 mg once daily) or placebo for 96 weeks. The primary endpoint was the percentage of patients with undetectable HDV RNA at the end of treatment assessed by intention to treat. The trials are registered as NCT00932971 and NCT01088659. FINDINGS: Between June 24, 2009, and Feb 28, 2011, we randomly assigned 59 HDV RNA-positive patients to receive peginterferon alfa-2a plus TDF and 61 to receive peginterferon alfa-2a plus placebo, including 48 (40%) patients with cirrhosis to the two treatment groups (23 in the peginterferon alfa-2a plus TDF group and 25 in the peginterferon alfa-2a plus placebo group). The primary endpoint was achieved in 28 (48%) of 59 patients in the peginterferon alfa-2a plus TDF group and in 20 (33%) of 61 patients in the peginterferon alfa-2a plus placebo group (odds ratio 1·84, 95% CI 0·86-3·91, p=0·12). We recorded 944 adverse events (459 in the peginterferon alfa-2a plus TDF group and 485 in the peginterferon alfa-2a plus placebo group). The most common adverse events were haematological, behavioural (eg, fatigue), musculoskeletal, influenza-like syndromes, and psychiatric complaints. INTERPRETATION: Addition of TDF resulted in no significant improvement in HDV RNA response rates at the end of treatment. These findings highlight that alternative treatment options are needed for hepatitis D. FUNDING: The HepNet Study-House (a project of the German Liver Foundation founded by the German Liver Foundation, the German Ministry for Education and Research, and the German Center for Infectious Disease Research), Hoffmann-La Roche, and Gilead Sciences.

Transmission of Chlamydophila pneumoniae from dendritic cells to macrophages does not require cell-to-cell contact in vitro.

Chlamydophila pneumoniae (C. pneumoniae) has been detected in macrophages (Mø) and dendritic cells (DC) in vascular diseases. To understand the importance of these cell types in C. pneumoniae infection and transmission, we infected DC and cultivated them with Mø in a coculture model system which precludes cell-to-cell contact during chlamydial infection. C. pneumoniae inside living DC were labeled and tracked with a red fluorescent ceramide dye. Subsequently, red-coloured chlamydial inclusions were detected 3 and 5 days later in cocultured Mø. Moreover, standard assays revealed infectious elementary bodies in infected DC and cocultured Mø. Assays for chlamydial gene expression indicated vital and dividing chlamydiae in both cell types. In summary, the results suggest that the transwell system employed here is a suitable model to investigate the transmission of C. pneumoniae from DC to Mø. Importantly, the observations presented demonstrate that transmission is independent of cell-to-cell contact.

Staining of Chlamydia trachomatis elementary bodies: a suitable method for identifying infected human monocytes by flow cytometry.

Persistence of Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) in the joint is the most frequent cause of reactive arthritis following urogenital tract infection. The resulting changes of host cell antigen- and cytokine-expression are not precisely understood. We developed and evaluated a direct cytometric approach to visualize in vitro C. trachomatis-infected monocytes. Infectious elementary bodies (EBs) of C. trachomatis serovar K were labelled by incubation with 5-(and-6)-carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE). Afterwards, human peripheral blood monocytes were cultured with the CFSE-labelled EBs and analysed by flow cytometry. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to demonstrate intracellular uptake and viability of CFSE-labelled C. trachomatis by the determination of gene expression. Labelling EBs with CFSE may become a valuable tool for studying the interaction between C. trachomatis and the host cell.

Acute coronary syndrome associated with Churg-Strauss syndrome.

A 41 -year old female patient was admitted with acute onset of dyspnea and chest pain. Previous history revealed asthma, chronic sinusitis and eosinophilic proctitis. Electrocardiogram showed anterior ST-segment elevations and inferior ST-segment depression. Immediate heart catheterization revealed a distally occluded left anterior descending coronary artery, the occlusion being reversible after nitroglycerine. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging was consistent with perimyocarditis. Hypereosinophilia and IgE elevation were present and Churg-strauss syndrome was diagnosed.

In vitro neutralization of tumor necrosis factor-alpha during Chlamydia pneumoniae infection impairs dendritic cells maturation/function and increases chlamydial progeny.

Dendritic cells (DCs) produce tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha upon infection and contribute in various ways to defense against pathogenic agents. Several biological agents have been designed to inhibit TNF-alpha activity. However, the use of these inhibitors has been associated with an increased rate of certain opportunistic infections. To study the effect of TNF-alpha inhibition, human monocyte-derived DCs were infected with Chlamydia pneumoniae. TNF-alpha was neutralized by adalimumab, a human anti-TNF-alpha monoclonal antibody. Chlamydiae induced the maturation of DC as determined by flow cytometry and quantitative real-time PCR. However, DC maturation was impaired in the presence of adalimumab. Moreover, neutralization of TNF-alpha resulted in a significant increase of infectious progeny, 16S rRNA gene copy number and development of larger inclusions consisting of different stages of chlamydial development. Additionally, chlamydial infection induced secretion of cytokines/chemokines, which were downregulated by adalimumab treatment. Our data reveal an indirect effect on maturation of DC by C. pneumoniae and that maturation is crucial for the restriction of chlamydial development. The results also demonstrate an increase in infectious progeny after TNF-alpha inhibition, suggesting a contribution of TNF-alpha produced by DCs to chlamydial growth arrest. These data suggest a possible mechanism by which TNF-alpha inhibition enhances the risk of intracellular infections.

Identification of high- and low-virulent strains of Chlamydia pneumoniae by their characterization in a mouse pneumonia model.

Contradicting reports exist about the pathogenicity of Chlamydia pneumoniae and the severity of the respiratory disease they cause. This study aimed to clarify, in mice, our hypothesis that marked differences in virulence of well-defined C. pneumoniae strains might exist for lung infections. C57BL/6J mice were intranasally infected with equal amounts of five different, identically prepared laboratory strains of C. pneumoniae. Based on the clinical score, weight, histopathological score, the granulocyte marker-enzyme myeloperoxidase, and the amount of Chlamydiae in the lung tissue, the C. pneumoniae isolates exhibited clear differences in overall growth characteristics or clearance, and pathological potential. Thus, we could identify chlamydial strains (Kajaani-K6 and CWL-029), where mice became seriously ill, as well as a relatively low-virulent isolate (TWAR-183). Cytokine profiles also varied drastically between the five strains in extent and kinetic. Our results indicate that C. pneumoniae isolates differ markedly with regard to their interaction with the host and their pathological potential. This might also be true for the infection in humans. Because the genomic diversity of C. pneumoniae is rather small, more subtle genomic deviations account most likely for the apparent functional differences. Our results will be useful to identify additional virulence factors in the future.

Fate of Chlamydophila pneumoniae in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells: long lasting infection.

Earlier studies from this group demonstrated that Chlamydophila pneumoniae co-localized with dendritic cells (DC) in temporal artery biopsies from patients with giant cell arteritis (GCA). To investigate the interaction of DC with C. pneumoniae we employed an in vitro cell culture system of human monocyte derived DC. These DC were infected with C. pneumoniae and observed at regular time intervals up to 25 days post infection. Chlamydiae were visualized inside DC by both confocal and electron microscopy. Statistical analysis showed an increase in the number of chlamydial antigen during that period (p < 0.00005, chi2-test). Titration of DC lysates on HEp-2 cells showed that infectious progeny was recovered at various intervals but showed no exponential growth. Additionally, RT-PCR analyses of infected DC identified transcripts from dnaA, ftsK and tal throughout a period of 14 days, indicating viable chlamydiae. Thus, human monocyte-derived DC are susceptible to C. pneumoniae infection. These results indicate that C. pneumoniae-infected DC can play an important role in the transmission of these bacteria in GCA and other chlamydial diseases.