Endoscopic resection of high-risk T1 colorectal carcinoma prior to surgical resection has no adverse effect on long-term outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: It is difficult to predict the presence of histological risk factors for lymph node metastasis (LNM) before endoscopic treatment of T1 colorectal cancer (CRC). Therefore, endoscopic therapy is propagated to obtain adequate histological staging. We examined whether secondary surgery following endoscopic resection of high-risk T1 CRC does not have a negative effect on patients' outcomes compared with primary surgery. DESIGN: Patients with T1 CRC with one or more histological risk factors for LNM (high risk) and treated with primary or secondary surgery between 2000 and 2014 in 13 hospitals were identified in the Netherlands Cancer Registry. Additional data were collected from hospital records, endoscopy, radiology and pathology reports. A propensity score analysis was performed using inverse probability weighting (IPW) to correct for confounding by indication. RESULTS: 602 patients were eligible for analysis (263 primary; 339 secondary surgery). Overall, 34 recurrences were observed (5.6%). After adjusting with IPW, no differences were observed between primary and secondary surgery for the presence of LNM (OR 0.97; 95% CI 0.49 to 1.93; p=0.940) and recurrence during follow-up (HR 0.97; 95% CI 0.41 to 2.34; p=0.954). Further adjusting for lymphovascular invasion, depth of invasion and number of retrieved lymph nodes did not alter this outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Our data do not support an increased risk of LNM or recurrence after secondary surgery compared with primary surgery. Therefore, an attempt for an en-bloc resection of a possible T1 CRC without evident signs of deep invasion seems justified in order to prevent surgery of low-risk T1 CRC in a significant proportion of patients.

Risk for Incomplete Resection after Macroscopic Radical Endoscopic Resection of T1 Colorectal Cancer: A Multicenter Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVES: The decision to perform secondary surgery after endoscopic resection of T1 colorectal cancer (CRC) depends on the risk of lymph node metastasis and the risk of incomplete resection. We aimed to examine the incidence and risk factors for incomplete endoscopic resection of T1 CRC after a macroscopic radical endoscopic resection. METHODS: Data from patients treated between 2000 and 2014 with macroscopic complete endoscopic resection of T1 CRC were collected from 13 hospitals. Incomplete resection was defined as local recurrence at the polypectomy site during follow-up or malignant tissue in the surgically resected specimen in case secondary surgery was performed. Multivariate regression analysis was performed to analyze factors associated with incomplete resection. RESULTS: In total, 877 patients with a median follow-up time of 36.5 months (interquartile range 16.0-68.3) were included, in whom secondary surgery was performed in 358 patients (40.8%). Incomplete resection was observed in 30 patients (3.4%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.3-4.6%). Incomplete resection rate was 0.7% (95% CI 0-2.1%) in low-risk T1 CRC vs. 4.4% (95% CI 2.7-6.5%) in high-risk T1 CRC (P=0.04). Overall adverse outcome rate (incomplete resection or metastasis) was 2.1% (95% CI 0-5.0%) in low-risk T1 CRC vs. 11.7% (95% CI 8.8-14.6%) in high-risk T1 CRC (P=0.001). Piecemeal resection (adjusted odds ratio 2.60; 95% CI 1.20-5.61, P=0.02) and non-pedunculated morphology (adjusted odds ratio 2.18; 95% CI 1.01-4.70, P=0.05) were independent risk factors for incomplete resection. Among patients in whom no additional surgery was performed, who developed recurrent cancer, 41.7% (95% CI 20.8-62.5%) died as a result of recurrent cancer. CONCLUSIONS: In the absence of histological high-risk factors, a 'wait-and-see' policy with limited follow-up is justified. Piecemeal resection and non-pedunculated morphology are independent risk factors for incomplete endoscopic resection of T1 CRC.

Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) versus endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for resection of large distal non-pedunculated colorectal adenomas (MATILDA-trial): rationale and design of a multicenter randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is currently the most used technique for resection of large distal colorectal polyps. However, in large lesions EMR can often only be performed in a piecemeal fashion resulting in relatively low radical (R0)-resection rates and high recurrence rates. Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a newer procedure that is more difficult resulting in a longer procedural time, but is promising due to the high en-bloc resection rates and the very low recurrence rates. We aim to evaluate the (cost-)effectiveness of ESD against EMR on both short (i.e. 6 months) and long-term (i.e. 36 months). We hypothesize that in the short-run ESD is more time consuming resulting in higher healthcare costs, but is (cost-) effective on the long-term due to lower patients burden, a higher number of R0-resections and lower recurrence rates with less need for repeated procedures. METHODS: This is a multicenter randomized clinical trial in patients with a non-pedunculated polyp larger than 20 mm in the rectum, sigmoid, or descending colon suspected to be an adenoma by means of endoscopic assessment. Primary endpoint is recurrence rate at follow-up colonoscopy at 6 months. Secondary endpoints are R0-resection rate, perceived burden and quality of life, healthcare resources utilization and costs, surgical referral rate, complication rate and recurrence rate at 36 months. Quality-adjusted-life-year (QALY) will be estimated taking an area under the curve approach and using EQ-5D-indexes. Healthcare costs will be calculated by multiplying used healthcare services with unit prices. The cost-effectiveness of ESD against EMR will be expressed as incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER) showing additional costs per recurrence free patient and as ICER showing additional costs per QALY. DISCUSSION: If this trial confirms ESD to be favorable on the long-term, the burden of extra colonoscopies and repeated procedures can be prevented for future patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT02657044 (Clinicaltrials.gov), registered January 8, 2016.

[Metabolic encephalopathy can be a potentially life-threatening complication from valproic acid]. / Metabole encefalopathie als potentieel levensbedreigende complicatie van valproïnezuur.

In two female patients of 62 and 81 years old, a metabolic encephalopathy was diagnosed which was ascribed to the use of valproic acid. Both had elevated ammonia levels in arterial blood, without hepatic failure. The first patient eventually became comatose and required artificial ventilation. After discontinuation of the valproic acid and with the aid of supportive measures, both women recovered. In patients with an impaired level of consciousness who are using valproic acid, a metabolic encephalopathy caused by this drug should be considered. Elevated levels of ammonia can be found but are not mandatory. Discontinuation of valproic acid will lead to recovery of consciousness.

[Interstitial nephritis attributed to treatment with piperacillin-tazobactam and with ciprofloxacin]. / Interstitiële nefritis toegeschreven aan het gebruik van piperacilline-tazobactam en van ciprofloxacine.

A 26-year-old man was treated with piperacillin-tazobactam because of suspected cholangitis and a 77-year-old man was given ciprofloxacin because of an infected knee-prosthesis. They both developed symptoms of an interstitial nephritis: malaise and laboratory deviations. The symptoms disappeared after the antibiotics were withdrawn. No other explanation for the renal function disorders could be found in either patient. Piperacillin-tazobactam and ciprofloxacin are considered to be relatively safe and serious adverse effects are rare. Acute interstitial nephritis may, however, occur and its clinical presentation may not be very informative. Withdrawal of the culprit usually leads to recovery.

How the concept of biochemical response influenced the management of primary biliary cholangitis over time.

BACKGROUND: Criteria assessing biochemical response to ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) are established risk stratification tools in primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). We aimed to evaluate to what extent liver tests influenced patient management during a three decade period, and whether this changed over time. METHODS: 851 Dutch PBC patients diagnosed between 1988 and 2012 were reviewed to assess patient management in relation to liver test results during UDCA treatment. To do so, biochemical response at one year was analysed retrospectively according to Paris-1 criteria. RESULTS: Response was assessable for 687/851 (81%) patients; 157/687 non-responders. During a follow-up of 8.8 years (IQR 4.8-13.9), 141 died and 30 underwent liver transplantation. Transplant-free survival of non-responders (60%) was significantly worse compared with responders (87%) (p < 0.0001). Management was modified in 46/157 (29%) non-responders. The most frequent change observed, noted in 26/46 patients, was an increase in UDCA dosage. Subsequently, 9/26 (35%) non-responders became responders within the next two years. Steroid treatment was started in one patient; 19 patients were referred to a tertiary centre. No trend towards more frequent changes in management over time was observed (p = 0.10). CONCLUSION: Changes in medical management occurred in a minority of non-responders. This can largely be explained by the lack of accepted response criteria and of established second-line treatments for PBC. Nevertheless, the observation that response-guided management did not increase over time suggests that awareness of the concept of biochemical response requires further attention,particularly since new treatment options for PBC will soon become available.

Prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in primary biliary cirrhosis.

Osteoporosis is not a feature unique to primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) but is also found in other categories of liver disease. The principles developed for monitoring and treating postmenopausal osteoporosis can also be followed for patients with PBC. Monitoring of dietary intake of calcium and vitamin D serum levels is essential, and the threshold for initiating supplementation should be low. Bisphosphonates can be considered the most rational choice when specific therapy is required.

Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in primary biliary cirrhosis: effect of ursodeoxycholic acid and immunosuppressive therapy.

OBJECTIVES: Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) is thought to be released by a variety of cells at sites of inflammation, and their serum levels have been used as markers of inflammatory and immune activity. Our aim was to determine the effect of therapy with ursodeoxycholic acid alone and in combination with azathioprine and prednisone on serum sICAM-1 levels in primary biliary cirrhosis. DESIGN/METHODS: Twenty-four patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and 17 healthy subjects were studied. Primary biliary cirrhosis patients received ursodeoxycholic acid for 12 months and were then randomized in a double-blind fashion to receive prednisone and azathioprine, or placebo in addition to ursodeoxycholic acid. RESULTS: sICAM-1 levels were significantly higher in primary biliary cirrhosis patients than healthy subjects and fell by a median of 20% after 12 months' therapy with ursodeoxycholic acid (P<0.0004). Addition of azathioprine and prednisone to ursodeoxycholic acid resulted in a further reduction of sICAM-1 levels by a median of 25% (P< 0.01). Reductions in sICAM-1 were accompanied by improvement in liver function tests but not in the lymphocyte activation marker, soluble interleukin-2 receptor. CONCLUSION: sICAM-1 levels in primary biliary cirrhosis are reduced by ursodeoxycholic acid. Further reductions were achieved by adding prednisone and azathioprine. These reductions probably reflect an improvement in hepatobiliary excretion and a reduction in cellular production of sICAM-1.

Late recurrence of liposarcoma simulating adenoma of the duodenum.

A large pedunculated, polypoid mass in the duodenum of a patient with asymptomatic anaemia, with mucosal biopsies indicating a villous adenoma, turned out to be a liposarcoma during laparotomy. The patient had had a completely resected retroperitoneal liposarcoma 8 years before. Liposarcoma recurrence should be highly suspected even in case of atypical presentation and long disease free interval.

Combined treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid and prednisone in primary biliary cirrhosis.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of combined therapy (CT) of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) with prednisone on symptoms and biochemistry in patients with non-advanced primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), who had responded insufficiently to either drug alone. METHODS: Retrospective evaluation of the effect of 1 year of CT on symptoms (pruritus, fatigue, arthralgia) and biochemical parameters [bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase (APh), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and IgM] in 7 symptomatic patients. RESULTS: Five of the 7 patients became asymptomatic. Pruritus disappeared in 2 of 3 patients, fatigue in 4 of 6 and arthralgia in both symptomatic patients. APh and AST decreased in all patients (median 41% and 59%, respectively). IgM decreased, although to a lesser degree (median 16%), in all but 1 patient. Normal levels for AST were achieved in 4 patients. In 2 of these APh normalized too. In 2 patients IgM became normal. Bilirubin, only slightly elevated in 1 patient, remained stable in all. The beneficial effects were maintained during follow-up (median 1.5 years). The treatment was well tolerated by all patients. CONCLUSIONS: In PBC, combined treatment with UDCA and prednisone appears to improve symptoms and biochemical parameters to a larger extent than either treatment alone; randomized controlled trials should be performed to establish the benefit/risk ratio of this combination therapy.

Cholestatic liver diseases: new strategies for prevention and treatment of hepatobiliary and cholestatic diseases.

Based on proceedings of the 75th Falk Symposium in Maastricht (The Netherlands) on cholestasis and gallstone disease, recent developments in this field are highlighted. New ideas on bile and gallstone formation as well as effect of cholestasis on the handling of bilirubin and bile salts are presented. Special attention is paid to the latest data concerning ductopenic liver diseases with emphasis on therapy with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA).

[The pathophysiology and treatment of cholestatic pruritus]. / De pathofysiologie en behandeling van cholestatische jeuk.

Pruritus is a frequent, distressing and sometimes disabling symptom of liver and biliary tract disorders. Results of treatment are sometimes disappointing and the pathophysiology is still largely unknown. It was recently discovered that endogenous opioids contribute to the perception of itching and that opiate receptor antagonists can reduce the overstimulation of these receptors and thereby attenuate the itching. A stepwise treatment strategy focusing successively on ion exchange resins, rifampicin and opiate receptor antagonists leads to effective alleviation of itching in most patients.

Management of osteoporosis in primary biliary cirrhosis.

Osteoporosis is not a significant problem in the majority of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). However, substantial bone-related morbidity may occur in patients with advanced disease, in particular after liver transplantation. The cause of osteoporosis in PBC is multifactorial, and pathophysiological mechanisms specifically related to PBC have not been defined. In general, the principles of management followed in post-menopausal osteoporosis also apply in chronic liver disease. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry is currently the method of choice for monitoring bone mineral density. Avoidance of conditions with potential negative effects on bone mass, and maintaining adequate serum vitamin D levels and calcium intake form the cornerstone in preventing osteoporosis. Bisphosphonates are the most logical choice when specific medical treatment of PBC-associated osteoporosis is indicated, as well as for preventing bone loss during glucocorticoid treatment and after liver transplantation. Recent studies suggest that active vitamin D analogues are effective alternatives in the post-transplant setting.

Oral naltrexone treatment for cholestatic pruritus: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The efficacy of currently available therapeutic agents for cholestatic pruritus is often disappointing. The aim of this study was to assess the antipruritic effect of naltrexone, an oral opiate receptor antagonist. METHODS: Sixteen patients with pruritus of chronic cholestasis were randomized to receive naltrexone (4-week course of 50 mg naltrexone daily) or placebo. Pruritus, quality of sleep, fatigue (using visual analogue scales), side effects, and liver function were assessed every 2 weeks. Serum naltrexone and 6 beta-naltrexol concentrations in all patients and 5 healthy controls were measured during the first day of naltrexone treatment. RESULTS: Mean changes with respect to baseline were significantly different, in favor of the naltrexone group, for daytime itching (-54% vs. 8%; P < 0.001) and nighttime itching (-44% vs. 7%, P = 0.003). In 4 naltrexone-treated patients, side effects (transient in 3 cases) consistent with an opiate withdrawal syndrome were noted. No deterioration of the underlying disease was observed. Naltrexone and 6 beta-naltrexol levels did not differ between patients and controls, and there was no significant association with treatment response. CONCLUSIONS: For patients with cholestatic liver disease and itching, refractory to regular antipruritic therapy, oral naltrexone may be an effective and well-tolerated alternative.

Increased gall bladder volume in primary sclerosing cholangitis.

BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) requires invasive procedures such as liver biopsy and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC). Sonographic measurement of fasting gall bladder volume, which has been reported to be enlarged in PSC, could serve as a non-invasive screening test. METHODS: Fasting gall bladder volume was studied in patients with PSC (n = 24), primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC, n = 13), liver cirrhosis due to other causes (n = 18), ulcerative colitis (n = 15), and healthy controls (n = 23). Meal induced gall bladder emptying was studied in patients with PSC, patients with PBC, and healthy controls. RESULTS: In patients with PSC gall bladder volume was greatly enlarged (72.9 (SEM 3.7) ml) compared with healthy controls (25.4 (1.7) ml, and patients with PBC (30.9 (2.7) ml), liver cirrhosis (31.3 (4.0) ml) or ulcerative colitis (25.8 (2.0) ml) (p < 0.0005 v all). In four patients with PSC the gall bladder wall was irregularly thickened (> 4 mm) as previously described in PSC. Postprandial residual fractions (% of fasting volume) were comparable between patients with PSC (17.5 (3.7)%) and those with PBC (23.6 (7.1%) and healthy controls (12.7 (2.3)%) Although gall bladder emptying seems normal, increased biliary pressure in patients with PSC cannot be excluded. CONCLUSION: Apart from wall thickening, patients with PSC often present with enlargement of the gall bladder. Sonographic determination of fasting gall bladder volume may be a useful, non-invasive, and easy to perform tool in the evaluation of patients suspected of having PSC.

Cyclical etidronate in the prevention of bone loss in corticosteroid-treated primary biliary cirrhosis. A prospective, controlled pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Recently, promising disease modifying effects of low dose corticosteroid treatment in primary biliary cirrhosis have been reported. However, steroid-induced bone loss constitutes a potential drawback of this treatment option. AIM: To assess whether etidronate can reduce bone loss during corticosteroid treatment. METHODS: Twelve primary biliary cirrhosis patients (all Child-Pugh Class A), treated with prednisone in the context of a 1-year placebo-controlled pilot study with prednisone (maintenance dose 10 mg daily), and azathioprine (50 mg daily), were randomized to receive either cyclical etidronate (400 mg daily, during 2 weeks) alternated with calcium 500 mg daily during 11 weeks or calcium alone. All patients had been receiving ursodeoxycholic acid during at least 1 year and this treatment was continued. Bone mass was measured in the lumbar spine and the femoral neck by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry before and after 3 and 12 months of treatment. Markers of bone formation (serum osteocalcin, procollagen-I-propeptide) and bone resorption (urinary deoxypyridinoline and calcium) were also monitored. RESULTS: The mean lumbar bone mineral density did not significantly change in the patients taking etidronate + calcium, in contrast to patients treated with calcium alone (+0.4 vs. -3.0%; p = 0.01). Changes in femoral bone mineral density and markers of bone turnover did not significantly differ between both groups. No adverse effects of etidronate were noted. CONCLUSIONS: Cyclical etidronate appears to prevent bone loss associated with prednisone treatment in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. These preliminary results encourage the further evaluation of long term prednisone treatment and concurrent bisphosphonate therapy in primary biliary cirrhosis.

Risk of primary sclerosing cholangitis is associated with nonsmoking behavior.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Seventy percent of patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) have concomitant ulcerative colitis. Smoking and previous appendectomy may protect against ulcerative colitis. The aim of this study was to examine these factors in patients with PSC. METHODS: Fifty-nine patients with PSC, 130 patients with ulcerative colitis and normal liver biochemistry, and 197 control subjects were interviewed about smoking behavior and history of appendectomy. RESULTS: There were less current smokers in the PSC and ulcerative colitis groups than in the control group (19%, 12%, and 38%, respectively). The resulting odds ratio for current smoking was 0.37 (95% confidence interval, (0.18-0.76) in the PSC group and 0.23 (95% confidence interval, 0.13-0.41) in the ulcerative colitis group. Percentage of persons who ever smoked was also significantly less in the PSC group (41% vs. 56% in the control group). Frequency of previous appendectomy in the PSC and ulcerative colitis groups was not significantly different from that of controls (19%, 9%, and 14%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Smoking but not previous appendectomy is associated with decreased risk of PSC.