Fifteen-minute consultation: Managing post-COVID-19 syndrome (long COVID) in children and young people.

Post-COVID-19 syndrome is a new condition that can have a major impact on the physical and mental well-being of children and young people, affecting their ability to access activities including education. Paediatricians and general practitioners need to be able to assess and manage patients with this condition; making the diagnosis, excluding serious pathology, managing comorbidities and accessing appropriate management are crucial. This 15 minute consultation presents an approach to history taking, examination, investigations, management principles and referrals.

Young victims of youth violence: using youth workers in the emergency department to facilitate 'teachable moments' and to improve access to services.

There have been rising concerns in the UK about the levels of serious violence between young people, especially serious physical violence and knife crime. Interactions with young people in the emergency department (ED) at the time of injury provide an opportunity for screening and intervention in order to reduce the risk of repeat attendances. However, paediatricians and other healthcare workers can feel unsure about the best way to intervene. Embedding youth workers in EDs has started in some UK hospitals, making use of a potential 'teachable moment' in the immediate aftermath of an event to help change behaviour. Based on a rapid review of the literature, we summarise the evidence for these types of interventions and present two practice examples. Finally, we discuss how EDs could approach the embedding of youth workers within their department and considerations required for this.

Placing education at the centre of the outpatient clinic improves learning and experiences for everyone using the multilevel attainment of learning, teaching and support (MALTS) approach.

A large proportion of consultant time is spent in outpatient practice. This setting provides an excellent learning environment for different levels of a trainee if well organised. This article describes an evidence-based teaching approach and its evaluation by trainees, patients and carers in a typical district general hospital setting which it is hoped others might find helpful.

Off-vertical axis rotation of the visual field and nauseogenicity.

BACKGROUND: Off-vertical axis rotation (OVAR) causes motion sickness which increases with angle of tilt and is most provocative around 0.2 Hz. The aim was to determine the tilt angle and frequency characteristics for visual OVAR, which is also known to be nauseogenic. METHODS: A computerized scene, as seen by a pilot at moderate altitude, rotated at different frequencies about an axis which could tilt as during OVAR. A concurrent visual detection task controlled attention. Exposures were for 10 min or until nausea developed. There were four experiments: Frequency tuning-visual motion at 0.05, 0.2, and 0.8 Hz, all at 18 degrees tilt of the axis of rotation (N = 14); gross visual tilt tuning-visual motion at 0, 45, and 90 degrees of tilt at 0.2 Hz (N = 12); fine visual tilt tuning -- 18, 36, 54, and 72 degrees tilts at 0.2 Hz (N = 24); and whole-body tilt of the participant at 0, 45, and 90 degrees, viewing rotation about a vertical axis at 0.2 Hz (N = 12). RESULTS: Nauseogenicity was significantly greater at 0.2 Hz than at lower or higher frequencies. Visual tilts 18 degrees to circa 45 degrees were significantly more nauseogenic. No differences were found between whole-body tilts. CONCLUSIONS: Nauseogenicity of visual OVAR peaks around 0.2 Hz, and increases with stimulus strength up to circa 45 degrees tilt, similar to real motion. With higher tilt angles, decreasing nauseogenicity suggests that the visual impact is partially quarantined because the motion would appear patently absurd and not a sensory conflict. Whole-body tilt may have failed to modulate nauseogenicity because of overriding somatosensory cues to Earth vertical.