RESUMO
Recombination is a pervasive phenomenon in RNA viruses and an important strategy for accelerating the evolution of RNA virus populations. Recombination in the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) was first reported in 1999, and many case reports have been published in recent years. In this review, all the existing reports on PRRSV recombination events were collected, and the genotypes, parental strains, and locations of the recombination breakpoints have been summarized and analyzed. The results showed that the recombination pattern constantly changes; whether inter- or intra-lineage recombination, the recombination hotspots vary in different recombination patterns. The virulence of recombinant PRRSVs was higher than that of the parental strains, and the emergence of virulence reversion was caused by recombination after using MLV vaccines. This could be attributed to the enhanced adaptability of recombinant PRRSV for entry and replication, facilitating their rapid propagation. The aim of this paper was to identify common features of recombinant PRRSV strains, reduce the recombination risk, and provide a foundation for future research into the mechanism of PRRSV recombination.
Assuntos
Síndrome Respiratória e Reprodutiva Suína , Vírus da Síndrome Respiratória e Reprodutiva Suína , Recombinação Genética , Vírus da Síndrome Respiratória e Reprodutiva Suína/genética , Vírus da Síndrome Respiratória e Reprodutiva Suína/classificação , Vírus da Síndrome Respiratória e Reprodutiva Suína/patogenicidade , Animais , Suínos , Síndrome Respiratória e Reprodutiva Suína/virologia , Genótipo , Virulência , Genoma Viral , Replicação Viral , FilogeniaRESUMO
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an important pathogen that causes huge economic losses to the global pig industry. Nonstructural protein 7α (NSP7α) of PRRSV is highly conserved among different lineages of PRRSV and could be a potential target for the development of detection methods. In this study, NSP7α was expressed in prokaryote (Escherichia coli) and purified. An NSP7α-ab-ELISA detection method was established, the NSP7α-ab-ELISA has 93.1 % coincidence rate with IDEXX PRRS X3 ab test kit. NSP7α antibody was detected in pig serum by ELISA 14 days following PRRSV infection. Three monoclonal antibodies (4H9, 3F2, and C10) against NSP7α prepared by a hybridoma technique were used for epitope mapping by indirect immunofluorescence. The 4H9, 3F2, and C10 antibodies all recognized the C-terminal 72-149 amino acid region of NSP7α. 4H9 reacted with amino acids 135-143, but 3F2 and C10 did not react with any truncated polypeptide. In addition, by using the monoclonal antibodies, NSP7α was localized solely in the cytoplasm, while the N protein was distributed in the cytoplasm and nucleus. The collective findings of the antigenicity and epitope of NSP7α will be helpful for understanding the antigenicity of NSP7α and developing PRRSV diagnostic methods.
Assuntos
Síndrome Respiratória e Reprodutiva Suína , Vírus da Síndrome Respiratória e Reprodutiva Suína , Animais , Suínos , Mapeamento de Epitopos , Anticorpos Antivirais , Anticorpos Monoclonais , Escherichia coliRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Renal denervation (RDN) has been proven to be effective in lowering blood pressure (BP) in patients, but previous studies have had short follow-ups and have not examined the effects of RDN on major cardiovascular outcomes. This study aimed to demonstrate the effectiveness and safety of RDN in the long-term treatment of hypertension and to determine if it has an effect on cardiovascular outcomes. METHODS: All patients with resistant hypertension who underwent RDN between 2011 and 2015 at Tianjin First Central Hospital were included in the study. Patients were followed up at 1,5 and 10âyears and the longest follow-up was 12âyears. Data were collected on office BP, home BP, ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM), renal function, antihypertensive drug regimen, major adverse events (including acute myocardial infarction, stroke, cardiovascular death and all cause death) and safety events. RESULTS: A total of 60 participants with mean age 50.37â±â15.19âyears (43.33% female individuals) completed long-term follow-up investigations with a mean of 10.02â±â1.72âyears post-RDN. Baseline office SBP and DBP were 179.08â±â22.05 and 101.17â±â16.57âmmHg under a mean number of 4.22â±â1.09 defined daily doses (DDD), with a reduction of -35.93/-14.76âmmHg as compared with baseline estimates ( P â<â0.0001). Compared with baseline, ambulatory SBP and DBP after 10-years follow-up were reduced by 14.31â±â10.18 ( P â<â0.001) and 9â±â4.35 ( P â<â0.001) mmHg, respectively. In comparison to baseline, participants were taking fewer antihypertensive medications ( P â<â0.001), and their mean heart rate had decreased ( P â<â0.001). Changes in renal function, as assessed by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and creatinine, were within the expected rate of age-related decline. No major adverse events related to the RDN procedure were observed in long-term consequences. All-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality rates were 10 and 8.34%, respectively, for the 10-year period. CONCLUSION: The BP-lowering effect of RDN was safely sustained for at least 10 years post-procedure. More importantly, to the best of my knowledge, this is the first study to explore cardiovascular and all-cause mortality at 10âyears after RDN.