TREM2 receptor protects against complement-mediated synaptic loss by binding to complement C1q during neurodegeneration.

Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is strongly linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk, but its functions are not fully understood. Here, we found that TREM2 specifically attenuated the activation of classical complement cascade via high-affinity binding to its initiator C1q. In the human AD brains, the formation of TREM2-C1q complexes was detected, and the increased density of the complexes was associated with lower deposition of C3 but higher amounts of synaptic proteins. In mice expressing mutant human tau, Trem2 haploinsufficiency increased complement-mediated microglial engulfment of synapses and accelerated synaptic loss. Administration of a 41-amino-acid TREM2 peptide, which we identified to be responsible for TREM2 binding to C1q, rescued synaptic impairments in AD mouse models. We thus demonstrate a critical role for microglial TREM2 in restricting complement-mediated synaptic elimination during neurodegeneration, providing mechanistic insights into the protective roles of TREM2 against AD pathogenesis.

Recovery of isolated lithium through discharged state calendar ageing.

Rechargeable Li-metal batteries have the potential to more than double the specific energy of the state-of-the-art rechargeable Li-ion batteries, making Li-metal batteries a prime candidate for next-generation high-energy battery technology1-3. However, current Li-metal batteries suffer from fast cycle degradation compared with their Li-ion battery counterparts2,3, preventing their practical adoption. A main contributor to capacity degradation is the disconnection of Li from the electrochemical circuit, forming isolated Li4-8. Calendar ageing studies have shown that resting in the charged state promotes further reaction of active Li with the surrounding electrolyte9-12. Here we discover that calendar ageing in the discharged state improves capacity retention through isolated Li recovery, which is in contrast with the well-known phenomenon of capacity degradation observed during the charged state calendar ageing. Inactive capacity recovery is verified through observation of Coulombic efficiency greater than 100% on both Li||Cu half-cells and anode-free cells using a hybrid continuous-resting cycling protocol and with titration gas chromatography. An operando optical setup further confirms excess isolated Li reactivation as the predominant contributor to the increased capacity recovery. These insights into a previously unknown pathway for capacity recovery through discharged state resting emphasize the marked impact of cycling strategies on Li-metal battery performance.

Bridging integrator 1 fragment accelerates tau aggregation and propagation by enhancing clathrin-mediated endocytosis in mice.

The bridging integrator 1 (BIN1) gene is an important risk locus for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). BIN1 protein has been reported to mediate tau pathology, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we show that neuronal BIN1 is cleaved by the cysteine protease legumain at residues N277 and N288. The legumain-generated BIN1 (1-277) fragment is detected in brain tissues from AD patients and tau P301S transgenic mice. This fragment interacts with tau and accelerates its aggregation. Furthermore, the BIN1 (1-277) fragment promotes the propagation of tau aggregates by enhancing clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). Overexpression of the BIN1 (1-277) fragment in tau P301S mice facilitates the propagation of tau pathology, inducing cognitive deficits, while overexpression of mutant BIN1 that blocks its cleavage by legumain halts tau propagation. Furthermore, blocking the cleavage of endogenous BIN1 using the CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing tool ameliorates tau pathology and behavioral deficits. Our results demonstrate that the legumain-mediated cleavage of BIN1 plays a key role in the progression of tau pathology. Inhibition of legumain-mediated BIN1 cleavage may be a promising therapeutic strategy for treating AD.

Dynamic spatial progression of isolated lithium during battery operations.

The increasing demand for next-generation energy storage systems necessitates the development of high-performance lithium batteries1-3. Unfortunately, current Li anodes exhibit rapid capacity decay and a short cycle life4-6, owing to the continuous generation of solid electrolyte interface7,8 and isolated Li (i-Li)9-11. The formation of i-Li during the nonuniform dissolution of Li dendrites12 leads to a substantial capacity loss in lithium batteries under most testing conditions13. Because i-Li loses electrical connection with the current collector, it has been considered electrochemically inactive or 'dead' in batteries14,15. Contradicting this commonly accepted presumption, here we show that i-Li is highly responsive to battery operations, owing to its dynamic polarization to the electric field in the electrolyte. Simultaneous Li deposition and dissolution occurs on two ends of the i-Li, leading to its spatial progression toward the cathode (anode) during charge (discharge). Revealed by our simulation results, the progression rate of i-Li is mainly affected by its length, orientation and the applied current density. Moreover, we successfully demonstrate the recovery of i-Li in Cu-Li cells with >100% Coulombic efficiency and realize LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2 (NMC)-Li full cells with extended cycle life.

Author Correction: The Apostasia genome and the evolution of orchids.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Colorful low-emissivity paints for space heating and cooling energy savings.

Space heating and cooling consume ~13% of global energy every year. The development of advanced materials that promote energy savings in heating and cooling is gaining increasing attention. To thermally isolate the space of concern and minimize the heat exchange with the outside environment has been recognized as one effective solution. To this end, here, we develop a universal category of colorful low-emissivity paints to form bilayer coatings consisting of an infrared (IR)-reflective bottom layer and an IR-transparent top layer in colors. The colorful visual appearance ensures the aesthetical effect comparable to conventional paints. High mid-infrared reflectance (up to ~80%) is achieved, which is more than 10 times as conventional paints in the same colors, efficiently reducing both heat gain and loss from/to the outside environment. The high near-IR reflectance also benefits reducing solar heat gain in hot days. The advantageous features of these paints strike a balance between energy savings and penalties for heating and cooling throughout the year, providing a comprehensive year-round energy-saving solution adaptable to a wide variety of climatic zones. Taking a typical midrise apartment building as an example, the application of our colorful low-emissivity paints can realize positive heating, ventilation, and air conditioning energy saving, up to 27.24 MJ/m2/y (corresponding to the 7.4% saving ratio). Moreover, the versatility of the paint, along with its applicability to diverse surfaces of various shapes and materials, makes the paints extensively useful in a range of scenarios, including building envelopes, transportation, and storage.

Electrolytes with moderate lithium polysulfide solubility for high-performance long-calendar-life lithium-sulfur batteries.

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries with high energy density and low cost are promising for next-generation energy storage. However, their cycling stability is plagued by the high solubility of lithium polysulfide (LiPS) intermediates, causing fast capacity decay and severe self-discharge. Exploring electrolytes with low LiPS solubility has shown promising results toward addressing these challenges. However, here, we report that electrolytes with moderate LiPS solubility are more effective for simultaneously limiting the shuttling effect and achieving good Li-S reaction kinetics. We explored a range of solubility from 37 to 1,100 mM (based on S atom, [S]) and found that a moderate solubility from 50 to 200 mM [S] performed the best. Using a series of electrolyte solvents with various degrees of fluorination, we formulated the Single-Solvent, Single-Salt, Standard Salt concentration with Moderate LiPSs solubility Electrolytes (termed S6MILE) for Li-S batteries. Among the designed electrolytes, Li-S cells using fluorinated-1,2-diethoxyethane S6MILE (F4DEE-S6MILE) showed the highest capacity of 1,160 mAh g-1 at 0.05 C at room temperature. At 60 °C, fluorinated-1,4-dimethoxybutane S6MILE (F4DMB-S6MILE) gave the highest capacity of 1,526 mAh g-1 at 0.05 C and an average CE of 99.89% for 150 cycles at 0.2 C under lean electrolyte conditions. This is a fivefold increase in cycle life compared with other conventional ether-based electrolytes. Moreover, we observed a long calendar aging life, with a capacity increase/recovery of 4.3% after resting for 30 d using F4DMB-S6MILE. Furthermore, the correlation between LiPS solubility, degree of fluorination of the electrolyte solvent, and battery performance was systematically investigated.

Correlating chemistry and mass transport in sustainable iron production.

Steelmaking contributes 8% to the total CO2 emissions globally, primarily due to coal-based iron ore reduction. Clean hydrogen-based ironmaking has variable performance because the dominant gas-solid reduction mechanism is set by the defects and pores inside the mm- to nm-sized oxide particles that change significantly as the reaction progresses. While these governing dynamics are essential to establish continuous flow of iron and its ores through reactors, the direct link between agglomeration and chemistry is still contested due to missing measurements. In this work, we directly measure the connection between chemistry and agglomeration in the smallest iron oxides relevant to magnetite ores. Using synthesized spherical 10-nm magnetite particles reacting in H2, we resolve the formation and consumption of wüstite (Fe1-xO)-the step most commonly attributed to whiskering. Using X-ray diffraction, we resolve crystallographic anisotropy in the rate of the initial reaction. Complementary imaging demonstrated how the particles self-assemble, subsequently react, and grow into elongated "whisker" structures. Our insights into how morphologically uniform iron oxide particles react and agglomerate in H2 reduction enable future size-dependent models to effectively describe the multiscale aspects of iron ore reduction.

The ubiquitin-specific protease USP36 SUMOylates EXOSC10 and promotes the nucleolar RNA exosome function in rRNA processing.

The RNA exosome is an essential 3' to 5' exoribonuclease complex that mediates degradation, processing and quality control of virtually all eukaryotic RNAs. The nucleolar RNA exosome, consisting of a nine-subunit core and a distributive 3' to 5' exonuclease EXOSC10, plays a critical role in processing and degrading nucleolar RNAs, including pre-rRNA. However, how the RNA exosome is regulated in the nucleolus is poorly understood. Here, we report that the nucleolar ubiquitin-specific protease USP36 is a novel regulator of the nucleolar RNA exosome. USP36 binds to the RNA exosome through direct interaction with EXOSC10 in the nucleolus. Interestingly, USP36 does not significantly regulate the levels of EXOSC10 and other tested exosome subunits. Instead, it mediates EXOSC10 SUMOylation at lysine (K) 583. Mutating K583 impaired the binding of EXOSC10 to pre-rRNAs, and the K583R mutant failed to rescue the defects in rRNA processing and cell growth inhibition caused by knockdown of endogenous EXOSC10. Furthermore, EXOSC10 SUMOylation is markedly reduced in cells in response to perturbation of ribosomal biogenesis. Together, these results suggest that USP36 acts as a SUMO ligase to promote EXOSC10 SUMOylation critical for the RNA exosome function in ribosome biogenesis.

Molecular oxidation-reduction junctions for artificial photosynthetic overall reaction.

Constructing redox semiconductor heterojunction photocatalysts is the most effective and important means to complete the artificial photosynthetic overall reaction (i.e., coupling CO2 photoreduction and water photo-oxidation reactions). However, multiphase hybridization essence and inhomogeneous junction distribution in these catalysts extremely limit the diverse design and regulation of the modes of photogenerated charge separation and transfer pathways, which are crucial factors to improve photocatalytic performance. Here, we develop molecular oxidation-reduction (OR) junctions assembled with oxidative cluster (PMo12, for water oxidation) and reductive cluster (Ni5, for CO2 reduction) in a direct (d-OR), alternant (a-OR), or symmetric (s-OR) manner, respectively, for artificial photosynthesis. Significantly, the transfer direction and path of photogenerated charges between traditional junctions are obviously reformed and enriched in these well-defined crystalline catalysts with monophase periodic distribution and thus improve the separation efficiency of the electrons and holes. In particular, the charge migration in s-OR shows a periodically and continuously opposite mode. It can inhibit the photogenerated charge recombination more effectively and enhance the photocatalytic performance largely when compared with the traditional heterojunction models. Structural analysis and density functional theory calculations disclose that, through adjusting the spatial arrangement of oxidation and reduction clusters, the energy level and population of the orbitals of these OR junctions can be regulated synchronously to further optimize photocatalytic performance. The establishment of molecular OR junctions is a pioneering important discovery for extremely improving the utilization efficiency of photogenerated charges in the artificial photosynthesis overall reaction.

Double-cavity cucurbiturils: synthesis, structures, properties, and applications.

Double-cavity Q[n]s are relatively new members of the Q[n] family and have garnered significant interest due to their distinctive structures and novel properties. While they incorporate n glycoluril units, akin to their single-cavity counterparts, their geometry can best be described as resembling a figure-of-eight or a handcuff, distinguishing them from single-cavity Q[n]s. Despite retaining the core molecular recognition traits of single-cavity Q[n]s, these double-cavity variants introduce fascinating new attributes rooted in their distinct configurations. This overview delves into the synthesis, structural attributes, properties, and intriguing applications of double-cavity Q[n]s. Some of the applications explored include their role in supramolecular polymers, molecular machinery, supra-amphiphiles, sensors, artificial light-harvesting systems, and adsorptive separation materials. Upon concluding this review, we discuss potential challenges and avenues for future development and offer valuable insights for other scholars working in this area with the aim of stimulating further exploration and interest.

Lithiophilic Hydrogen-Substituted Graphdiyne Aerogels with Ionically Conductive Channels for High-Performance Lithium Metal Batteries.

Lithium (Li) metal stands as a promising anode in advancing high-energy-density batteries. However, intrinsic issues associated with metallic Li, especially the dendritic growth, have hindered its practical application. Herein, we focus on molecular combined structural design to develop dendrite-free anodes. Specifically, using hydrogen-substituted graphdiyne (HGDY) aerogel hosts, we successfully fabricated a promising Li composite anode (Li@HGDY). The HGDY aerogel's lithiophilic nature and hierarchical pores drive molten Li infusion and reduce local current density within the three-dimensional HGDY host. The unique molecular structure of HGDY provides favorable bulk pathways for lithium-ion transport. By simultaneous regulation of electron and ion transport within the HGDY host, uniform lithium stripping/platting is fulfilled. Li@HGDY symmetric cells exhibit a low overpotential and stable cycling. The Li@HGDY||lithium iron phosphate full cell retained 98.1% capacity after 170 cycles at 0.4 C. This study sheds new light on designing high-capacity and long-lasting lithium metal anodes.

"All in One" Strategy for Achieving Superprotonic Conductivity by Incorporating Strong Acids into a Robust Imidazole-Linked Covalent Organic Framework.

The fabrication of solid-state proton-conducting electrolytes possessing both high performance and long-life reusability is significant but challenging. An "all-in-one" composite, H3PO4@PyTFB-1-SO3H, including imidazole, sulfonic acid, and phosphoric acid, which are essential for proton conduction, was successfully prepared by chemical post-modification and physical loading in the rationally pre-synthesized imidazole-based nanoporous covalent organic framework (COF), PyTFB-1. The resultant H3PO4@PyTFB-1-SO3H exhibits superhigh proton conductivity with its value even highly up to 1.15 × 10-1 S cm-1 at 353 K and 98% relative humidity (RH), making it one of the highest COF-based composites reported so far under the same conditions. Experimental studies and theoretical calculations further confirmed that the imidazole and sulfonic acid groups have strong interactions with the H3PO4 molecules and the synergistic effect of these three groups dramatically improves the proton conductivity properties of H3PO4@PyTFB-1-SO3H. This work demonstrated that by aggregating multiple proton carriers into one composite, effective proton-conducting electrolyte can be feasibly achieved.

A Cucurbit[8]uril-Based Supramolecular Framework Material for Reversible Iodine Capture in the Vapor Phase and Solution.

The safe and efficient management of hazardous radioactive iodine is significant for nuclear waste reprocessing and environmental industries. A novel supramolecular framework compound based on cucurbit[8]uril (Q[8]) and 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) is reported in this paper. In the single crystal structure of Q[8]-(4-AP), two 4-AP molecules interact with the outer surface of Q[8] and the two other 4-AP molecules are encapsulated into the Q[8] cavity to form the self-assembly Q[8]-(4-AP). Iodine adsorption experiments show that the as-prepared Q[8]-(4-AP) not only has a high adsorption capacity (1.74 g· g-1) for iodine vapor but also can remove the iodine in the organic solvent and the aqueous solution with the removal efficiencies of 95% and 91%, respectively. The presence of a large number of hydrogen bonds between the iodine molecule and the absorbent, as seen in the single crystal structure of iodine-loaded Q[8]-(4-AP) (I2@Q[8]-(4-AP)), is thought to be responsible for the exceptional iodine adsorption capacity of the material. In addition, the adsorption-desorption tests reveal that the self-assembly material has no significant loss of iodine capture capacity after five cycles, indicating that it has sufficient reusability.

An Active Strategy to Reduce Residual Alkali for High-Performance Layered Oxide Cathode Materials of Sodium-Ion Batteries.

Residual alkali is one of the biggest challenges for the commercialization of sodium-based layered transition metal oxide cathode materials since it can even inevitably appear during the production process. Herein, taking O3-type Na0.9Ni0.25Mn0.4Fe0.2Mg0.1Ti0.05O2 as an example, an active strategy is proposed to reduce residual alkali by slowing the cooling rate, which can be achieved in one-step preparation method. It is suggested that slow cooling can significantly enhance the internal uniformity of the material, facilitating the reintegration of Na+ into the bulk material during the calcination cooling phase, therefore substantially reducing residual alkali. The strategy can remarkably suppress the slurry gelation and gas evolution and enhance the structural stability. Compared to naturally cooled cathode materials, the capacity retention of the slowly cooled electrode material increases from 76.2% to 85.7% after 300 cycles at 1 C. This work offers a versatile approach to the development of advanced cathode materials toward practical applications.

Impact of Skeletal Muscle Loss and Sarcopenia on Outcomes of Locally Advanced Esophageal Cancer during Neoadjuvant Chemoradiation.

BACKGROUND: The impact of changes in skeletal muscle and sarcopenia on outcomes during neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NACR) for patients with esophageal cancer remains controversial. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the data of patients with locally advanced esophageal squamous cell cancer who received NACR followed by esophagectomy between June 2013 and December 2021. The images at third lumbar vertebra were analyzed to measure the cross-sectional area and calculate skeletal muscle index (SMI) before and after NACR. SMI less than 52.4 cm2/m2 for men and less than 38.5 cm2/m2 for women were defined as sarcopenia. The nonlinearity of the effect of percent changes in SMI (ΔSMI%) to survival outcomes was assessed by restricted cubic splines. RESULTS: Overall, data of 367 patients were analyzed. The survival outcomes between sarcopenia and non-sarcopenia groups had no significant differences before NACR. However, patients in post-NACR sarcopenia group showed poor overall survival (OS) benefit (P = 0.016) and poor disease-free survival (DFS) (P = 0.043). Severe postoperative complication rates were 11.9% in post-NACR sarcopenia group and 5.0% in post-NACR non-sarcopenia group (P = 0.019). There was a significant non-linear relationship between ΔSMI% and survival outcomes (P < 0.05 for non-linear). On the multivariable analysis of OS, ΔSMI% > 12% was the independent prognostic factor (HR 1.76, 95% CI 1.03-2.99, P = 0.039) and significant difference was also found on DFS analysis (P = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with post-neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy sarcopenia have worse survival and adverse short-term outcomes. Moreover, greater loss in SMI is associated with increased risks of death and disease progression during neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, with maximum impact noted with SMI loss greater than 12%.

Tanshinone IIA modulates cancer cell morphology and movement via Rho GTPases-mediated actin cytoskeleton remodeling.

Actin filaments form unique structures with robust actin bundles and cytoskeletal networks affixed to the extracellular matrix and interact with neighboring cells, which are crucial structures for cancer cells to acquire a motile phenotype. This study aims to investigate a novel antitumor mechanism by which Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) modulates the morphology and migration of liver cancer cells via actin cytoskeleton regulation. 97H and Huh7 exhibited numerous tentacle-like protrusions that interacted with neighboring cells. Following treatment with Tan IIA, 97H and Huh7 showed a complete absence of cytoplasmic protrusion and adherens junctions, thereby effectively impeding their migration capability. The fluorescence staining of F-actin and microtubules indicated that these tentacle-like protrusions and cell-cell networks were actin-based structures that led to morphological changes after Tan IIA treatment by retracting and reorganizing beneath the membrane. Tan IIA can reverse the actin depolymerization and cell morphology alterations induced by latrunculin A. Tan IIA down-regulated actin and Rho GTPases expression significantly, as opposed to inducing Rho signaling activation. Preventing the activity of proteasomes and lysosomes had no discernible impact on the modifications in cellular structure and protein expression induced by Tan IIA. However, as demonstrated by the puromycin labeling technique, the newly synthesized proteins were significantly inhibited by Tan IIA. In conclusion, Tan IIA can induce dramatic actin cytoskeleton remodeling by inhibiting the protein synthesis of actin and Rho GTPases, resulting in the suppression of tumor growth and migration. Targeting the actin cytoskeleton of Tan IIA is a promising strategy for HCC treatment.

Interference-induced generation of a chirp-free short isolated attosecond pulse in the water window region with multicolor laser fields.

Compensating for the intrinsic attosecond chirp (atto-chirp) of wideband high-order harmonics in the water window region is a significant challenge, in order to obtain isolated attosecond pulses (IAPs) with a width of tens of attoseconds (as). Here, we propose to realize the generation of IAP with duration as short as 20 as, central energy of 365 eV, and bandwidth exceeding 150 eV from chirp-free high harmonics generated by a four-color driving laser, without the necessity for atto-chirp compensation with natural materials. Unlike any other gating methods that an IAP arises from only one electron ionization event, we take advantage of the interference between harmonic radiation produced by multiple ionizing events. We further demonstrate that such chirp-free short IAP survives after taking account of macroscopic propagation effects. Given that the synthesized multicolor laser field can also effectively increase the harmonic flux, this work provides a practical way for experiments to generate the broad bandwidth chirp-free IAPs in the water window region.

Quizartinib inhibits necroptosis by targeting receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 1.

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), at least in part driven by necroptosis, is characterized by life-threatening multiple organ failure. Blocking the progression of SIRS and consequent multiple organ dysfunction is challenging. Receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) is an important cell death and inflammatory mediator, making it a potential treatment target in several diseases. Here, using a drug repurposing approach, we show that inhibiting RIPK1 is also an effective treatment for SIRS. We performed cell-based high-throughput drug screening of an US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug library that contains 1953 drugs to identify effective inhibitors of necroptotic cell death by SYTOX green staining. Dose-response validation of the top candidate, quizartinib, was conducted in two cell lines of HT-22 and MEFs. The effect of quizartinib on necroptosis-related proteins was evaluated using western blotting, immunoprecipitation, and an in vitro RIPK1 kinase assay. The in vivo effects of quizartinib were assessed in a murine tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-induced SIRS model. High-throughput screening identified quizartinib as the top "hit" in the compound library that rescued cells from necroptosis in vitro. Quizartinib inhibited necroptosis by directly inhibiting RIPK1 kinase activity and blocking downstream complex IIb formation. Furthermore, quizartinib protected mice against TNFα-induced SIRS. Quizartinib, as an FDA-approved drug with proven safety and efficacy, was repurposed for targeted inhibition of RIPK1. This work provides essential preclinical data for transferring quizartinib to the treatment of RIPK1-dependent necroptosis-induced inflammatory diseases, including SIRS.

Hydrophobic Solid Photothermal Slippery Surfaces with Rapid Self-repairing, Dual Anti-icing/Deicing, and Excellent Stability Based on Paraffin and Etching.

Ice and snow disasters have greatly affected both the global economy and human life, and the search for efficient and stable anti-icing/deicing coatings has become the main goal of much research. Currently, the development and application of anti-icing/deicing coatings are severely limited due to their complex preparation, structural fragility, and low stability. This work presents a method for preparing hydrophobic solid photothermal slippery surfaces (SPSS) that exhibit rapid self-repairing, dual anti-icing/deicing properties, and remarkable stability. A photothermal layer of copper oxide (CuO) was prepared by using chemical deposition and etching techniques. The layer was then impregnated with stearic acid and solid paraffin wax to create a hydrophobic solid photothermal slippery surface. This solves the issue of low stability on superhydrophobic surfaces caused by fragile and irretrievable micro/nanostructures. In addition, the underlying photothermal superhydrophobic surface provides good anti-icing/deicing properties even if the paraffin on the surface evaporates or is lost during operation. The findings indicate that when subjected to simulated light irradiation, the coating's surface temperature increases to 80 °C within 12 min. The self-repair process is completed rapidly in 170 s, and at -15 °C, it takes only 201 s for the ice on the surface to melt completely. The surface underneath the paraffin exhibited good superhydrophobic properties, with a contact angle (CA) of 154.1° and a sliding angle (SA) of 6.8° after the loss of paraffin. Simultaneously, the surface's mechanical stability and durability, along with its self-cleaning and antifouling properties, enhance its service life. These characteristics provide promising opportunities for practical applications that require long-term anti-icing/deicing surfaces.