[The spectrum of pathogens in 187 cases of pulmonary fungal disease diagnosed by histopathology-a retrospective analysis].

Objective: To investigate the spectrum of pathogens causing lung fungal disease diagnosed by histopathology through histochemical special staining, compared to the fungal culture results, and to further evaluate the diagnostic value of histochemical special staining in pulmonary fungal disease. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of 187 cases of pulmonary fungal disease diagnosed by histopathology in Peking Union Medical College Hospital from 2001 to 2015 (including 92 cases with pulmonary resection or open lung biopsy, 33 with percutaneous lung biopsy and 62 ones with fiberoptic bronchoscopic lung biopsy). All cases were treated with hexamine silver, PAS, mucus carmine and acid-fast staining in addition to conventional HE staining. The clinical records and the fungal culture results were reviewed. Results: There were 103 male and 84 female patients, aged from 12 to 70 years [average (48±14) years]. There were 85 cases(45.5%) of pulmonary aspergillosis(including 60 cases of invasive infection and 25 cases of aspergilloma), 51 cases(27.3%) of pulmonary cryptococosis, 6 cases (3.2%)of pulmonary mucormycosis, 3 cases(1.6%) of pulmonary histoplasmosis, 3 cases (1.6%)of pulmonary candidiasis, and 2 cases (1.1%) of pneumocystosis, while in the remaining 37 cases (19.8%) the pathogens could not be clearly classified by microscopy due to limited tissue or degeneration. Among the 88 patients with pulmonary fungal disease diagnosed by histopathology from 2011 to 2015, 35 ones (39.9%) were detected by fungal culture (including lung biopsy, intraoperative swab, blood, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and sputum, etc.). The diagnostic results of 18 cases were completely consistent between histopathological examination and fungal culture (18/35, 51.4%), while 13 cases (13/35, 37.1%) were diagnosed by histopathology but no fungi were cultured, and in 3 cases (3/35,8.6%) the culture was positive for fungi which could not be classified clearly by histopathology. In another case the pathogen was found to be Cryptococcus histopathologically but the lavage culture grew"candida", but the patient's blood cryptococcal antigen was positive. Conclusions: Among patients with histopathological diagnosis of pulmonary fungal disease, pulmonary aspergillosis was the most common, followed by pulmonary cryptococcosis, pulmonary mucormycosis, pulmonary histoplasmosis, pulmonary candidiasis and pneumocystosis. A small number of cases could not be classified by histopathology through histochemical special staining. There was a high consistency in discovering fungal pathogens between pathological histochemical special staining and culture method, but 37% pulmonary fungal disease diagnosed by histopathology were culture negative. In practice, the role of histochemical special staining in diagnosing pulmonary fungal disease should be paid more attention.

[Primary carcinoid of ovary: a clinicopathologic analysis of 17 cases].

Objective: To study the clinicopathologic feature, diagnostic strategy and prognostic significance of primary carcinoid of the ovary (PCOTO). Methods: A series of 17 patients previously diagnosed as PCOTO at Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital during the period from 2002 to 2017 were evaluated with clinical data analysis, histopathology and immunohistochemistry, and the patients were followed up and the relevant literatures were reviewed. Results: The age of patients ranged from 24 to 64 years (mean, 42 years). Fourteen patients were found a pelvic mass for a health check-up, and only 3 patients presented with pain in the lower abdomen. The left ovary was involved initially in ten patients, and the right in seven. The major axis of the tumor ranged from 2 to 14 cm. The surface of these tumors was smooth. Seven of the tumors were solid-cystic, 6 were cystic and 4 were solid. Under light microscope, 6 cases were diagnosed as strumal carcinoid, 4 cases were insular carcinoid, 4 cases were trabecular carcinoid, 3 cases were insular and trabecular mixed type carcinoid and 1 case was mucinous carcinoid. The mitotic figures were no more than 1/10 HPF.There were 11 cases complicated with other ovarian tumors, including 10 cases with teratoma, and 1 case with mucinous cystic adenoma. The paraffin-embedded tissues of all cases showed immunoreactivity for NSE and Syn, and the positive propotion of CgA was 10/17. TTF1 was positive in thyroid follicles and negative in strumal carcinoid. The positive index of Ki-67 was no more than 2%. Follow-up of 13 to 188 months showed 16 patients without recurrence and 1 patients were loss to follow-up. Conclusions: PCOTO is very rare. Most of the patients are found with a mass during health check-up in unilateral ovary and without obvious clinical symptoms. Histologically, the tumor always exists with other ovarian tumors, including teratoma and mucinous cystic adenoma, with relatively good prognosis.

[Clinicopathologic features of gastric adenocarcinoma based on the revised Lauren's classification].

Objective: To compare the clinicopathologic features and prognosis of the subtypes in a consecutive series of gastric cancers (GC) patients basing on the revised Lauren's classification so as to better understand the biological behavior of GC. Methods: The surgically resected GC from Peking Union Medical College Hospital during 2003-2005 were reviewed for patients' age, gender, tumor size, location, Borrman classification, depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, vascular invasion, and tumor growth pattern (Ming classification). Results: One hundred and sixty-six GC cases were enrolled and classified into four groups: intestinal GC (30, 18.1%), diffuse GC (56, 33.7%), solid GC (9, 5.4%), and mixed GC (71, 42.8%). Intestinal GC patients were older[ (63.2±11.3) years], with a male predominance, and were more frequently found in the antrum. Intestinal GC was the most common subtype for early GC, and tend to develop liver metastases. Diffuse GC patients were youngest [(52.2±12.7) years], with no gender difference, and were usually found in the antrum. Microscopically, diffuse GC were more likely infiltrative (51/56, 91.1%), and tended to metastasize by lymphatic pathway. Solid GC were usually large[ (6.4±2.2) cm], with a male predominance, and the most frequent site was the body/fundus. Solid GC were more likely to show expansile growth pattern with greater depth of invasion (8 of 9 cases were T3/4), but lower rate of lymphatic metastasis. Mixed GC also showed a male predominance, usually found in the antrum, and showed an infiltrative growth pattern (49/71, 69.0%). Though there was fewer T3/4 than solid and diffuse GC, mixed GC were more likely to show lymph nodes, vascular metastases and liver metastases (13/71, 18.3%). TNM staging, lymph nodes metastasis, lymphovascular invasion and revised Lauren's classification were four independent prognostic factors on multivariate analysis(P<0.05). The survival of patients with mixed GC were significantly worse than patients with other histological types. Conclusion: Revised Lauren's classification for GC has four distinct subgroups and can be used as independent prognostic factors.

[Clinicopathologic features of Cronkhite-Canada syndrome and the significance of IgG4-positive plasma cells infiltration].

Objective: To analyze the clinical and pathological features of Cronkhite-Canada syndrome (CCS), and to investigate the significance of IgG4 positive plasma cell infiltration. Methods: Clinical presentations, endoscopic appearances and morphological features of 18 patients diagnosed with CCS at Peking Union Medical College Hospital during 2000-2016 were included in the study.There were 11 male and 7 female patients. IgG4 and IgG immunohistochemical stains were performed in total of 55 biopsies from the patients (36 polyps, 10 adenoma and 9 surrounding mucosa) and a control group of 58 cases (19 colonic mucosa, 7 colonic hyperplastic polyps, 9 inflammatory bowel disease and 23 adenoma). Results: Average age of CCS was 59 years (range 47-69 years) and the male to female ratio was 11∶7. All patients had at least one ectoderm lesion. Fourteen cases had testicular abnormalities. Digestive tract symptoms were encountered in most cases. Four patients had a history of connective tissue disease. Endoscopically, multiple polyps were found to involve entire gastrointestinal tract except the esophagus. Morphologically, CCS polyps were characterized by prominent mucosal edema, mild to moderate inflammation, glands hyperplasia and cystic dilatation. Ten cases had colonic adenoma and one case had rectal adenocarcinoma. While none of the cases reached the diagnostic criteria of IgG4 disease, the positive rate of IgG4 positive plasma cells in adenoma of CCS was significantly higher than that in polyps and surrounding mucosa of CCS (60.0%∶13.9%∶0, P<0.01). The positive rate of IgG4 positive plasma cells of adenoma and polyp of CCS had an increased tendency compared to that of adenoma and polyp of control group (60.0%∶34.8%; 13.9%∶0). Conclusion: The findings in the study do not support that CCS is a variant of IgG4 disease, although IgG4 positive plasma cells may be involved in the pathogenesis of CCS, which may be explored in future investigations.