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The placement of a polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogel spacer is a recently developed technique employed to reduce the radiation dose administered to the rectum during prostate radiotherapy. This procedure has been adopted by urologists and radiation oncologists involved in transperineal prostate biopsy and brachytherapy, and more recently by radiologists with experience in transperineal prostate procedures. Radiologists should be familiar with the product, which may be encountered on computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Radiologists may wish to become involved in the delivery of this increasingly utilised procedure. This review familiarises radiologists with the technique and risks and benefits of the use of transperineal delivery of hydrogel spacers with imaging examples.
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Hidrogéis/administração & dosagem , Próstata/efeitos da radiação , Lesões por Radiação/prevenção & controle , Radiologistas/educação , Reto/efeitos da radiação , Biópsia/métodos , Braquiterapia , Endossonografia , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Agulhas , Próstata/diagnóstico por imagem , Próstata/patologia , Reto/diagnóstico por imagem , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
Chest pain is a common reason for presentation to the emergency department. In many cases, a CTPA or CT thoracic aorta is performed during work up to assess for pulmonary embolism and aortic pathology, critical diagnoses that can be difficult to out rule clinically. However, the causes of chest pain are myriad. It is therefore crucial for the interpreting radiologist to be cognizant of other potential etiologies when interpreting these studies. The purpose of this pictorial essay is to highlight the causes of non-PE or aortic-related chest pain and provide radiologists with a structured approach to interpreting these studies, ensuring a comprehensive search strategy so that important pathologies are not missed.
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Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência , Embolia Pulmonar , Dor no Peito/diagnóstico por imagem , Humanos , Embolia Pulmonar/diagnóstico por imagem , Radiologistas , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
AIMS: Cannabidiol (CBD) is a cannabis-derived medicinal product with potential application in a wide-variety of contexts; however, its effective dose in different disease states remains unclear. This review aimed to investigate what doses have been applied in clinical populations, in order to understand the active range of CBD in a variety of medical contexts. METHODS: Publications involving administration of CBD alone were collected by searching PubMed, EMBASE and ClinicalTrials.gov. RESULTS: A total of 1038 articles were retrieved, of which 35 studies met inclusion criteria covering 13 medical contexts. Twenty-three studies reported a significant improvement in primary outcomes (e.g. psychotic symptoms, anxiety, seizures), with doses ranging between <1 and 50 mg/kg/d. Plasma concentrations were not provided in any publication. CBD was reported as well tolerated and epilepsy was the most frequently studied medical condition, with all 11 studies demonstrating positive effects of CBD on reducing seizure frequency or severity (average 15 mg/kg/d within randomised controlled trials). There was no signal of positive activity of CBD in small randomised controlled trials (range n = 6-62) assessing diabetes, Crohn's disease, ocular hypertension, fatty liver disease or chronic pain. However, low doses (average 2.4 mg/kg/d) were used in these studies. CONCLUSION: This review highlights that CBD has a potential wide range of activity in several pathologies. Pharmacokinetic studies as well as conclusive phase III trials to elucidate effective plasma concentrations within medical contexts are severely lacking and highly encouraged.
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Canabidiol/administração & dosagem , Ansiedade/sangue , Ansiedade/diagnóstico , Ansiedade/tratamento farmacológico , Canabidiol/farmacocinética , Ensaios Clínicos Fase III como Assunto , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Humanos , Transtornos Psicóticos/sangue , Transtornos Psicóticos/diagnóstico , Transtornos Psicóticos/tratamento farmacológico , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Convulsões/sangue , Convulsões/diagnóstico , Convulsões/tratamento farmacológico , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Avoidance of red blood cell (RBC) transfusions in patients awaiting heart transplantation (HTx) has been suggested to minimize the risk of allosensitization. Although recent studies have suggested that an immature immune system in younger HTx recipients may reduce risks associated with RBC transfusion, the role of age in moderating the influence of transfusion on HTx outcomes remains unclear. We used available data from a national transplant registry to explore whether the association between pre-transplant transfusions and outcomes of pediatric HTx varies by patient age. De-identified data were obtained from the United Network for Organ Sharing registry, including first-time recipients of isolated HTx performed at age 0-17 years in 1995-2015. The primary exposure was receiving blood transfusions within 2 weeks prior to HTx. Patient survival after HTx was evaluated using multivariable Cox proportional hazards, where age at transplant was interacted with exposure to pre-transplant transfusion. Age-specific hazard ratios (HRs) of pre-transplant transfusion were plotted across ages at transplant. There were 4883 patients meeting inclusion criteria, of whom 1258 died during follow-up (mean follow-up duration 6 ± 5 years). Patients receiving pre-transplant transfusions were distinguished by younger age, higher prevalence of prior cardiac surgery, greater likelihood of being in the intensive care unit, and greater use of left ventricular assist device bridge to transplant. In multivariable analysis, pre-transplant transfusions were associated with increased mortality hazard among infants < 1 year of age (HR = 1.46; 95% CI 1.23, 1.74; p < 0.001). For each additional year of age, the excess hazard associated with pre-transplant transfusions decreased by 3% (interaction HR = 0.97; 95% CI 0.98, 0.99; p = 0.003). By age 8, the association between pre-transplant transfusions and post-transplant mortality was no longer statistically significant (HR = 1.15; 95% CI 0.99, 1.32; p = 0.060). Pre-transplant transfusions were associated with increased mortality hazard only among younger children (age < 8 years) undergoing HTx. These data support the current practices of transfusion avoidance prior to HTx, particularly in younger patients.
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Transfusão de Sangue/estatística & dados numéricos , Transplante de Coração/efeitos adversos , Adolescente , Fatores Etários , Transfusão de Sangue/métodos , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Transplante de Coração/mortalidade , Coração Auxiliar/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Lactente , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva/estatística & dados numéricos , Masculino , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Sistema de Registros , Estudos Retrospectivos , Taxa de SobrevidaAssuntos
Infecções por Coronavirus , Coronavirus , Pandemias , Pneumonia Viral , Betacoronavirus , COVID-19 , Humanos , SARS-CoV-2 , SingapuraRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Painful neuropathy is a pathological condition caused by numerous factors including diabetes, chemotherapy or cancer. ART26.12 is a novel fatty acid-binding protein 5 inhibitor, which our group showed could prevent and treat persistent pain in a preclinical model of oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy. METHODS: In the current study, the efficacy of orally dosed ART26.12 was tested in multiple neuropathy models of different aetiology. Paw withdrawal threshold to von Frey monofilaments and latency to escape a cold plate were used as measurements of mechanical and cold sensitivity. RESULTS: ART26.12 (25 and 50 mg/kg BID), dosed prior to the induction of paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy (PIPN), reversed mechanical allodynia induced by paclitaxel in both male and female rats, and ART26.12 (50 mg/kg BID) prevented the induction of PIPN in female rats. ART26.12 (50 mg/kg BID) also had a protective effect on body weight in the PIPN model. ART26.12 (25 and 100 mg/kg BID) reversed mechanical allodynia when treating established streptozotocin-induced diabetic neuropathy in male rats. In a model of breast cancer-induced bone pain in female rats, ART26.12 (100 mg/kg BID) reversed mechanical allodynia within 1 h of dosing. In the same model, ART26.12 (25 mg/kg BID) reversed mechanical allodynia from day 4 of treatment. CONCLUSION: Overall, these preclinical data suggest that ART26.12 is a safe and efficacious therapeutic drug for continued development towards the prevention and treatment of peripheral neuropathy. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work now shows that ART26.12, a novel and selective inhibitor of FABP5, can prevent and treat multiple preclinical models of peripheral neuropathy. Given its excellent safety profile, further work is warranted to develop ART26.12 as a potential therapeutic tool for pain management.
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Hidradenitis Suppurativa (HS) is a relatively common and highly morbid inflammatory skin disease. Due to our relatively limited understanding of HS's pathogenesis, there are currently insufficient treatment options available, and many patients' medical needs are not being met. This is partly due to a scarcity of ex vivo human assays and animal models that accurately recapitulate the disease. To address this deficit, we have developed a whole-tissue explant model of HS to examine its pathogenic mechanisms and the efficacy of potential treatments within intact human tissue. We measured cytokine protein and RNA within whole tissue maintained in an agar-media solution, finding that IL-6 and IL-8 concentrations trended upwards in both HS explants and healthy controls, while IL-17A, IL-1ß, and TNF-α exhibited increases in HS tissue alone. We also show that the explants were responsive to treatment with both dexamethasone and IL-2. Not only do our results show that this model effectively delivers treatments throughout the explants, but they also elucidate which cytokines are related to the explant process regardless of tissue state and which are related to HS tissue specifically, laying the groundwork for future implementations of this model.
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BACKGROUND: Fetomaternal haemorrhage (FMH) assessment by the Kleihauer-Betke test (KBT) is rapid but semi-quantitative and liable to false positive results. OBJECTIVES: To compare FMH estimated by KBT with flow cytometry (FC) quantitation for 37 patients with massive FMH, obstetric risk factors or technical problems. METHODS: Maternal blood was sent for analysis by FC after KBT. A variety of reagents including anti-haemoglobin F (HbF), anti-D and combined anti-HbF/anti-carbonic anhydrase (CA) were used. RESULTS: Eight cases of massive FMH (>100 mL fetal cells) causing fetal death or severe neonatal anaemia in late gestation were confirmed by FC. Anti-HbF FC identified maternal F cells and fetal cells. In some cases these red cell populations merged but they could be differentiated by anti-CA, labelling F cells only. Using KBT, false positive FMH results were obtained for 12 patients, who had strongly stained cells that were then shown by FC to be maternal F cells. All these patients had increased F cells (>5% of total red cells) whereas only 16% of patients with FMH and 22% of donors had elevated F cells. In contrast, anti-D FC was simple and rapid, quantitating D-positive FMH in all 15 D-negative patients except one with massive FMH of weak D fetal cells. Leucocytes in four samples bound anti-D, variably, giving erroneously high FMH, but they could be eliminated from FC analysis using combined anti-D/anti-CD45. CONCLUSION: FMH quantitation using anti-D by FC is suitable for the majority of maternal samples and could enable accurate targeted dosing of anti-D prophylaxis.
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Eritroblastose Fetal/sangue , Hemoglobina Fetal/metabolismo , Transfusão Feto-Materna/sangue , Citometria de Fluxo , Sistema do Grupo Sanguíneo Rh-Hr/sangue , Adulto , Anticorpos/química , Feminino , Transfusão Feto-Materna/patologia , Humanos , Masculino , GravidezRESUMO
CpG islands frequently contain gene promoters or exons and are usually unmethylated in normal cells. Methylation of CpG islands is associated with delayed replication, condensed chromatin and inhibition of transcription initiation. The investigation of aberrant CpG-island methylation in human cancer has primarily taken a candidate gene approach, and has focused on less than 15 of the estimated 45,000 CpG islands in the genome. Here we report a global analysis of the methylation status of 1,184 unselected CpG islands in each of 98 primary human tumours using restriction landmark genomic scanning (RLGS). We estimate that an average of 600 CpG islands (range of 0 to 4,500) of the 45,000 in the genome were aberrantly methylated in the tumours, including early stage tumours. We identified patterns of CpG-island methylation that were shared within each tumour type, together with patterns and targets that displayed distinct tumour-type specificity. The expression of many of these genes was reactivated by experimental demethylation in cultured tumour cells. Thus, the methylation of particular subsets of CpG islands may have consequences for specific tumour types.
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Metilação de DNA , Fosfatos de Dinucleosídeos/análise , Neoplasias/genética , Adenocarcinoma/genética , Sequência de Bases , Neoplasias Encefálicas/genética , Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Carcinoma Intraductal não Infiltrante/genética , Carcinoma Lobular/genética , Neoplasias do Colo/genética , Fosfatos de Dinucleosídeos/genética , Feminino , Genoma Humano , Humanos , Masculino , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Mapeamento por RestriçãoRESUMO
Ensembl Genomes (http://www.ensemblgenomes.org) is a new portal offering integrated access to genome-scale data from non-vertebrate species of scientific interest, developed using the Ensembl genome annotation and visualisation platform. Ensembl Genomes consists of five sub-portals (for bacteria, protists, fungi, plants and invertebrate metazoa) designed to complement the availability of vertebrate genomes in Ensembl. Many of the databases supporting the portal have been built in close collaboration with the scientific community, which we consider as essential for maintaining the accuracy and usefulness of the resource. A common set of user interfaces (which include a graphical genome browser, FTP, BLAST search, a query optimised data warehouse, programmatic access, and a Perl API) is provided for all domains. Data types incorporated include annotation of (protein and non-protein coding) genes, cross references to external resources, and high throughput experimental data (e.g. data from large scale studies of gene expression and polymorphism visualised in their genomic context). Additionally, extensive comparative analysis has been performed, both within defined clades and across the wider taxonomy, and sequence alignments and gene trees resulting from this can be accessed through the site.
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Biologia Computacional/métodos , Bases de Dados Genéticas , Bases de Dados de Ácidos Nucleicos , Animais , Biologia Computacional/tendências , Expressão Gênica , Genoma Bacteriano , Genoma Fúngico , Genoma de Planta , Armazenamento e Recuperação da Informação/métodos , Internet , Invertebrados/genética , Polimorfismo Genético , Estrutura Terciária de Proteína , SoftwareRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is increasingly used to quantify ovarian reserve, but it has not yet realized its full clinical potential in assisted reproduction technology. We investigated the possible benefits of using novel, stratified ovarian hyperstimulation protocols, tailored to individual AMH levels, compared with conventional stimulation. METHODS: Retrospective data were collected from 769 women (first cycle of IVF, using fresh embryos), in a UK tertiary care unit: 346 women using conventional stimulation protocols; 423 women treated under new AMH-tailored protocols. RESULTS: Embryo transfer rates increased significantly (79-87%: P= 0.002) after the introduction of AMH-tailored stimulation protocols. Pregnancy rate per cycle started and live birth rate also increased significantly compared with conventionally treated women (17.9-27.7%, P= 0.002 and 15.9-23.9%, P = 0.007, respectively). Moreover, in the AMH group, the incidence of the ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) fell significantly (6.9-2.3%, P = 0.002) and failed fertilization fell from 7.8 to 4.5%. The cost of fertility drug treatment fell by 29% per patient and the overall cost of clinical management of OHSS fell by 43% in the AMH group. GnRH antagonist protocols, introduced as part of AMH-tailored treatment, may have contributed to the observed improvements: however, within the AMH-tailored group, the live birth rate was not significantly different between agonist and antagonist-treated groups. CONCLUSIONS: Although large, prospective, multicentre studies are indicated, we have clearly demonstrated that individualized, AMH-guided, controlled ovarian hyperstimulation protocols significantly improved positive clinical outcomes, reduced the incidence of complications and reduced the financial burden associated with assisted reproduction.
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Hormônio Antimülleriano/sangue , Fertilização in vitro/métodos , Indução da Ovulação/métodos , Adulto , Coeficiente de Natalidade , Custos e Análise de Custo , Transferência Embrionária , Feminino , Fertilização in vitro/efeitos adversos , Fertilização in vitro/economia , Hormônio Liberador de Gonadotropina/antagonistas & inibidores , Custos de Cuidados de Saúde , Humanos , Síndrome de Hiperestimulação Ovariana/epidemiologia , Indução da Ovulação/efeitos adversos , Gravidez , Estudos Retrospectivos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) not fully explained by classic risk factors. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with an increased risk of CHD in the general population and whilst its prevalence is increased in SLE, its phenotypic expression may differ. We studied 200 women with SLE and 100 controls and compared the prevalence of MetS and its individual components. We examined whether any SLE features were associated with MetS and whether MetS in SLE patients was associated with carotid plaque. Patients with SLE were more likely to meet the MetS criteria (age-adjusted OR 2.1 (1.1-3.8)). However, this was not due to increased central obesity (median waist circumference 84 cm vs. 82 cm, p = 0.65) but rather increased prevalence of hypertension (p <0.01) and low HDL-cholesterol (p = 0.01). In a multivariable analysis, age, disease duration, low complement C3 and corticosteroid use ever, were associated with the presence of MetS in SLE. Overall MetS was not associated with the presence of carotid plaque in either SLE or controls. We have shown that MetS is more prevalent in SLE, but the lupus-MetS phenotype reflects risk factor changes driven by disease activity and steroid exposure, rather than obesity. Reliance on clinical measures of central obesity to consider MetS in SLE is not reliable and continued attention to individual CHD risk factors is recommended.
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Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/epidemiologia , Síndrome Metabólica/epidemiologia , Adulto , Antimaláricos/efeitos adversos , Estenose das Carótidas/epidemiologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Glucocorticoides/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/complicações , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/tratamento farmacológico , Síndrome Metabólica/etiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fenótipo , Prevalência , Circunferência da CinturaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Head injuries are a common emergency department (ED) presentation. The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) updated its guidance in September 2007 regarding imaging required for patients with head injuries. METHODS: A two-centre observational ED study was carried out, examining imaging practice in adults and children with head injuries attending pre-guideline and post-guideline implementation. Guideline implementation occurred through a formal implementation programme at the teaching hospital, and informally at the district general hospital (DGH). Retrospective extraction took place of prospectively recorded data case records and radiology department imaging registers. Pre-implementation data were collected from Salford Royal Foundation NHS Trust (SRFT) from January and February 2008 and post-implementation data in May 2008. Post-implementation data was collated from Royal Bolton Hospital Foundation NHS Trust (RBFT) from September to November 2007. Compliance with NICE 2007 was the primary outcome assessed. RESULTS: With the implementation of NICE 2007 guidelines at SRFT, a significant increase in compliance from 94.2% (92.9-95.5) to 98.8% (98.2-99.3) was observed for adults requiring head CTs, with an overall trend to improved clinical practice in the adult patient populations. However, a significant number of children (SRFT 68.7% and RBFT 77.1%) did not receive the indicated head CT scan following a head injury, after implementation of the guidelines. CONCLUSIONS: The SRFT implementation strategy employed was successful for adults, with the overall trend to increased clinical compliance post-guideline introduction. Evidence of a reluctance to adhere to the NICE recommendations for children indicated for CT head scan after a head injury was observed.
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Traumatismos Craniocerebrais/diagnóstico por imagem , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência/normas , Fidelidade a Diretrizes/normas , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Hospitais de Distrito/normas , Hospitais Gerais/normas , Humanos , Lactente , MasculinoAssuntos
Articulação do Cotovelo/patologia , Embolização Terapêutica , Hemartrose/etiologia , Hemartrose/terapia , Hemofilia A/complicações , Articulação do Joelho/patologia , Adulto , Hemofilia A/diagnóstico , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
The success of routine coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) is now no longer judged solely by its effects on traditional end points such as mortality rates but by its influence on biopsychosocial dimensions. The aim of this study was to assess the course of health-related quality of life, cognitive and emotional change during the six months after elective CABG, and to investigate how cognitive impairments, depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms were related to quality of life. In a prospective study, we followed up for 6 months 138 of the original 147 patients who had undergone elective CABG surgery. Preoperatively, and at 6 months after surgery, a series of psychometric observer-rating and self-rating scales were administered to evaluate cognitive functioning (SKT), depressive symptoms (BDI), posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS-10), and health-related quality of life (SF-36 Health Status Questionnaire). The measurements of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) indicated significantly higher SF-36 values on all of the eight health-related domains from preoperative to 6-month follow-up assessments. However, at 6-month follow-up, patients with clinical depression had significantly lower SF-36 values on all of the eight health-related domains when compared with patients without depression. Also, at 6-month follow-up, patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) had significantly lower SF-36 values on six of the eight SF-36 health categories when compared with patients without PTSD. Finally, at 6-month follow-up, patients with cognitive deficits had significantly lower SF-36 values on physical functioning when compared with patients without cognitive impairments. We underscore the need for early and comprehensive bio-psycho-social diagnosis and therapy of post-CABG patients in order to treat emotional distress and CABG-related cognitive impairments and enhance patients' quality of life at an early stage after cardiac surgery.
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Cognição/fisiologia , Ponte de Artéria Coronária/efeitos adversos , Ponte de Artéria Coronária/psicologia , Emoções/fisiologia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/psicologia , Qualidade de Vida , Idoso , Transtornos Cognitivos/etiologia , Transtornos Cognitivos/psicologia , Transtorno Depressivo/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/epidemiologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Psicometria , Desempenho Psicomotor , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/psicologia , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Rapid developments of capability seen in the contemporary operating environment are a constant during any period of conflict. The Second World War is littered with numerous examples of adapting systems developed following the First World War and making them more suitable for a more mobile, modern form of warfare. The East African campaign during 1941 saw a number of developments to an accepted field medical system. Established as a neat, linear structure from point of wounding through to hospital care, it was adapted to support a battle waged in a complex environment. The Battle of Keren, in Eritrea, was the decisive battle of the East African campaign, and is a remarkable example of rapidly exploiting success, with Commonwealth forces taking full advantage of Italian reluctance to become decisively engaged. To maximize success, support to the fighting echelon had to be, at least, as agile and able to adapt to circumstances presented resulting in the first significant land success of the war. It provided a vehicle for the Army Medical Services and Indian Army Medical Corps to develop a system of treatment and evacuation in an extremely challenging situation, a system that continues to have relevance today.
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Medicina Militar/história , Militares/história , Transporte de Pacientes , II Guerra Mundial , Eritreia , História do Século XX , Humanos , Índia , Itália , Medicina Militar/organização & administração , Triagem , Reino UnidoRESUMO
SUMMARY: BioJava is a mature open-source project that provides a framework for processing of biological data. BioJava contains powerful analysis and statistical routines, tools for parsing common file formats and packages for manipulating sequences and 3D structures. It enables rapid bioinformatics application development in the Java programming language. AVAILABILITY: BioJava is an open-source project distributed under the Lesser GPL (LGPL). BioJava can be downloaded from the BioJava website (http://www.biojava.org). BioJava requires Java 1.5 or higher. All queries should be directed to the BioJava mailing lists. Details are available at http://biojava.org/wiki/BioJava:MailingLists.
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Biologia Computacional/métodos , Linguagens de Programação , Conformação de Ácido Nucleico , Conformação Proteica , Análise de SequênciaAssuntos
Cateterismo Venoso Central/efeitos adversos , Cardiopatias/etiologia , Cardiopatias/patologia , Hemofilia A/complicações , Trombose Venosa/complicações , Trombose Venosa/etiologia , Fibrinolíticos/administração & dosagem , Fibrinolíticos/uso terapêutico , Cardiopatias/diagnóstico , Cardiopatias/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Resultado do Tratamento , Ultrassonografia , Trombose Venosa/diagnóstico , Trombose Venosa/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
Stishovite, a dense phase of silica, has become widely accepted as an indicator of terrestrial impact events. Stishovite occurs at several impact structures but has not been found at volcanic sites. Solid-state silicon-29 magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (silicon-29 MAS NMR) and X-ray diffraction of samples from the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary layer at Raton, New Mexico, indicate that stishovite occurs in crystalline mineral grains. Stishovite was indicated by a single, sharp resonance with a chemical shift value of -191.3 ppm, characteristic of silicon in octahedral coordination, that disappeared after heating the sample at 850 degrees Celsius for 30 minutes. An X-ray diffraction pattern of HF residuals from the unheated sample displayed more than 120 peaks, most of which correspond to quartz, zircon, rutile, and anatase. Eight unambiguous weak to moderate reflections could be ascribed to d-spacings characteristic of stishovite.
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UNLABELLED: The undertaking of large-scale DNA sequencing screens for somatic variants in human cancers requires accurate and rapid processing of traces for variants. Due to their often aneuploid nature and admixed normal tissue, heterozygous variants found in primary cancers are often subtle and difficult to detect. To address these issues, we have developed a mutation detection algorithm, AutoCSA, specifically optimized for the high throughput screening of cancer samples. AVAILABILITY: http://www.sanger.ac.uk/genetics/CGP/Software/AutoCSA.