Influence of Nutritional Status and Leptin Action on Agrp and Pomc Co-Expression in Hypothalamic Melanocortin System Neurons.

OBJECTIVES: The control of energy balance relies on the counterbalancing release of neuropeptides encoded by the pro-opiomelanocortin (Pomc) and agouti-related protein (Agrp) genes, expressed by 2 distinct neuronal populations of the arcuate (ARC) nucleus of the hypothalamus. Although largely segregated, single-cell resolution techniques demonstrate some degree of co-expression. We studied whether challenges to the control of energy balance influence the degree of Agrp and Pomc co-expression in ARC melanocortin neurons. METHODS: We used fluorescence-activated cell sorting followed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and fluorescent in situ hybridization to measure Pomc and Agrp gene co-expression in POMC or AGRP neurons in response to (1) acute or chronic calorie restriction, or (2) obesity due to loss of leptin receptor expression or chronic high-fat diet feeding in male mice. RESULTS: Melanocortin ARC neurons of fed mice exhibited low, yet detectable, levels of Pomc and Agrp gene co-expression. Calorie restriction significantly increased and decreased total Agrp and Pomc expression, respectively, and reduced the expression of Pomc relative to Agrp in AGRP neurons. Leptin-deficient db/db mice showed increased total Agrp levels and decreased Pomc expression, as well as significantly increased Agrp expression relative to Pomc in POMC neurons. Expression or co-expression levels did not differ between diet-induced obese mice and lean controls. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in Agrp and Pomc co-expression within POMC and AGRP neurons following chronic calorie restriction or in db/db mice suggest an additional mechanism to further suppress the melanocortin signaling during conditions of severely reduced leptin action.

The central melanocortin system mediates the benefits of time-restricted feeding on energy balance.

OBJECTIVE: Recent decades have seen a marked increase in the prevalence of obesity and its associated comorbidities. This increase correlates with greater access to calorie-dense food that is often consumed later in the active phase of the day. Studies in high-fat diet-induced obese (DIO) mice indicate that restricting food access to their active (dark) phase is sufficient to reduce obesity. However, the specific mechanisms mediating these beneficial metabolic effects of dark restricted feeding (DRF) remain unknown. METHODS: We examined the impact of DRF on the response to peripheral signals regulating the central melanocortin system of DIO mice and on Mc4r-/- mice. RESULTS: The body weight loss following DRF has an acute onset that is sustained over time. This effect is contributed by a reduction on food intake that requires a functional central melanocortin system. Specifically, DRF impacts the circadian expression of melanocortin system genes in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC). Consistent with this, DRF significantly increases the effectiveness of the fasting-feeding signals ghrelin and leptin that interact with the melanocortin system to regulate energy balance. Importantly, DRF did not reduce or prevent obesity in Mc4r-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, our data reveal a critical role of brain melanocortin signaling in mediating the beneficial effects of timed feeding on metabolic control, supporting potential meaningful benefits in combining timed feeding with pharmacological targeting of the melanocortin signaling for the treatment of obesity.

A Brain-Melanocortin-Vagus Axis Mediates Adipose Tissue Expansion Independently of Energy Intake.

The melanocortin system is a brain circuit that influences energy balance by regulating energy intake and expenditure. In addition, the brain-melanocortin system controls adipose tissue metabolism to optimize fuel mobilization and storage. Specifically, increased brain-melanocortin signaling or negative energy balance promotes lipid mobilization by increasing sympathetic nervous system input to adipose tissue. In contrast, calorie-independent mechanisms favoring energy storage are less understood. Here, we demonstrate that reduction of brain-melanocortin signaling actively promotes fat mass gain by activating the lipogenic program and adipocyte and endothelial cell proliferation in white fat depots independently of caloric intake via efferent nerve fibers conveyed by the common hepatic branch of the vagus nerve. Those vagally regulated obesogenic signals also contribute to the fat mass gain following chronic high-fat diet feeding. These data reveal a physiological mechanism whereby the brain controls energy stores that may contribute to increased susceptibility to obesity.

Deletion of the glucagon receptor gene before and after experimental diabetes reveals differential protection from hyperglycemia.

OBJECTIVE: Mice with congenital loss of the glucagon receptor gene (Gcgr-/- mice) remain normoglycemic in insulinopenic conditions, suggesting that unopposed glucagon action is the driving force for hyperglycemia in Type-1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM). However, chronic loss of GCGR results in a neomorphic phenotype that includes hormonal signals with hypoglycemic activity. We combined temporally-controlled GCGR deletion with pharmacological treatments to dissect the direct contribution of GCGR signaling to glucose control in a common mouse model of T1DM. METHODS: We induced experimental T1DM by injecting the beta-cell cytotoxin streptozotocin (STZ) in mice with congenital or temporally-controlled Gcgr loss-of-function using tamoxifen (TMX). RESULTS: Disruption of Gcgr expression, using either an inducible approach in adult mice or animals with congenital knockout, abolished the response to a long-acting Gcgr agonist. Mice with either developmental Gcgr disruption or inducible deletion several weeks before STZ treatment maintained normoglycemia. However, mice with inducible knockout of the Gcgr one week after the onset of STZ diabetes had only partial correction of hyperglycemia, an effect that was reversed by GLP-1 receptor blockade. Mice with Gcgr deletion for either 2 or 6 weeks had similar patterns of gene expression, although the changes were generally larger with longer GCGR knockout. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate that the effects of glucagon to mitigate diabetic hyperglycemia are not through acute signaling but require compensations that take weeks to develop.

An Hsp20-FBXO4 Axis Regulates Adipocyte Function through Modulating PPARγ Ubiquitination.

Exposure to cold temperature is well known to upregulate heat shock protein (Hsp) expression and recruit and/or activate brown adipose tissue and beige adipocytes in humans and animals. However, whether and how Hsps regulate adipocyte function for energy homeostatic responses is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate a critical role of Hsp20 as a negative regulator of adipocyte function. Deletion of Hsp20 enhances non-shivering thermogenesis and suppresses inflammatory responses, leading to improvement of glucose and lipid metabolism under both chow diet and high-fat diet conditions. Mechanistically, Hsp20 controls adipocyte function by interacting with the subunit of the ubiquitin ligase complex, F-box only protein 4 (FBXO4), and regulating the ubiquitin-dependent degradation of peroxisome proliferation activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). Indeed, Hsp20 deficiency mimics and enhances the pharmacological effects of the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone. Together, our findings suggest a role of Hsp20 in mediating adipocyte function by linking ß-adrenergic signaling to PPARγ activity.