Evaluating persistent T1-weighted lesions without concurrent abnormal enhancement on breast MRI in neoadjuvant chemotherapy patients: implications for complete pathological response.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to determine whether persistent T1-weighted lesions signify a complete pathological response (pCR) in breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and surgery, and to evaluate their correlation with imaging responses on MRI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted on data from breast cancer patients treated between January 2011 and December 2018. Patients who underwent breast MRI and pre- and post-neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery were included. Those with distant metastasis, no planned surgery, pre-surgery radiation, ineligibility for neoadjuvant chemotherapy, or unavailable surgical pathology were excluded. Groups with and without persistent T1-weighted lesions were compared using the chi-square test for categorical variables and the Student t test or Wilcox rank sum test for continuous variables. Univariate logistic regression was used to evaluate the association of the final pathological response with the presence of T1-persistent lesion and other characteristics. RESULTS: Out of 319 patients, 294 met the inclusion criteria (breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and subsequent surgery); 157 had persistent T1 lesions on post-chemotherapy MRI and 137 did not. A persistent T1 lesion indicated reduced likelihood of complete pathological response (14% vs. 39%, p < 0.001) and imaging response (69% vs. 93%, p < 0.001). Multivariable analysis confirmed these findings: OR 0.37 (95% CI 0.18-0.76), p = 0.007. No other characteristics correlated with T1 residual lesions. CONCLUSION: Persistent T1-weighted lesions without associated abnormal enhancement on post-treatment breast MRI correlate with lower complete pathological and imaging response rates. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT: The study underscores the importance of persistent T1-weighted lesions on breast MRI as vital clinical markers, being inversely related to a complete pathological response following neoadjuvant chemotherapy; they should be a key factor in guiding post-neoadjuvant chemotherapy treatment decisions. KEY POINTS: • Persistent T1 lesions on post-chemotherapy breast MRI indicate a reduced likelihood of achieving a complete pathological response (14% vs. 39%, p < 0.001) and imaging response (69% vs. 93%, p < 0.001). • Through multivariable analysis, it was confirmed that the presence of a persistent T1 lesion on breast MRI post-chemotherapy is linked to a decreased likelihood of complete pathological response, with an odds ratio (OR) of 0.37 (95% CI 0.18-0.76; p = 0.007). • In addition to the convention of equating the absence of residual enhancement to complete imaging response, our results suggest that the presence or absence of residual T1 lesions should also be considered.

Quality of Recovery After Unplanned and Planned Cesarean Deliveries: A Prospective Observational Study Using the Obstetric Quality of Recovery-10 Tool.

BACKGROUND: There is a paucity of literature examining the differences between patient-reported outcome measures after planned and unplanned cesarean delivery using a validated quality of recovery tool. The Obstetric Quality of Recovery-10 (ObsQoR-10) scoring tool has been validated to quantify functional recovery after cesarean delivery. We aimed to use the ObsQoR-10 to compare the postoperative recovery characteristics of patients undergoing planned and unplanned cesarean deliveries. METHODS: We conducted a prospective single-center observational study. Patients undergoing planned and unplanned cesarean deliveries under neuraxial anesthesia were asked to complete the ObsQoR-10 questionnaire 24 hours, 48 hours, and 1 week postpartum. We collected information on total in-hospital postoperative opioid consumption and patients´ perception of readiness for discharge at 24 and 48 hours postpartum. Additionally, patient characteristics were collected to assess their correlation with our findings. RESULTS: We included 112 patients (56 in each group). No statistical differences in ObsQoR-10 scores at 24 hours, 48 hours, and 1 week postpartum were observed between the planned and unplanned cesarean deliveries. Additionally, there was no difference between the groups in patients' perception of readiness for hospital discharge at 24 and 48 hours and opioid consumption in the first 2 days after surgery. Most patients in both groups did not think they would be ready for discharge at 24 hours postpartum. Analysis of the individual components of ObsQoR-10 at 24 hours showed a difference in the responses assessing the severity of shivering (higher in unplanned cesarean deliveries) and the ability to look after personal hygiene (lower in unplanned cesarean deliveries). CONCLUSIONS: As assessed by the ObsQoR-10, no significant difference in the quality of recovery was observed between patients undergoing planned and unplanned cesarean delivery.

Differential sensory block during labour epidural analgesia: a prospective observational study to investigate the relationship of lower and upper sensory block levels to cold, pinprick, and light touch.

PURPOSE: A zone of differential block to cold has been recently documented during labour epidural analgesia, with an upper sensory block level (USBL) and a lower sensory block level (LSBL). We aimed to determine the correlation between USBL and LSBL to cold and pinprick and sensory block level to light touch during labour epidural analgesia. METHODS: We conducted a prospective observational study in patients requesting labour epidural analgesia. We placed an epidural catheter at L2/L3 or L3/L4, followed by a programmed intermittent epidural bolus plus patient-controlled epidural analgesia regimen. We assessed the sensory block levels 140 min after administering the loading dose. The primary outcomes were the USBL and LSBL to cold and pinprick and the sensory block level to light touch. RESULTS: We studied 30 patients. The median [interquartile range (IQR)] USBL and LSBL to ice were T7 [T7-T6] and T9 [T10-T8], respectively. The median [IQR] USBL and LSBL to pinprick were T8 [T10-T6] and T10 [T12-T10], respectively. There was a strong correlation between USBL to ice and pinprick (Spearman correlation coefficient, 0.57) and between LSBL to ice and pinprick (Spearman correlation coefficient, 0.52). There was no significant correlation between sensory block level to light touch and either USBL or LSBL to ice or pinprick. CONCLUSION: We observed two sensory block levels to ice and pinprick. Further studies are required to understand if one modality-cold or pinprick-is superior to the other in assessing sensory block levels in this context. Light touch is unreliable as a modality of sensory block assessment during labour epidural analgesia. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05187962); registered 12 January 2022.

RéSUMé: OBJECTIF: Une zone de bloc différentiel de réaction au froid a récemment été documentée pendant l'analgésie péridurale obstétricale, avec un niveau de bloc sensoriel supérieur (USBL, pour upper sensory block level) et un niveau de bloc sensoriel inférieur (LSBL, pour lower sensory block level). Notre objectif était de déterminer la corrélation entre l'USBL et le LSBL au contact du froid et de la piqûre et le niveau de bloc sensoriel au toucher léger pendant l'analgésie péridurale obstétricale. MéTHODE: Nous avons mené une étude observationnelle prospective chez des patient·es demandant une analgésie péridurale obstétricale. Nous avons placé un cathéter péridural au niveau L2/L3 ou L3/L4, suivi d'une administration programmée de bolus périduraux plus un régime d'analgésie péridurale contrôlée par le/la patient·e. Nous avons évalué les niveaux de bloc sensoriel 140 min après l'administration de la dose de charge. Les critères d'évaluation principaux étaient l'USBL et le LSBL en réaction au froid et à la piqûre d'épingle et le niveau de bloc sensoriel en réaction au toucher léger. RéSULTATS: Nous avons étudié 30 patient·es. Les USBL et LSBL médians [écart interquartile (ÉIQ)] à la glace étaient situés au niveau T7 [T7-T6] et T9 [T10-T8], respectivement. Les USBL et LSBL médians [écart interquartile (ÉIQ)] à la piqûre étaient localisés au niveau T8 [T10­T6] et T10 [T12­T10], respectivement. Il y avait une forte corrélation entre l'USBL à la glace et à la piqûre (coefficient de corrélation de Spearman, 0,57) et entre le LSBL à la glace et à la piqûre (coefficient de corrélation de Spearman, 0,52). Il n'y avait pas de corrélation significative entre le niveau de bloc sensoriel en réaction au toucher léger et l'USBL ou le LSBL en réaction à la glace ou à la piqûre. CONCLUSION: Nous avons observé deux niveaux de bloc sensoriel à la glace et à la piqûre. D'autres études sont nécessaires pour comprendre si une modalité ­ le froid ou la piqûre ­ est supérieure à l'autre pour évaluer les niveaux de bloc sensoriel dans ce contexte. Le toucher léger n'est pas fiable en tant que modalité d'évaluation du bloc sensoriel pendant l'analgésie péridurale obstétricale. ENREGISTREMENT DE L'éTUDE: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05187962); enregistré le 12 janvier 2022.

Maintenance infusion rate of oxytocin after initial 1-IU bolus for elective Cesarean delivery: a dose-finding study.

PURPOSE: The purpose of our study was to determine the minimum effective dose of oxytocin maintenance infusion required to maintain adequate uterine tone in 90% of patients (ED90) after administration of the initial bolus at elective Cesarean delivery (CD) under spinal anesthesia. METHODS: We conducted a prospective, double-blind dose-finding study with biased coin up-down design. Immediately after delivery, a 1-IU oxytocin bolus was administered, followed by a maintenance infusion. The obstetrician assessed the uterine tone by palpation as satisfactory or unsatisfactory. In case of unsatisfactory response, the dose for the next patient was increased by 2 IU·hr-1. For satisfactory response, the dose for the next patient was either decreased by 2 IU·hr-1 with a probability of 1/9, or remained unchanged. The primary outcome was a satisfactory uterine tone from five minutes after delivery until discharge from postanesthesia care unit. The secondary outcomes were blood loss, need for additional uterotonics, and side effects. RESULTS: We analyzed data for 40 patients. The ED90 of oxytocin maintenance infusion was 4.5 IU·hr-1 (95% confidence interval, 3.3 to 5.5) based on the isotonic regression estimator. The median [interquartile range] blood loss was 861 [553-1,181] mL; 18% received additional uterotonics, and 38% developed hypotension post delivery. CONCLUSION: Based on the results of this dose-finding study, we recommend a maintenance infusion rate of 4.5 IU·hr-1 following an oxytocin bolus of 1 IU for adequate uterine tone in pregnant patients undergoing elective CDs. This infusion rate is four-fold lower than that required without an initial bolus. STUDY REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov ( NCT04946006 ); first submitted 25 June 2021.

RéSUMé: OBJECTIF: L'objectif de notre étude était de déterminer la dose minimale efficace de perfusion d'entretien d'ocytocine nécessaire pour maintenir un tonus utérin adéquat chez 90 % des personnes parturientes (DE90) après l'administration du bolus initial lors d'une césarienne programmée sous rachianesthésie. MéTHODE: Nous avons réalisé une étude prospective et en double aveugle de détermination de la dose avec une méthodologie de conception biaisée type « up-and down ¼. Immédiatement après l'accouchement, un bolus d'ocytocine de 1 UI a été administré, suivi d'une perfusion d'entretien. L'obstétricien·ne a évalué le tonus utérin par palpation comme satisfaisant ou insatisfaisant. En cas de réponse insatisfaisante, la dose pour la personne suivante a été augmentée de 2 UI·h−1. Lors d'une réponse satisfaisante, la dose pour la personne suivante a été diminuée de 2 UI·h−1 avec une probabilité de 1/9, ou est restée inchangée. Le critère d'évaluation principal était un tonus utérin satisfaisant de cinq minutes après l'accouchement jusqu'à la sortie de la salle de réveil. Les critères d'évaluation secondaires étaient la perte de sang, la nécessité d'utérotoniques supplémentaires et les effets secondaires. RéSULTATS: Nous avons analysé les données de 40 patient·es. La DE90 de perfusion d'entretien d'ocytocine était de 4,5 UI·h−1 (intervalle de confiance à 95 %, 3,3 à 5,5) basé sur l'estimateur de régression isotonique. La perte de sang médiane [écart interquartile] était de 861 [553-1 181] mL; 18 % ont reçu des utérotoniques supplémentaires et 38 % ont développé une hypotension après l'accouchement. CONCLUSION: D'après les résultats de cette étude de détermination de la dose, nous recommandons un débit de perfusion d'entretien de 4,5 UI·h−1 après un bolus d'ocytocine de 1 UI pour un tonus utérin adéquat chez les personnes parturientes bénéficiant d'une césarienne programmée. Ce débit de perfusion est quatre fois inférieur à celui requis sans bolus initial. ENREGISTREMENT DE L'éTUDE: ClinicalTrials.gov ( NCT04946006 ); première soumission le 25 juin 2021.

Clinical impact of less invasive surfactant administration using video laryngoscopy in extremely preterm infants.

BACKGROUND: Examine the real-world clinical impact of adopting less invasive surfactant administration (LISA) as the primary surfactant administration method in extremely preterm infants. METHODS: Single-center pre-post cohort study conducted over a 4-year period comparing outcomes of spontaneously breathing inborn infants 24+0-28+6 weeks gestational age (GA) receiving surfactant via endotracheal tube (pre-cohort, n = 154) or LISA via thin catheter (post-cohort, n = 70). Primary outcome was need for invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV, ≥2 h) ≤72 h of age. Secondary outcomes were a composite of mortality, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, intraventricular hemorrhage ≥grade 3 or necrotizing enterocolitis, and its individual components. Groups were compared using propensity score methods, including covariates: GA, birth weight, sex, small for GA, SNAP II ≥20, premature rupture of membranes, maternal hypertension/diabetes, and C-section. RESULTS: GA and birth weight were 27.1 (26, 28.1) weeks and 914 (230) g, and 27.1 (26.1, 28.1) weeks and 920 (236) g for pre- and post-cohorts, respectively. Pre-cohort had higher C-section rates, (67% vs. 51%, p = 0.03). After adjustment for covariates, LISA was associated with reduced IMV exposure [AOR (95% CI) 0.07 (0.04, 0.11)], lower odds of the composite clinical outcome [0.49 (0.33, 0.73)], and most of its individual components. CONCLUSION: Real-world experience favors LISA as the primary method in extremely preterm infants with established spontaneous respiration. IMPACT: Less invasive surfactant administration (LISA) is associated with a reduction in respiratory morbidity, but real-world data of routine use among extremely preterm infants are limited. LISA is associated with reduced frequency of exposure to and duration of IMV in both ≤72 h after birth and during hospital stay. LISA is associated with a reduction in mortality, and most other major morbidities including bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and interventricular hemorrhage. Data from a large North American center providing real-world clinical outcomes following LISA as the primary method of surfactant administration.

Organ dysfunction and mortality in preterm neonates with late-onset bloodstream infection.

BACKGROUND: Organ dysfunction (ODF) in late-onset bloodstream infection (LBSI) is associated with increased risk of adverse outcomes. However, no established definition of ODF exists among preterm neonates. Our objective was to describe an outcome-based ODF definition for preterm infants, and assess factors associated with mortality. METHODS: This is a six-year retrospective study of neonates <35 weeks gestational age, >72 h of age, with non-CONS bacterial/fungal LBSI. Discriminatory ability of each parameter for mortality was evaluated: base deficit ≤-8 mmol/L (BD8), renal dysfunction (urine output <1 cc/kg/h or creatinine ≥100 µmol/L), hypoxic respiratory failure (HRF, ventilated, FiO2 = 1.0), or vasopressor/inotrope use (V/I). Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to derive a mortality score. RESULTS: One hundred and forty-eight infants had LBSI. BD8 had the highest individual predictive ability for mortality (AUROC = 0.78). The combination BD8 + HRF + V/I was used to define ODF (AUROC = 0.84). Fifty-seven (39%) infants developed ODF, among which 28 (49%) died. Mortality increased inversely relative to GA at LBSI-onset (aOR 0.81 [0.67, 0.98]) and directly relative to ODF occurrence (12.15 [4.48, 33.92]). Compared to no-ODF, ODF infants had lower GA and age at illness, and higher frequency of Gram-negative pathogen. CONCLUSIONS: Among preterm neonates with LBSI, significant metabolic acidosis, HRF, and vasopressor/inotrope use may identify infants high risk for mortality. These criteria could help identify patients for future studies of adjunctive therapies. IMPACT: Sepsis-related organ dysfunction is associated with increased risk of adverse outcomes. Among preterm neonates, significant metabolic acidosis, use of vasopressors/inotropes, and hypoxic respiratory failure may identify high-risk infants. This can be used to target research and quality improvement efforts toward the most vulnerable infants.

Toxicity and outcomes of melanoma brain metastases treated with stereotactic radiosurgery: the risk of subsequent symptomatic intralesional hemorrhage exceeds that of radiation necrosis.

PURPOSE: We aimed to assess the outcomes and patterns of toxicity in patients with melanoma brain metastases (MBM) treated with stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) with or without immunotherapy (IO). METHODS: From a prospective registry, we reviewed MBM patients treated with single fraction Gamma Knife SRS between 2008 and 2021 at our center. We recorded all systemic therapies (chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or immunotherapy) administered before, during, or after SRS. Patients with prior brain surgery were excluded. We captured adverse events following SRS, including intralesional hemorrhage (IH), radiation necrosis (RN) and local failure (LF), as well as extracranial disease status. Distant brain failure (DBF), extracranial progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were determined using a cumulative Incidence function and the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Our analysis included 165 patients with 570 SRS-treated MBM. Median OS for patients who received IO was 1.41 years versus 0.79 years in patients who did not (p = 0.04). Ipilimumab monotherapy was the most frequent IO regimen (30%). In the absence of IO, the cumulative incidence of symptomatic (grade 2 +) RN was 3% at 24 months and remained unchanged with respect to the type or timing of IO. The incidence of post-SRS g2 + IH in patients who did not receive systemic therapy was 19% at 1- and 2 years compared to 7% at 1- and 2 years among patients who did (HR: 0.33, 95% CI 0.11-0.98; p = 0.046). Overall, neither timing nor type of IO correlated to rates of DBF, OS, or LF. Among patients treated with IO, the median time to extracranial PFS was 5.4 months (95% IC 3.2 - 9.1). CONCLUSION: The risk of g2 + IH exceeds that of g2 + RN in MBM patients undergoing SRS, with or without IO. IH should be considered a critical adverse event following MBM treatments.

Anatomical and surgical characteristics correlate with pachymeningeal failure in patients with brain metastases after neurosurgical resection and adjuvant stereotactic radiosurgery.

PURPOSE: Neurosurgery (NS) is an essential modality for large brain metastases (BM). Postoperative stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is the standard of care adjuvant treatment. Pachymeningeal failure (PMF) is a newly described entity, distinct from classical leptomeningeal failure (LMF), that is uniquely observed in postoperative patients treated with adjuvant SRS. We sought to identify risk factors for PMF in patients treated with NS + SRS. METHODS: From a prospective registry (2009 to 2021), we identified all patients treated with NS + SRS. Clinical, imaging, pathological, and treatment factors were analyzed. PMF incidence was evaluated using a competing risks model. RESULTS: 144 Patients were identified. The median age was 62 (23-90). PMF occurred in 21.5% (31/144). Female gender [Hazard Ratio (HR) 2.65, p = 0.013], higher Graded Prognostic Assessment (GPA) index (HR 2.4, p < 0.001), absence of prior radiation therapy (HR N/A, p = 0.018), controlled extracranial disease (CED) (HR 3.46, p = 0.0038), and pia/dura contact (PDC) (HR 3.30, p = 0.0053) were associated with increased risk for PMF on univariate analysis. In patients with PDC, wider target volumes correlated with reduced risk of PMF. Multivariate analysis indicated PDC (HR 3.51, p = 0.0053), piecemeal resection (HR 2.38, p = 0.027), and CED (HR 3.97, p = 0.0016) independently correlated with PMF risk. PMF correlated with reduced OS (HR 2.90, p < 0.001) at a lower rate compared to LMF (HR 10.15, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: PMF correlates with tumor PDC and piecemeal resection in patients treated with NS + SRS. For unclear reasons, it is also associated with CED. In tumors with PDC, wider dural radiotherapy coverage was associated with a lower risk of PMF.

Dopamine or norepinephrine for sepsis-related hypotension in preterm infants: a retrospective cohort study.

The purpose of this study is to compare the clinical effectiveness of dopamine (DA) versus norepinephrine (NE) as first-line therapy for sepsis-related hypotension in preterm infants. This is a retrospective cohort study over 10 years at two tertiary neonatal units. Preterm infants born < 35 weeks post-menstrual age (PMA), who received DA or NE as primary therapy for hypotension during sepsis, defined as culture-positive or culture-negative infections or necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), were included. Episode-related mortality (< 7 days from treatment), pre-discharge mortality, and major morbidities among survivors were compared between two groups. Analyses were adjusted using the inverse probability of treatment weighting estimated by propensity score (PS). A total of 156 infants were included, 113 received DA and 43 NE. The mean ± SD PMA at birth and at treatment for the DA and NE groups were 25.8 ± 2.3 vs. 25.2 ± 2.0 weeks and 27.7 ± 3.0 vs. 27.1 ± 2.6 weeks, respectively (p > 0.05). Pre-treatment, the NE group had higher mean airway pressure (14 ± 4 vs. 12 ± 4 cmH2O), heart rate (185 ± 17 vs. 175 ± 17 beats per minute), and median (IQR) fraction of inspired oxygen [0.67 (0.42, 1.0) vs. 0.52 (0.32, 0.82)] (p < 0.05 for all). After PS adjustment, NE was associated with lower episode-related mortality [adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) 0.55 (0.33, 0.92)], pre-discharge mortality [0.60 (0.37, 0.97)], post-illness new diagnosis of significant neurologic injury [0.32 (0.13, 0.82)], and subsequent occurrence of NEC/sepsis among the survivors [0.34, (0.18, 0.65)]. CONCLUSION: NE may be more effective than DA for management of sepsis-related hypotension among preterm infants. These data provide a rationale for prospective evaluation of these commonly used agents. WHAT IS KNOWN: •Dopamine is the commonest vasoactive agent used to support blood pressure among preterm infants. •For adult patients, norepinephrine is recommended as the preferred therapy over dopamine for septic shock. WHAT IS NEW: •This is the first study examining the relative clinical effectiveness of dopamine and norepinephrine as first-line pharmacotherapy for sepsis-related hypotension among preterm infants. •Norepinephrine use may be associated with lower mortality and morbidity than dopamine in preterm infants with sepsis.

Lower Maternal Chronic Physiological Stress and Better Child Behavior at 18 Months: Follow-Up of a Cluster Randomized Trial of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Family Integrated Care.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether Family Integrated Care (FICare) in the neonatal intensive care unit improves maternal chronic physiological stress and child behavior at 18 months of corrected age for infants born preterm. STUDY DESIGN: Follow-up of a multicenter, prospective cluster-randomized controlled trial comparing FICare and standard care of children born at <33 weeks of gestation and parents, stratified by tertiary neonatal intensive care units, across Canada. Primary outcomes at 18 months of corrected age were maternal stress hormones (cortisol, ie, hair cumulative cortisol [HCC], dehydroepiandrosterone [DHEA]) assayed from hair samples. Secondary outcomes included maternal reports of parenting stress, child behaviors (Internalizing, Externalizing, Dysregulation), and observer-rated caregiving behaviors. Outcomes were analyzed using multilevel modeling. RESULTS: We included 126 mother-child dyads from 12 sites (6 FICare sites, n = 83; 6 standard care sites, n = 43). FICare intervention significantly lowered maternal physiological stress as indicated by HCC (B = -0.22 [-0.41, -0.04]) and cortisol/DHEA ratio (B = -0.25 [-0.48, -0.02]), but not DHEA (B = 0.01 [-0.11, 0.14]). Enrollment in FICare led to lower child Internalizing (B = -0.93 [-2.33, 0.02]) and Externalizing behavior T scores (B = -0.91 [-2.25, -0.01]) via improvements to maternal HCC (mediation). FICare buffered the negative effects of high maternal HCC on child Dysregulation T scores (B = -11.40 [-23.01, 0.21]; moderation). For mothers reporting high parenting stress at 18 months, FICare was related to lower Dysregulation T scores via maternal HCC; moderated mediation = -0.17 (-0.41, -0.01). CONCLUSIONS: FICare has long-term beneficial effects for mother and child, attenuating maternal chronic physiological stress, and improving child behavior in toddlerhood. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT01852695.

Delayed cord clamping in small for gestational age preterm infants.

BACKGROUND: Infants with restricted growth for age are frequently exposed to insufficient placental circulation and are more likely to develop postnatal complications. Delayed cord clamping at birth for these infants requires further exploration. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare the short-term neonatal outcomes of delayed cord clamping with that of early cord clamping in small for gestational age preterm infants and to explore whether the effects of delayed cord clamping in small for gestational age preterm infants are different from that in non-small for gestational age preterm infants. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a national retrospective cohort study, including infants born at <33 weeks' gestation and admitted to the Canadian Neonatal Network units between January 2015 and December 2017. Small for gestational age infants (birthweight of <10th percentile for gestational age and sex) who received delayed cord clamping ≥30 seconds were compared with those who received early cord clamping. In addition, non-small for gestational age infants who received delayed cord clamping were compared with those who received early cord clamping. The main study outcomes included composite outcome of mortality or major morbidity, neonatal morbidity rate, mortality rate, peak serum bilirubin, and number of blood transfusions. Multivariable logistic and linear regression models with a generalized estimation equation approach were used to account for the clustering of infants within centers. RESULTS: Overall, 9722 infants met the inclusion criteria. Of those infants, 1027 (10.6%) were small for gestational age. The median (interquartile range) gestational age was 31 weeks (range, 28-32 weeks). After adjusting for potential confounders, delayed cord clamping in small for gestational age infants was associated with a reduction in the composite outcome of mortality or major morbidity (adjusted odds ratio, 0.60; 95% confidence interval, 0.42-0.86) compared with early cord clamping. There was no difference between the 2 groups in peak serum bilirubin. Many associated benefits of delayed cord clamping in small for gestational age infants were similar to those in non-small for gestational age infants. CONCLUSION: Delayed cord clamping in small for gestational age preterm infants was associated with decreased odds of mortality or major morbidity. Many of the benefits of delayed cord clamping in the small for gestational age preterm infants were similar to those identified in the non-small for gestational age preterm infants.

Blood pressure, organ dysfunction, and mortality in preterm neonates with late-onset sepsis.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to investigate the association between systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressures (SBP, DBP, and MBP) and adverse outcomes in preterm neonates with late-onset sepsis (LOS). METHODS: This is a two-center retrospective study over 6 years. Neonates <35 weeks gestational age (GA) with blood ± cerebrospinal fluid culture positive for organisms other than coagulase-negative Staphylococcus at >72 h age were included. Outcome measures were organ dysfunction (ODF) using the predefined criteria and post-ODF mortality (≤7 days from LOS onset). The lowest noninvasive blood pressures (BPs) recorded at baseline (24-48 h pre-LOS) and 0-12, 13-24, 25-36, and 37-48 h post LOS were analyzed. RESULTS: Of 147 neonates, ODF occurred in 70 (48%), of which 20 (29%) died. ODF was associated with a drop in all BP components, starting 0-12 h post-LOS onset (p < 0.01 for all); BPs remained unchanged in the non-ODF group. Mortality was associated with a greater reduction in SBP [-13 (-19, -8) vs. -4 (-8, 0); p < 0.01] and MBP [-9 (-13, -5) vs. +1 (-1, +4); p = 0.03] 0-12 h post-LOS onset. SBP had a higher area under the curve for mortality than MBP and DBP (0.83, 0.81, and 0.78, respectively). An inverse relation may exist between corrected GA and percentage reduction in SBP from baseline for equivalent risk of death. CONCLUSIONS: Reduction in BPs early in illness may identify preterm neonates at the highest risk of ODF and mortality from LOS. IMPACT: Drop in BPs from baseline starting in the immediate post-illness onset period may identify preterm neonates at the highest risk of developing ODF and mortality in LOS. Lowest systolic followed by mean BP measured during the first 12 h of illness provided the highest discriminating ability for LOS-related mortality. Absolute BPs recorded during the first 12 h of illness performed better than relative change from baseline for identifying neonates at risk of LOS-related mortality. The specific BP thresholds identified in this study may inform future therapeutic trials.

Oxytocin at Elective Cesarean Delivery: A Dose-Finding Study in Pregnant People With Twin Pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: Multiple pregnancy is associated with higher risk of uterine atony, postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), blood transfusion, hysterectomy, and death. The optimal dose of oxytocin at cesarean delivery in people with twin pregnancy is unknown. We sought to determine the effective bolus dose of oxytocin required to initiate adequate uterine tone in 90% of people (ED90) with twin pregnancy undergoing elective cesarean delivery. Our hypothesis was that the dose of oxytocin would be higher than 0.5 international units (IU) but lower than 5 IU. METHODS: A double-blind dose-finding study using the biased coin up-down method was undertaken in people with twin pregnancy ≥36 weeks gestational age undergoing elective cesarean delivery under neuraxial anesthesia. Those with additional risk factors for PPH, apart from twin pregnancy, were excluded. Oxytocin was administered as an intravenous bolus over 1 minute on delivery of the second fetus. The first patient received 0.5 IU, and subsequent oxytocin doses were administered according to a sequential allocation scheme. The actual doses administered were 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 IU of oxytocin. The primary outcome was the response defined as the satisfactory uterine tone at 2 minutes after completion of administration of the oxytocin bolus, as assessed by the operating obstetrician. Secondary outcomes included need for rescue uterotonic drugs, adverse effects, and estimated blood loss. The ED90 was estimated using the Dixon-Mood and the isotonic regression methods. RESULTS: Thirty patients were included in study. The estimated ED90 of oxytocin was 4.38 IU (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.68-4.86 IU) and 3.41 IU (95% CI, 2.83-3.98 IU) by the isotonic regression and Dixon-Mood methods, respectively. Seven patients had inadequate tone at the 2-minute evaluation point and required rescue uterotonic drugs. The median (interquartile range [IQR]) estimated blood loss was 1031 mL (732-1462 mL) calculated by the change in 24-hour hematocrit. Incidence of hypotension after oxytocin administration was 27%, nausea 30%, and vomiting 17%. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrated that people with twin pregnancy require a much higher dose of oxytocin than those with singleton pregnancies. We recommended people with twin pregnancies should receive an initial 5 IU bolus over at least 1 minute when undergoing elective cesarean delivery under neuraxial anesthesia.

Clinical burden associated with therapies for cardio-pulmonary critical decompensation in preterm neonates across Canadian neonatal intensive care units.

The aim of this retrospective cohort study was to study the clinical burden associated with cardio-pulmonary critical decompensations (CPCDs) in preterm neonates and factors associated with mortality. Through the Canadian Neonatal Network (30 tertiary NICUs, 2010-2017), we identified infants < 32-week gestational age with CPCDs, defined by "significant exposure" to cardiotropes and/or inhaled nitric oxide (iNO): (1) either therapy for ≥ 3 consecutive days, (2) both for ≥ 2 consecutive days, or (3) any exposure within 2 days of death. Early CPCDs (≤ 3 days of age) and late CPCDs (> 3 days) were examined separately. Outcomes included CPCD-incidence, mortality, and inter-site variability using standardized ratios (observed/adjusted expected rate) and network funnel plots. Mixed-effects analysis was used to quantify unit-level variability in mortality. Overall, 10% of admissions experienced CPCDs (n = 2915). Late CPCDs decreased by ~ 5%/year, while early CPCDs were unchanged during the study period. Incidence and CPCD-associated mortality varied between sites, for both early (0.6-7.5% and 0-100%, respectively) and late CPCDs (2.5-15% and 14-83%, respectively), all p < 0.01. Units' late-CPCD incidence and mortality demonstrated an inverse relationship (slope = -2.5, p < 0.01). Mixed-effects analysis demonstrated clustering effect, with 6.4% and 8.6% of variability in mortality after early and late CPCDs respectively being site-related, unexplained by available patient-level characteristics or unit volume. Mortality was higher with combined exposure than with only-cardiotropes or only-iNO (41.3%, 24.8%, 21.5%, respectively; p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Clustering effects exist in CPCD-associated mortality among Canadian NICUs, with higher incidence units showing lower mortality. These data may aid network-level benchmarking, patient-level risk stratification, parental counseling, and further research and quality improvement work. WHAT IS KNOWN: • Preterm neonates remain at high risk of acute and chronic complications; the most critically unwell require therapies such as cardiotropic drugs and inhaled nitric oxide. • Infants requiring these therapies are known to be at high risk for adverse neonatal outcomes and for mortality. WHAT IS NEW: • This study helps illuminate the national burden of acute cardio-pulmonary critical decompensation (CPCD), defined as the need for cardiotropic drugs or inhaled nitric oxide, and highlights the high risk of morbidity and mortality associated with this disease state. • Significant nationwide variability exists in both CPCD incidence and associated mortality; a clustering effect was observed with higher incidence sites showing lower CPCD-associated mortality.

Interrater agreement for sonographic stomach position classification in fetal diaphragmatic hernia across the North American Fetal Therapy Network.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate inter-rater agreement for sonographic classification of stomach position (as a surrogate for liver herniation) in fetal left congenital diaphragmatic hernia (LCDH) among: (i) fetal medicine specialists from the North American Fetal Therapy Network (NAFTNet) centers within and without the fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion (FETO) consortium and in comparison to an expert external reviewer (ER1); and (iii) among two expert ERs (ER1 and ER2). METHODS: Forty-eight physicians from 26 NAFTNet centers and 2 ERs were asked to assess 13 sonographic clips of isolated LCDH and classify stomach position as "intra-abdominal," "anterior left chest," "mid to posterior left chest," or "retro-cardiac" based on the classification published by Basta et al.8 Interrater agreement was assessed by determining proportion of stomach position ratings concordant amongst NAFTNet participants and ER1. Agreement for stomach position between ERs was calculated using kappa statistics. RESULTS: Agreement for stomach position was 69% (39%-85%; n = 19) and 54% (23%-92%; n = 29) among FETO and non-FETO NAFTNet participants, respectively, when compared to ER1. Most disagreement in stomach position was related to a discrepancy of one position. ERs were in agreement for stomach position in 5 of 13 cases (38.5%) and inter-rater agreement was highest for "anterior" stomach position. CONCLUSION: Interrater agreement for stomach position assessment in CDH was poor across NAFTNet and indeed amongst expert reviewers.

Changes in sensory block level during a programmed intermittent epidural bolus regimen for labour analgesia: a prospective observational cohort study.

PURPOSE: In the context of a programmed intermittent epidural bolus (PIEB) regimen for labour analgesia, one can identify an upper sensory block level (USBL), defined as the highest dermatome with any altered sensation to cold, and a lower sensory block level (LSBL), defined as the highest dermatome with complete sensory block to cold. This study investigated whether and how these sensory block levels vary within PIEB cycles. METHODS: We enrolled patients requesting epidural analgesia. An epidural catheter was placed at L2/L3 or L3/L4. A test dose of 3 mL of bupivacaine 0.125% with fentanyl 3.3 µg·mL-1 was administered, followed by 12 mL of the same solution as the loading dose. A PIEB plus patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) regimen was initiated 40 min after the loading dose, with bupivacaine 0.0625% with fentanyl 2 µg·mL-1: PIEB 10 mL, PIEB interval 40 min, PCEA 5 mL, lockout interval 10 min, maximum hourly 30 mL. As per institutional protocol, sensory block levels to ice were assessed 20 min after the loading dose and then hourly. Patients included in the study underwent eight extra assessments: immediately before the second and fourth PIEB and 10, 20, and 30 min after the second and third PIEB. RESULTS: We studied 30 patients. The USBL and LSBL achieved their peak value 100 min after the loading dose. The median [interquartile range] USBL was T8 [T9-T7] and T6 [T7-T4] 20 and 100 min after the loading dose, respectively; LSBL was T10 [T11-T6] and T8 [T9-T6], respectively. There was no significant variation in USBL or LSBL within the PIEB cycle between the second and the third or the third and the fourth PIEB. CONCLUSION: Once peak sensory block levels are established, there is no significant variation in the USBL and LSBL within the PIEB cycles. STUDY REGISTRATION: www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov (NCT04716660); registered 21 January 2021.

RéSUMé: OBJECTIF: Dans le contexte du schéma de bolus périduraux intermittents programmés (PIEB) pour l'analgésie du travail, on peut identifier un niveau de bloc sensoriel haut (USBL) défini comme étant le dermatome le plus haut ayant une quelconque modification de la sensation au froid et un niveau de bloc sensoriel bas (LSBL) défini comme étant le dermatome le plus haut ayant un bloc sensoriel complet au froid. Cette étude a cherché à savoir si et comment ces niveaux de blocs sensoriels varient au cours des cycles de PIEB. MéTHODES: Nous avons recruté des patientes demandant une analgésie péridurale. Un cathéter péridural a été placé au niveau L2/L3 ou au niveau L3/L4. Une dose test de 3 mL de bupivacaïne 0,125% avec fentanyl 3,3 µg·ml−1 était administrée, suivie de 12 mL de la même solution représentant la dose de base. Un protocole de PIEB plus analgésie péridurale contrôlée par la patiente (PCEA) a débuté 40 min après l'administration de la dose de base, comportant de la bupivacaïne 0,0625% et du fentanyl 2 µg·ml−1: PIEB 10 mL; intervalle de PIEB 40 min.; PCEA 5 ml; intervalle de verrouillage 10 min.; maximum par heure 30 mL. Conformément au protocole de l'établissement, les niveaux de bloc sensoriel à la glace ont été évalués 20 min après l'administration de la dose de base, puis toutes les heures. Les patientes incluses dans l'étude ont eu huit évaluations supplémentaires: immédiatement avant le deuxième et le quatrième PIEB et 10, 20 et 30 min après les deuxième et troisième PIEB. RéSULTATS: Nous avons étudié 30 patientes. L'USBL et le LSBL ont atteint leur valeur pic 100 min après l'administration de la dose de base. L'USBL médian [plage interquartile] était T8 [T9­T7] et T6 [T7­T4], respectivement 20 et 100 min après la dose de base; Le LSBL était, respectivement, T10 [T11­T6] et T8 [T9­T6]. Il n'y avait pas de variation significative de l'USBL ou du LSBL dans le cycle de PIEB entre le deuxième et le troisième ou le troisième et le quatrième PIEB. CONCLUSION: Une fois les niveaux maximums de blocs sensoriels établis, il n'y a pas de variation significative dans l'USBL et le LSBL dans les cycles de PIEB. ENREGISTREMENT DE L'éTUDE: www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04716660); enregistrée le 21 janvier 2021.

Programmed intermittent epidural bolus for labour analgesia: a randomized controlled trial comparing bolus delivery speeds of 125 mL·hr-1 versus 250 mL·hr-1.

PURPOSE: Programmed intermittent epidural bolus (PIEB) provides better analgesia for labour pain than continuous epidural infusion does. Nevertheless, commonly used PIEB regimens are associated with high sensory block. We hypothesized that a PIEB technique with slower bolus delivery speed would produce lower sensory levels. METHODS: We recruited term nulliparous women with singleton pregnancies during the first stage of labour. All participants had an American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status score of II-III, had epidural catheters placed at L3/4, and had epidural analgesia maintained with PIEB 10 mL every 40 min using 0.0625% bupivacaine with fentanyl 2 µg·mL-1. Women were randomized to receive PIEB delivered at 250 mL·hr-1 (G250) or 125 mL·hr-1 (G125). The study was completed six hours after the loading dose or at full cervical dilatation, whichever occurred first. The primary outcome was the presence of sensory block to ice ≥ T6 in at least one assessment during the study period (maximum six hours). RESULTS: We analyzed data from 90 women. The proportion of women presenting sensory block ≥ T6 at any time was not different between G125 and G250 groups (60.0% vs 64.4%; difference, -4.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI], -24.5 to 15.6; P = 0.66). The median [interquartile range] highest sensory block level was also not different between G125 and G250 groups (T6 [T7-T5] vs T5 [T7-T5], P = 0.39). Women in the G125 group had a lower incidence of hypotension than women in the G250 group did (11.1% vs 33.3%; difference, -22.2%; 95% CI, -38.8 to -5.67; P = 0.01). Quality of analgesia and patient satisfaction were not different between groups. CONCLUSION: The maintenance of epidural analgesia with a PIEB delivery speed of 125 mL·hr-1 did not produce lower sensory block levels when compared with 250 mL·hr-1. The slower injection speed regimen was associated with lower incidence of hypotension, but this secondary finding warrants confirmation in a future trial. TRIAL REGISTRATION: www.ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03236298); registered 1 August 2017.

RéSUMé: OBJECTIF: L'administration programmée intermittente de bolus périduraux (PIEB, pour programmed intermittent epidural bolus) fournit une meilleure analgésie pour la douleur du travail que l'analgésie péridurale par perfusion continue. Néanmoins, les régimes de PIEB couramment utilisés sont associés à un bloc sensoriel élevé. Nous avons émis l'hypothèse qu'une technique de PIEB avec une vitesse d'administration plus lente du bolus produirait des niveaux sensoriels inférieurs. MéTHODE: Nous avons recruté des femmes nullipares à terme ayant des grossesses uniques au cours de la première étape du travail obstétrical. Toutes les participantes avaient un score de statut physique II-III de l'American Society of Anesthesiologists, des cathéters périduraux placés au niveau L3/4 et une analgésie péridurale maintenue avec des PIEB de 10 mL de bupivacaïne 0,0625 % et de 2 µg·mL-1 de fentanyl, administrés toutes les 40 minutes. Les femmes ont été randomisées à recevoir des PIEB administrés à une vitesse de 250 mL·h-1 (G250) ou 125 mL·h-1 (G125). L'étude se terminait six heures après la dose de charge ou lors de la dilatation cervicale complète, selon la première éventualité. Le critère d'évaluation principal était la présence d'un bloc sensoriel à la glace ≥ T6 lors d'au moins une évaluation au cours de la période à l'étude (pour un maximum de six heures). RéSULTATS: Nous avons analysé les données de 90 femmes. La proportion de femmes présentant un bloc sensoriel ≥ T6 à tout moment n'était pas différente entre les groupes G125 et G250 (60,0 % vs 64,4 %; différence, -4,4 %; intervalle de confiance [IC] à 95 %, -24,5 à 15,6; P = 0,66). Le niveau médian [écart interquartile] le plus élevé de bloc sensoriel n'était pas non plus différent entre les groupes G125 et G250 (T6 [T7-T5] vs T5 [T7-T5], P = 0,39). Les femmes du groupe G125 avaient une incidence d'hypotension plus faible que les femmes du groupe G250 (11,1 % vs 33,3 %; différence, -22,2 %; IC 95 %, -38,8 à -5,67; P = 0,01). La qualité de l'analgésie et la satisfaction des patientes n'étaient pas différentes d'un groupe à l'autre. CONCLUSION: Le maintien de l'analgésie péridurale avec une vitesse d'administration des PIEB de 125 mL·h-1 n'a pas entraîné de taux de blocs sensoriels inférieurs par rapport à une vitesse de 250 mL·h-1. Le régime de vitesse d'injection plus lente a été associé à une incidence plus faible d'hypotension, mais cette constatation secondaire mérite d'être confirmée dans une étude future. ENREGISTREMENT DE L'éTUDE: www.ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03236298); enregistrée le 1er août 2017.

Assessment of sensory block during labour epidural analgesia: a prospective cohort study to determine the influence of the direction of testing.

PURPOSE: Assessment of sensory block level during labour epidural analgesia is an essential component of clinical practice and patient safety. Nevertheless, the methods and direction of testing are not standardized. In our hospital, sensory block testing to ice is routinely used, but while some anesthesiologists test the block from a nonanesthetized to an anesthetized area, some do it in the opposite direction. It is unknown how these two different practices affect identification of the sensory block level. The objective of this study was to determine the agreement between these two practices. METHODS: We enrolled 31 patients admitted to the labour and delivery unit in a prospective cohort study. At their request, labour epidural analgesia was performed as per institutional routine. Sensory block level to ice was assessed using opposite directions by two randomly assigned independent investigators, one and two hours after the loading dose was administered. RESULTS: Sensory block levels to ice assessed from an anesthetized area to a nonanesthetized area were lower than those when assessed with the stimulus applied in the opposite direction, typically one segment lower. DISCUSSION: Given the small difference detected with both methods, it may be acceptable to use either in clinical practice. Nevertheless, the lack of standardization may have a significant impact when comparing studies involving assessment of sensory block to ice. STUDY REGISTRATION: www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov (NCT03572439); registered 28 June 2018.

RéSUMé: OBJECTIF: L'évaluation du niveau de bloc sensoriel pendant l'analgésie péridurale obstétricale est une composante essentielle de la pratique clinique et de la sécurité des patientes. Néanmoins, les méthodes et l'orientation des tests ne sont pas standardisées. Dans notre hôpital, les tests à la glace des blocs sensoriels sont couramment utilisés, mais alors que certains anesthésiologistes testent le bloc d'une zone non anesthésiée à une zone anesthésiée, certains le font dans la direction opposée. Nous ne savons pas dans quelle mesure ces deux pratiques différentes affectent l'identification du niveau du bloc sensoriel. L'objectif de cette étude était de déterminer la concordance entre ces deux pratiques. MéTHODE: Nous avons recruté 31 patientes admises à l'unité obstétricale dans une étude de cohorte prospective. À leur demande, l'analgésie péridurale obstétricale a été réalisée conformément à la routine institutionnelle. Le niveau du bloc sensoriel tel que mesuré par un test à la glace a été évalué dans les deux directions par deux chercheurs indépendants assignés au hasard, une et deux heures après l'administration de la dose de charge. RéSULTATS: Les niveaux de blocs sensoriels tels que mesurés par un test à la glace évalués d'une zone anesthésiée à une zone non anesthésiée étaient inférieurs à ceux évalués lorsque le stimulus était appliqué dans la direction opposée, habituellement un segment plus bas. DISCUSSION: Compte tenu de la petite différence détectée entre les deux méthodes, il peut être acceptable d'utiliser l'une ou l'autre dans la pratique clinique. Néanmoins, le manque de standardisation peut avoir un impact significatif lors de la comparaison d'études impliquant l'évaluation du bloc sensoriel à l'aide d'un test à la glace. ENREGISTREMENT DE L'éTUDE: www.ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03572439); enregistrée le 28 juin 2018.

Bloodstream Infections in Preterm Neonates and Mortality-Associated Risk Factors.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of early (±4 hours after onset of bloodstream infection) clinical and laboratory variables with episode-related mortality (<7 days). STUDY DESIGN: This 2-site retrospective study included 142 neonates born at <35 weeks of gestational age with positive blood/cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture at >72 hours of age from organisms other than coagulase-negative Staphylococcus. Early variables were compared between those with bloodstream infection-related mortality and survivors. Multivariable analysis was conducted for the primary outcome, and the area under the curve (AUC) was estimated for relevant variables. RESULTS: The neonates who died were of lower gestational age at disease onset. After adjusting for relevant variables, lowest mean blood pressure (MBP) (aOR, 0.10; 95% CI, 1.02-1.19) and highest base deficit (aOR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.06-1.32) were independently associated with mortality. The AUC was 0.87 (95% CI, 0.78-0.96) for base deficit, increasing to 0.91 (95% CI, 0.83-0.99) with the addition of MBP. CONCLUSION: Low MBP and high base deficit within ±4 hours of bloodstream infection onset identify preterm neonates at risk of mortality.

Rates and Determinants of Mother's Own Milk Feeding in Infants Born Very Preterm.

OBJECTIVES: To examine rates and determinants of mother's own milk (MOM) feeding at hospital discharge in a cohort of infants born very preterm within the Canadian Neonatal Network (CNN). STUDY DESIGN: This was a population-based cohort study of infants born at <33 weeks of gestation and admitted to neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) participating in the CNN between January 1, 2015, and December 31, 2018. We examined the rates and determinants of MOM use at discharge home among the participating NICUs. We used multivariable logistic regression analysis to identify independent determinants of MOM feeding. RESULTS: Among the 6404 infants born very preterm and discharged home during the study period, 4457 (70%) received MOM or MOM supplemented with formula. Rates of MOM feeding at discharge varied from 49% to 87% across NICUs. Determinants associated with MOM feeding at discharge were gestational age 29-32 weeks compared with <26 weeks (aOR 1.56, 95% CI 1.25-1.93), primipara mothers (aOR 2.12, 95% CI 1.86-2.42), maternal diabetes (aOR 0.79, 95% CI 0.66-0.93), and maternal smoking (aOR 0.27, 95% CI 0.19-0.38). Receipt of MOM by day 3 of age was the major predictor of breast milk feeding at discharge (aOR 3.61, 95% CI 3.17-4.12). CONCLUSIONS: Approximately two-thirds of infants born very preterm received MOM at hospital discharge, and rates varied across NICUs. Supporting mothers to provide breast milk in the first 3 days after birth may be associated with improved MOM feeding rates at discharge.