Rutin hydrate relieves neuroinflammation in zebrafish models: Involvement of NF-κB pathway as a central network.

Neuroinflammation is prevalent in multiple brain diseases and may also lead to dementia, cognitive impairment, and impaired spatial memory function associated with neurodegenerative diseases. A neuroprotective and antioxidant flavonoid, rutin hydrate (RH), was evaluated for the anti-neuroinflammatory activity mediated by copper sulfate (CuSO4) solution and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in zebrafish. The results showed that 100 mg/L RH significantly reduced the ratio of neutrophil mobility in caudal hematopoietic tissue (CHT) region caused by CuSO4 and the number of neutrophils co-localized with facial peripheral nerves. In the LPS model, RH co-injection significantly diminished neutrophil and macrophage migration. Therefore, RH exhibited a significant rescue effect on both models. In addition, RH treatment remarkably reduced the effects of neuroinflammation on the locomotor ability, expression levels of genes associated with behavioral disorders, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. Furthermore, network pharmacology techniques were employed to investigate the potential mechanisms, and the associated genes and enzyme activities were validated in order to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Network pharmacological analysis and zebrafish model indicated that RH regulated the expressions of NF-κB pathway-related targets (Toll-like receptor 9 (tlr9), nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1 (nfkb1), RELA proto-oncogene (RelA), nitric oxide synthase 2a, inducible (nos2a), tumour necrosis factor alpha-like (tnfα), interleukin 6 (il6), interleukin 1ß (il1ß), chemokine 8 (cxcl8), and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (mif)) as well as six key factors (arachidonic acid 4 alpha-lipoxygenase (alox4a), arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase a (alox5), prion protein a (prnpa), integrin, beta 2 (itgb2), catalase (CAT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzymes). Through this study, a thorough understanding of the mechanism underlying the therapeutic effects of RH in neuroinflammation has been achieved, thereby establishing a solid foundation for further research on the potential therapeutic applications of RH in neuroinflammatory disorders.

Improving Copper Active Site Speciation on Cu-Ce/SSZ-13 for Ammonia Oxidation via Si/Al Ratio Modulation.

Catalytic oxidation is a promising purification technique for ammonia (NH3) emission. However, high ignition temperatures and NOx peroxide generation limit its effectiveness due to a lack of active sites. Herein, the effects of Si/Al ratio (SAR) modulation on the speciation of copper active sites and the reaction mechanism at different acidic sites were investigated by loading CuO-CeO2 onto SSZ-13 with different SARs (Cu-Ce/SAR15, 20, and 30). Among them, Cu-Ce/SAR20 exhibits the lowest induction temperature (T20 = 180 °C) and the highest nitrogen selectivity (above 95%), attributing to a higher number of Cu2+ exchange sites. In situ IR spectroscopy and isotopic (18O2) transient response experiments indicate that more active Cu2+ in Cu-Ce/SAR20 provides sufficient Lewis acidic sites for NH3 adsorption and favors the stability of Si-OH-Al structures (Brønsted acid sites). NH3 adsorbed at Lewis acidic sites tends to form peroxide byproducts (NOx), while the NH4+ adsorbed at Brønsted acidic sites generates the key intermediate NH4NO2, which decomposes to N2 at high temperatures, thus enhancing nitrogen selectivity. The whole process mainly follows the Mars-van Krevelen (M-K) mechanism, with the Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) mechanism playing a supporting role. Z2Cu2+ coordinates with adjacent Al atoms within the six-membered ring (6MR) and undergoes a slight deformation at high temperatures, facilitating the migration of the lattice oxygen. SAR plays a crucial role in local environmental speciation of reactive Cu2+, where the sufficient isolated Al provided in SAR20 pulls Cu2+ into the eight-membered ring (8MR), allowing it to come into contact with NH3 more readily.

Synthesis of Cu2O micro/nanocrystals for catalytic combustion of high-concentration CO: The crucial role of glucose.

Cubic Cu2O micro/nanocrystals were successfully synthesized by liquid-phase reduction using copper salt of CuSO4 or CuCl2·2H2O, and glucose or ascorbic acid as reducing agent, respectively. The activity of the catalysts was evaluated by light-off curves of CO self-sustained catalytic combustion via temperature-programmed oxidation of CO (CO-TPO), with the results showing the activity of catalysts following the order of Cu2O-Cl-GLU > Cu2O-S-GLU > Cu2O-S-AA > Cu2O-Cl-AA, (Cl denotes CuCl2·2H2O, GLU denotes glucose, S denotes CuSO4 and AA denotes ascorbic acid, respectively), corresponding to the ignition temperature of 109 °C, 122 °C, 137 °C and 186 °C, respectively. The crystal structure, elemental valence, morphology and redox property of the prepared catalysts were analyzed by using various characterization techniques. Combined with in situ infrared spectrum, the CO self-sustained catalytic combustion over Cu2O catalysts mainly follows the Mars-van-Krevelen (M-v-K) mechanism: the adsorbed and activated CO reacts with lattice oxygen to yield CO2 and oxygen vacancy, and then the oxygen vacancy can be replenished by gaseous oxygen. Combined with catalytic performance of high-concentration CO, it is found that the catalysts prepared using glucose as reducing agent are more angular compared with ascorbic acid. The Cu2O-Cl-GLU synthesized with glucose and CuCl2·2H2O exhibits the best catalytic activity among all the catalysts tested, attributing to its more obvious edge and rough crystal surface. The unique structure of Cu2O-Cl-GLU leads to the high exposure rate and coordination unsaturation of atoms on the cubic Cu2O micro/nanocrystals that can improve the ability of activating gaseous O2 and low temperature reducibility, and consequently facilitating the catalytic activity.

Effects of magnetite on microbially driven nitrate reduction processes in groundwater.

Nitrate is a common pollutant in the aquatic environment. Denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) are the main reduction processes of nitrate. In the relatively closed sediment environment, the competitive interaction of these two nitrate reduction determines whether the ecosystem removes or retains nitrogen. In the process of NO3--N bioreduction, Magnetite, which is a common mineral present in soil and other sediments can play a crucial role. However, it is still not clear whether magnetite promotes or inhibits NO3--N bioreduction. In this paper, the effect of magnetite on NO3--N bioreduction was studied by batch experiments. The results show that magnetite can increase the NO3--N reduction rate by 1.48 %, and can inhibit the DNRA process at the beginning of the reaction and then promote the DNRA process. Magnetite changed the microbial community structure in our experiment systems. The relative abundance of Sphingomonas, which mainly exists in a high carbon and low nitrogen environment, increased under sufficient carbon source conditions. The relative abundance of Fe-oxidizing and NO3--N reducing bacteria, such as Flavobacterium, increased in the absence of carbon sources but in the presence of magnetite. In addition, magnetite can significantly increase activity of the microbial electron transport system (ETS). the added microbial electronic activity of magnetite increased nearly two-fold under the same experiment conditions. The acid produced by the metabolisms of Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter further promotes the dissolution of magnetite, thus increasing the concentration of Fe (II) in the system, which is beneficial to autotrophic denitrifying bacteria and promote the reduction of NO3--N. These findings can enhance our understanding of the interaction mechanism between iron minerals and nitrate reducing bacteria during nitrate reduction under natural conditions.

Propineb induced notochord deformity, craniofacial malformation, and osteoporosis in zebrafish through dysregulated reactive oxygen species generation.

Dithiocarbamate (DTC) fungicides are contaminants that are ubiquitous in the environment. Exposure to DTC fungicides has been associated with a variety of teratogenic developmental effects. Propineb, a member of DTCs, was evaluated for the toxicological effects on notochord and craniofacial development, osteogenesis in zebrafish model. Embryos at 6 hours post-fertilization (hpf) were exposed to propineb at dosages of 1 and 4 µM. Morphological parameters were evaluated at exposure times of 24, 48, 72, and 120 hpf after propineb exposure. The survival and hatching rates as well as body length decreased at 1 and 4 µmol/L groups. Besides, transgenic zebrafish exposed to propineb showed abnormal vacuole biogenesis in notochord cells at the early stage of development. The expression of collagen type 2 alpha 1a (col2a1a), sonic hedgehog (shh), and heat shock protein family B member 11 (hspb11) measured by quantitative PCR and in situ hybridization experiment of col8a1a gene have consolidated the proposal process. Besides, Alcian blue, calcein, and alizarin red staining profiles displayed craniofacial malformations and osteoporosis were induced following propineb exposure. PPB exposure induced the changes in oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species inhibitor alleviated the deformities of PPB. Collectively, our data suggested that propineb exposure triggered bone abnormalities in different phenotypes of zebrafish. Therefore, propineb is a potential toxicant of high priority concern for aquatic organisms.