Estrogen and calcium handling proteins: new discoveries and mechanisms in cardiovascular diseases.

Estrogen deficiency is considered to be an important factor leading to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Indeed, the prevalence of CVDs in postmenopausal women exceeds that of premenopausal women and men of the same age. Recent research findings provide evidence that estrogen plays a pivotal role in the regulation of calcium homeostasis and therefore fine-tunes normal cardiomyocyte contraction and relaxation processes. Disruption of calcium homeostasis is closely associated with the pathological mechanism of CVDs. Thus, this paper maps out and summarizes the effects and mechanisms of estrogen on calcium handling proteins in cardiac myocytes, including L-type Ca2+ channel, the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release channel named ryanodine receptor, sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase, and sodium-calcium exchanger. In so doing, we provide theoretical and experimental evidence for the successful design of estrogen-based prevention and treatment therapies for CVDs.

[Effects of metformin on the estrogen-induced proliferation and the expression of ER in human endometrial cancer cells].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of metformin on estrogen-induced proliferation of human endometrial cancer cell lines and investigate whether metformin could regulate the expression of ER and estrogen-dependent proliferative genes. METHODS: Human endometrial cancer cell lines Ishikawa and HEC-1A underwent treatment with metformin at various concentrations (0.5, 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 mmol/L) for different durations (24, 48 and 72 hours), followed by assessment of cell proliferation by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay. Ishikawa and HEC-1A cells were exposed to 17ß-estradiol (1×10(-6) mol/L) alone or in combination with metformin (5 mmol/L) for 24 hours. Cell proliferation was assessed by 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) assay. Twenty-four hours after metformin treatment at the concentrations of 1, 5 and 15 mmol/L, the expression levels of estrogen-dependent proliferative genes c-fos and c-myc were determined by real-time quantitative fluorescent PCR (real-time FQ-PCR). Western blot analysis was performed to assess the effects of metformin on the expressions of estrogen receptors. RESULTS: As revealed by MTT assay, at different time points of metformin treatment at different concentrations, the proliferation rates of both cell lines were inhibited in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner between metformin groups and the control group (P < 0.05). BrdU assay showed that the proliferation rate of Ishikawa and HEC-1A cells exposed to 17ß-estradiol (1×10(-6) mol/L) in combination with metformin (5 mmol/L) was (62±7)% and (72±6)%, respectively, while that in 17ß-estradiol groups was (124±16)% and (109±5)%, respectively, with significantly statistical differences (P < 0.01). By real-time FQ-PCR tested, the expression levels of c-fos and c-myc in both cell lines gradually declined subsequent to metformin treatment at different concentrations (1, 5 and 15 mmol/L). As compared with the control group, the c-myc and c-fos expressions in both cell lines in metformin groups had significant differences (P < 0.05) except for the c-myc expression of the concentration of 1 mmol/L in HEC-1A cell line (P = 0.074). Western blot analyses showed that with the increasing concentrations of metformin, the ERa expression was markedly down-regulated, while ERß expression was up-regulated in the metformin group at the concentrations of 5 mmol/L and 15 mmol/L, compared to those at the control group, there were significant differences between them, respectively (all P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Metformin could inhibit estrogen-mediated proliferation of human endometrial cancer cells, which might be correlated with its regulation of the expressions of estrogen receptors and estrogen-dependent proliferative genes.

16α-OHE1 alleviates hypoxia-induced inflammation and myocardial damage via the activation of ß2-Adrenergic receptor.

OBJECTIVE: Myocardial injuries resulting from hypoxia are a significant concern, and this study aimed to explore potential protective strategies against such damage. Specifically, we sought to investigate the cardioprotective effects of 16α-hydroxyestrone (16α-OHE1). METHODS: Male Sprague‒Dawley (SD) rats were subjected to hypoxic conditions simulating high-altitude exposure at 6000 m in a low-pressure chamber for 7 days. Before and during hypoxic exposure, estradiol (E2) and various doses of 16α-OHE1 were administered for 14 days. Heart weight/body weight (HW/BW), myocardial structure, Myocardial injury indicators and inflammatory infiltration in rats were measured. H9C2 cells cultured under 5% O2 conditions received E2 and varying doses of 16α-OHE1; Cell viability, apoptosis, inflammatory infiltration, and Myocardial injury indicators were determined. Expression levels of ß2AR were determined in rat hearts and H9C2 cells. The ß2AR inhibitor, ICI 118,551, was employed to investigate ß2AR's role in 16α-OHE1's cardioprotective effects. RESULTS: Hypoxia led to substantial myocardial damage, evident in increased heart HW, CK-MB, cTnT, ANP, BNP, structural myocardial changes, inflammatory infiltration, and apoptosis. Pre-treatment with E2 and 16α-OHE1 significantly mitigated these adverse changes. Importantly, the protective effects of E2 and 16α-OHE1 were associated with the upregulation of ß2AR expression in both rat hearts and H9C2 cells. However, inhibition of ß2AR by ICI 118,551 in H9C2 cells nullified the protective effect of 16α-OHE1 on myocardium. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that 16α-OHE1 can effectively reduce hypoxia-induced myocardial injury in rats through ß2ARs, indicating a promising avenue for cardioprotection.

Resveratrol activates MAPK/ERK pathway to regulate oestrogen metabolism in type I endometrial cancer.

OBJECTIVE: Endometrial cancer (EC) is an oestrogen-dependent tumour, the occurrence of which is closely related to an imbalance of oestrogen homeostasis. Our previous studies explored the effects of Resveratrol(Res) on oestrogen metabolism. However, systematic research on the exact mechanism of action of Res is still lacking. Based on network pharmacology, molecular docking and animal experiments, the effects and molecular mechanisms of Res on endometrial cancer were investigated. METHODS: The target of Res was obtained from the high-throughput experiment and reference-guided database of TCM (HERB) and the Encyclopedia of Traditional Chinese Medicine (ETCM) databases, and the target of endometrial cancer was obtained by using the Genecards database. Venny map was used to obtain the intersection target of Res in the treatment of endometrial cancer, and the protein interaction network of the intersection target was constructed by importing the data into the STRING database. Then, the drug-disease-target interaction network was constructed based on Cytoscape 3.9.1 software. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were performed for intersection targets using the OmicShare cloud platform. Res and core targets were analysed by molecular docking. EC model mice induced by MNNG were randomly divided into the control group, Res group, MNNG group, MNNG + Res group, and MNNG + Res + MAPK/ERKi group. The protein levels of ERK and p-ERK in the mouse uterus were detected by Western blot. The levels of E1, E2, E3, 16-epiE3, 17-epiE3, 2-MeOE1, 4-MeOE1, 2-MeOE2, 4-MeOE2, 3-MeOE1, 2-OHE1, 4-OHE1, 2-OHE2, 4-OHE2, and 16α-OHE1 in the serum and endometrial tissue of mice were measured by LC‒MS/MS. RESULTS: A total of 174 intersection targets of Res anti-endometrial cancer were obtained. The signalling pathways analysed by KEGG enrichment included the AGE-RAGE signalling pathway in diabetic complications, the PI3K-Akt signalling pathway and the MAPK signalling pathway. The top 10 core targets were MAPK3, JUN, TP53, CASP3, TNF, IL1B, AKT1, FOS, VEGFA and INS. Molecular docking showed that in addition to TNF, other targets had good affinity for Res, and the binding activity with MAPK3 was stable. Western blot results showed that Res increased the phosphorylation level of ERK and that MAPK/ERKi decreased ERK activation. In the LC-MS/MS analysis, the levels of 2-MeOE1, 2-MeOE2 and 4-MeOE1 in serum and uterine tissue showed a significantly decreasing trend in the MNNG group, while that of 4-OHE2 was increased (P < 0.05). The concentrations of 4-MeOE1 in serum and 2-MeOE1 and 2-MeOE2 in the endometrial tissue of mice were significantly increased after Res treatment, and those of 4-OHE2 in the serum and uterus of mice were significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, in the MAPK/ERKi intervention group, the effect of Res on the reversal of oestrogen homeostasis imbalance was obviously weakened. CONCLUSION: Res has multiple targets and multiple approaches in the treatment of endometrial cancer. In this study, it was found that Res regulates oestrogen metabolism by activating the MAPK/ERK pathway. This finding provides a new perspective for subsequent research on the treatment of endometrial cancer.

YY1 was indispensable for the alleviation of quercetin on diabetic nephropathy-associated tubulointerstitial inflammation.

BACKGROUND: The emergence of tubulointerstitial inflammation (TI) could accelerate the development of tubulointerstitial fibrosis (TIF) of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Yin Yang 1 (YY1) was a new pro-inflammatory mediator and became the important target of DN-related TIF. Quercetin performed an effective role in anti-inflammation and was probable to bind to YY1. However, the role of YY1 in quercetin's anti-inflammatory effect on DN-related TIF was uncovered. PURPOSE: To investigate the potential effect and mechanism of quercetin against DN-related TI. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The protein levels of YY1 were examined in the renal tubular epithelial cells (RTECs) of db/db mice and HG-cultured HK-2 cells. Molecular modeling studies and YY1 overexpression lentivirus vector were selected to further confirm the indispensable part of YY1 in quercetin's TI protection in vitro. Luciferase assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay were carried out to identify whether YY1 directly regulated IL-6/STAT3 signaling by binding to the IL-6 promoter in quercetin's TI protection in vitro. At last, the important role of YY1-mediated IL-6/STAT3 signaling in quercetin's TIF protection effect was further identified by using of YY1 overexpression lentivirus vector and IL-6 specific inhibitor tocilizumab. RESULTS: Along with the alleviated tubulointerstitial injury by quercetin in the RTECs of db/db mice and HK-2 cells stimulated by HG, YY1-mediated IL-6/STAT-3 pathway involved in TI protection of quercetin in vivo and in vitro. Quercetin bound to YY1 and decreased its protein expression, and YY1 directly suppressed IL-6 transcription by bounding to its promoter, resulting in the alleviation of inflammation by inactivating of IL-6/STAT-3 pathway in vitro. YY1-mediated IL-6/STAT-3 pathway was also indispensable for the alleviation of quercetin on DN-associated TIF. CONCLUSION: YY1 could not be absent from quercetin's anti-inflammatory effect on DN-associated TIF via alleviating IL-6/STAT-3 pathway mediated TI.

Inhibition of S100A8/A9 ameliorates renal interstitial fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy.

BACKGROUND: Renal interstitial fibrosis (RIF) is one of the main features of diabetic nephropathy (DN), but the molecular mechanisms mediating RIF in DN has yet been fully understood. S100A8 and S100A9 are the proteins associated with immune and inflammation response. Here we reported the expression of S100A8 and S100A9 were significantly increased on tubular epithelial cells in diabetic kidneys through a proteomic analysis. METHODS: We detected the expression of S100A8/A9 in diabetic kidneys by using immunoblotting, real-time PCR and immunostaining. RNA silencing and overexpression were performed by using S100A8/A9 expression/knockdown lentivirus to investigate the connection between S100A8/A9 and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) process. We also identify the expression of TLR4/NFκB pathway-related molecules in the case mentioned above. Afterwards a CO-IP assay was used to verify that compound AB38b ameliorates the EMT by interfering S100A8/A9 expression. RESULTS: The expression of S100A8 and S100A9 were significantly increased on tubular epithelial cells in diabetic kidneys. S100A8/A9 knocking-down alleviate and over-expression promote the renal interstitial fibrosis of diabetic mice. Mechanically, high levels of S100A8/A9 expression in tubular epithelial cells during diabetic condition activated the TLR4/NF-κB signal pathway which promoted the EMT process and finally led to RIF progression. S100A8/A9 knockdown ameliorated RIF of diabetic mice. Further experiments revealed that compound AB38b inhibited the EMT progression of tubular epithelial cells induced by S100A8/A9 through interfering the expressions of S100A8/A9. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggest that abnormal expression of S100A8/A9 in the disease condition promotes EMT process and RIF through TLR4/NF-κB signal pathway. Using small molecular inhibitor AB38b to inhibit the abnormal expressions of S100A8/A9 might be a novel therapeutic strategy in treating DN.

Genomic Surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 - China, September 26, 2022 to January 29, 2023.

Introduction: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has generated 2,431 variants over the course of its global transmission over the past 3 years. To better evaluate the genomic variation of SARS-CoV-2 before and after the optimization of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) prevention and control strategies, we analyzed the genetic evolution branch composition and genomic variation of SARS-CoV-2 in both domestic and imported cases in China (the data from Hong Kong and Macau Special Administrative Regions and Taiwan, China were not included) from September 26, 2022 to January 29, 2023. Methods: Analysis of the number of genome sequences, sampling time, dynamic changes of evolutionary branches, origin, and clinical typing of SARS-CoV-2 variants submitted by 31 provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (XPCC) was conducted to assess the accuracy and timeliness of SARS-CoV-2 variant surveillance. Results: From September 26, 2022 to January 29, 2023, 20,013 valid genome sequences of domestic cases were reported in China, with 72 evolutionary branches. Additionally, 1,978 valid genome sequences of imported cases were reported, with 169 evolutionary branches. The prevalence of the Omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2 in both domestic and imported cases was consistent with that of international epidemic variants. Conclusions: This study provides an overview of the prevalence of Omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2 in China. After optimizing COVID-19 prevention and control strategies, no novel Omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2 with altered biological characteristics or public health significance have been identified since December 1, 2022.

16α-OHE1, a novel oestrogen metabolite, attenuates dysfunction of left ventricle contractility via regulation of autophagy after myocardial ischemia and reperfusion.

BACKGROUND: Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (MI/R) can exacerbate the initial cardiac damage in the myocardial functional changes, including dysfunction of left ventricular contractility. Oestrogen has been proven to protect the cardiovascular system. However, whether the oestrogen or its metabolites play the main role in attenuating dysfunction of left ventricular contractility is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study used the LC-MS/MS to detect oestrogen and its metabolites in clinical serum samples (n = 62) with heart diseases. After correlation analysis with markers of myocardial injury including cTnI (P < 0.01), CK-MB (P < 0.05), and D-Dimer (P < 0.001), 16α-OHE1 was identified. The result from LC-MS/MS in female and ovariectomised (OVX) rat serum samples (n = 5) matched the findings in patients. In MI/R model of animal, the recovery of left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), rate pressure product (RPP), dp/dtmax and dp/dtmin after MI/R in OVX or male group were worsened than those in female group. Also, the infarction area of OVX or male group was larger than that in females (n = 5, p < 0.01). Furthermore, LC3 II in the left ventricle of OVX and male group was lower than that in females (n = 5, p < 0.01) by immunofluorescence. In H9C2 cells, after the application of 16α-OHE1, the number of autophagosomes was further increased and other organelles improved in MI/R. Simultaneously, LC3 II, Beclin1, ATG5, and p-AMPK/AMPK were increased, and p-mTOR/mTOR was decreased (n = 3, p < 0.01) by Simple Western. CONCLUSION: 16α-OHE1 could attenuate left ventricle contractility dysfunction via autophagy regulation after MI/R, which also offered fresh perspectives on therapeutical treatment for attenuating MI/R injury.

Genomic Surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern from Imported COVID-19 Cases - the Mainland of China, 2021.

Introduction: After the epidemic in Wuhan City was brought under control in 2020, local outbreaks of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the mainland of China were mainly due to imported COVID-19 cases. The ongoing evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has continued to generate new variants. Some have been designated as variants of concern (VOCs) by the World Health Organization (WHO). To better assess the role of imported SARS-CoV-2 surveillance and the prevalence of VOCs in 2021, the genomic surveillance data of SARS-CoV-2 from imported COVID-19 cases of 2021 in the mainland of China were analyzed. Methods: The analyses included the number of sequence submissions, time of sequence deposition, and time of detection of the VOCs in order to determine the timeliness and sensitivity of the surveillance. The proportions of VOCs were analyzed and compared with data from the Global Initiative of Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID). Results: A total of 3,355 sequences of imported cases were submitted from 29 provincial-level administrative divisions, with differences in the number of sequence submissions and median time of sequence deposition. A total of 2,388 sequences with more than 90% genomic coverage were used for lineage analysis. The epidemic trend from Alpha to Delta to Omicron in imported cases was consistent with that in the GISAID. In addition, VOCs from imported cases were usually identified after WHO designation and before causing local outbreaks. Conclusions: The global distribution of SARS-CoV-2 VOCs changed rapidly in 2021. Robust genomic surveillance of the imported SARS-CoV-2 in the mainland of China is of great significance.

Surveillance and Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Variant Importation - China, January-June 2022.

Introduction: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variant is the dominant circulating strain worldwide. To assess the importation of SARS-CoV-2 variants in the mainland of China during the Omicron epidemic, the genomic surveillance data of SARS-CoV-2 from imported coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases in the mainland of China during the first half of 2022 were analyzed. Methods: Sequences submitted from January to July 2022, with a collection date before June 30, 2022, were incorporated. The proportions of SARS-CoV-2 variants as well as the relationships between the origin and destination of each Omicron imported case were analyzed. Results: 4,946 sequences of imported cases were submitted from 27 provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs), and the median submission interval was within 1 month after collection. In 3,851 Omicron sequences with good quality, 1 recombinant (XU) and 4 subvariants under monitoring (BA.4, BA.5, BA.2.12.1, and BA.2.13) were recorded, and 3 of them (BA.4, BA.5, and BA.2.12.1) caused local transmissions in the mainland of China later than that recorded in the surveillance. Omicron subvariants dominated in the first half of 2022 and shifted from BA.1 to BA.2 then to BA.4 and BA.5. The percentage of BA.2 in the imported SARS-CoV-2 surveillance data was far higher than that in the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID). The imported cases from Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China, accounted for 32.30% of Omicron cases sampled, and 98.71% of them were BA.2. Conclusions: The Omicron variant showed the intra-Omicron evolution in the first half of 2022, and all of the Omicron subvariants were introduced into the mainland of China multiple times from multiple different locations.

A method of detecting level change of uranium fluorination mixture in the hopper by gamma-ray dose.

The measurement of material level change in uranium fluorination has an essential influence on uranium production quality. In this study, a method to determine the level change of uranium fluorination mixture in the hopper by online radiation meter outside hopper is established. We have designed an experiment to study the change of radiation field outside the hopper with a known height of radioactive material to discover its regular pattern. The experimental results show that when the probe is placed 50 mm away from the cylinder wall, the average radiation dose is more significant, and the change of radiation dose measured by the instrument at this position is more evident than that at other positions. Then through the measurement of the external radiation field of the hopper with unknown material level to estimate the material level, and by opening the cover of hopper to verify the accuracy of the material level measurement method. Based on the experimental results and theoretical analysis, a method and formula for judging the mixture material are proposed. This method can quickly determine the level of uranium fluoride mixture in the hopper online, realize the accurate control of material parameters in the process of uranium conversion, and improve the quality of uranium conversion products.

Dermatopontin as a potential pathogenic factor in endometrial cancer.

The present study aimed to determine the differential expression profiles of proteins in endometrial carcinoma and to screen the proteins associated with the occurrence and development of endometrial cancer (EC). In total, 15 samples of human EC and paracancerous tissues were selected for proteomic analysis using a label-free quantification method based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The differential proteins were analysed using bioinformatics and verified using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and western blotting. Finally, the expression of differential proteins in 75 endometrial carcinoma samples and 30 normal endometrial tissue samples were detected using immunohistochemical staining, and the associations between differential protein expression and clinicopathological features were analysed. In total, 579 up-regulated proteins and 346 down-regulated proteins were identified between the two groups and seven proteins with the most significant differences were selected; these proteins included interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 3, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase family member 9, solute carrier family 34 member 2, cytochrome b5 reductase 1, protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 1, dermatopontin (DPT) and secretory leukocyte peptidase inhibitor. RT-qPCR and western blotting showed that DPT expression was down-regulated (P<0.001), which was consistent with the mass spectrometry results. The immunohistochemical staining results showed that the positive expression of DPT in EC and normal endometrial tissues was statistically significant (P<0.001). The positive expression of DPT was significantly decreased in poorly differentiated, late stage, lymph node metastasis and myometrial invasion depth ≥1/2 samples (P<0.05). DPT expression was significantly lower in EC, which might play role in the pathogenesis of EC.

Further insights into the molecular complexity of the human sinus node - The role of 'novel' transcription factors and microRNAs.

RESEARCH PURPOSE: The sinus node (SN) is the heart's primary pacemaker. Key ion channels (mainly the funny channel, HCN4) and Ca2+-handling proteins in the SN are responsible for its function. Transcription factors (TFs) regulate gene expression through inhibition or activation and microRNAs (miRs) do this through inhibition. There is high expression of macrophages and mast cells within the SN connective tissue. 'Novel'/unexplored TFs and miRs in the regulation of ion channels and immune cells in the SN are not well understood. Using RNAseq and bioinformatics, the expression profile and predicted interaction of key TFs and cell markers with key miRs in the adult human SN vs. right atrial tissue (RA) were determined. PRINCIPAL RESULTS: 68 and 60 TFs significantly more or less expressed in the SN vs. RA respectively. Among those more expressed were ISL1 and TBX3 (involved in embryonic development of the SN) and 'novel' RUNX1-2, CEBPA, GLI1-2 and SOX2. These TFs were predicted to regulate HCN4 expression in the SN. Markers for different cells: fibroblasts (COL1A1), fat (FABP4), macrophages (CSF1R and CD209), natural killer (GZMA) and mast (TPSAB1) were significantly more expressed in the SN vs. RA. Interestingly, RUNX1-3, CEBPA and GLI1 also regulate expression of these cells. MiR-486-3p inhibits HCN4 and markers involved in immune response. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, RUNX1-2, CSF1R, TPSAB1, COL1A1 and HCN4 are highly expressed in the SN but not miR-486-3p. Their complex interactions can be used to treat SN dysfunction such as bradycardia. Interestingly, another research group recently reported miR-486-3p is upregulated in blood samples from severe COVID-19 patients who suffer from bradycardia.

LFG-500, a newly synthesized flavonoid, induces apoptosis in human ovarian carcinoma SKOV3 cells with involvement of the reactive oxygen species-mitochondria pathway.

Ovarian cancer is the main cause of gynecologic malignancy-related mortality in women. Therefore, the disease requires improvements in treatment options and in the potency of chemotherapeutic drugs. The study of apoptosis in tumor cells is an important field for cancer therapy and cancer molecular biology. It has recently been established that LFG-500, a new synthesized flavonoid with a piperazine and benzyl group substitution, has strong anticancer activity. However, its exact molecular mechanism is not fully understood. The present study aimed to examine the effects of LFG-500 on human ovarian cancer SKOV3 cells, as well as to identify its underlying mechanisms. The data showed that LFG-500 inhibited the growth of SKOV3 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. It was found that LFG-500 induced apoptosis in SKOV3 cells, detected by DAPI staining and an Annexin V/PI double-staining assay. Moreover, LFG-500 reduced caspase-3 protein expression and increased the Bcl-2-associated X protein/B-cell lymphoma 2 protein ratio. Further findings revealed that LFG-500 treatment resulted in reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential. Collectively, these results demonstrated that LFG-500 efficiently induced apoptosis in SKOV3 cells, an event possibly associated with the trigging of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway through ROS accumulation. Therefore, LFG-500 shows potential as a potent anticancer agent for the treatment of ovarian cancer.

Effect of targeted silencing of IL-8 on in vitro migration and invasion of SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells.

The aim of the study was to determine whether interleukin-8 (IL-8) affects human SKOV3 ovarian cancer cell migration and invasion by targeting silencing of IL-8 expression. Silencing small-interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting IL-8 gene was constructed to infect SKOV3 cells by lentiviral vector. The expression of IL-8 and p-nuclear factor (NF)-κB protein was detected by western blot analysis. The wound scratch and Transwell tests were used to assay the cell migration and invasiveness of SKOV3 cells infected with lentiviral vector targeting IL-8 gene siRNA. The levels of IL-8 protein expressed by SKOV3 cells infected by lentiviral vector targeting IL-8 gene siRNA decreased by 72.3%. IL-8 (50 ng/ml) increased the ability of SKOV3 cells to suppress cell migration (p<0.01). Cisplatin and silencing of IL-8 achieved the ability to inhibit SKOV3 cell invasion (p<0.01), and 100 ng/ml concentration of IL-8 enhanced the ability of SKOV3 invasion (p<0.01). Silencing of IL-8 to a certain extent reduced the expression of p-NF-κB proteins, but it was not statistically significant. In conclusion, silencing of IL-8 may inhibit the migration and invasion of SKOV3 cells, which may be independent of the p-NF-κB protein.