Eyebrow Shapes of Chinese Empresses of the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

The aim of this study was to analyze eyebrow shapes in portraits of Chinese empresses of Ming and Qing dynasties.The frontal portraits of 20 Ming empresses and 24 of Qing in which the eye and eyebrows were identifiable were measured and analyzed. The arch shape did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) between Ming and Qing. The head-up type (66.6%) was significantly more common (P < 0.001), than tail-up (13.6%), horizontal (13.6%), and arched (6.8%). The brow arches of Ming and Qing empresses were classified as 5 arch types: L (Lamas), A (Anastasia), H (Hwang), M (Empress Ma), and D (Empress Du). In Ming, type-H (45.0%) was the most frequent, followed by type-D (25.0%). In Qing, type-L (45.8%) was the most frequent, followed by type-H (16.7%) and type-D (16.7%). The relative eyebrow width (REW) of Ming and Qing was 1.59 ±â€Š0.28. The REW of Qing (1.63 ±â€Š0.30) and Ming (1.55 ±â€Š0.26) did not differ significantly. The relative medial height (RMH, 1.05 ±â€Š0.20) and relative lateral height (RLH; 1.05 ±â€Š0.21) were the same, and greater than the relative mid-pupillary height (RPH; 0.84 ±â€Š0.19; P < 0.001). The RMH of Ming (1.09 ±â€Š0.24) and Qing (1.02 ±â€Š0.16) did not differ significantly. The RLH likewise did not differ significantly between Ming (1.01 ±â€Š0.21) and Qing (1.08 ±â€Š0.22). However, the RPH of Ming (0.91 ±â€Š0.21) was significantly (P = 0.042) greater than Qing (0.79 ±â€Š0.17). The relative brow thickness (RBT) of Qing (0.13 ±â€Š0.06) was significantly (p = 0.033) greater than Ming (0.17 ±â€Š0.06). The RBT of Ming and Qing was 0.15 ±â€Š0.06 and increased with time (P = 0.023).The results of this study may be useful for brow lift or the tattooing.

Location of the Septoaponeurosis Junction Relative to the Tarsal Plate in Upper Eyelids.

The aim of this study was to measure the location of the septoaponeurosis junction relative to the tarsal plate in the upper eyelids of Koreans through a histologic study.Thirty-four upper eyelids from 34 Korean adult cadavers (mean age, 77.8 years) were used. Sagittal sections on the midpupillary line were made, and 10-µm-thick sections were prepared and stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Masson trichrome. Under a magnifying loupe with a scale, the height of the tarsal plate (HTP), thickness of the tarsal plate (TTP), distance from the lid margin to the septoaponeurosis junction (MJD), and distance from the upper border of the tarsal plate to the septoaponeurosis junction (TJD) were measured.The mean HTP was 8.09 ±â€Š1.68 mm (range: 4.0-0.8 mm). The mean TTP was 1.52 ±â€Š1.56 mm (range: 0.8-3.0 mm). The mean MJD was 9.18 ±â€Š2.69 mm (range: 2.5-13.0 mm). The mean TJD was 1.1 ±â€Š2.6 mm (range: -5.5-7.0 mm). In 25 (73.5%) of the 34 eyelids, the SAJ (1.1 ±â€Š2.6 mm) was above the upper border of the tarsal plate (UTP); however, in 9 (26.5%) of the 34 eyelids, below the UTP. The greater the HTP, the greater the MJD was (y=0.620x+4.166, P = 0.024 [linear regression analysis]). However, there was no significant correlation between the HTP and TJD (P = 0.155 [correlation analysis]).The results of this study provide a useful guide for performing operations involving the orbital septum and levator aponeurosis.

Eyebrow Shapes Over the Last Century.

The aim of this study was to analyze eyebrow shapes as represented in the British edition of "Vogue" over the last century (1916-2015). Photographs containing distinguishable eyebrows were selected from a book entitled "Vogue 100: A Century of Style." A total of 120 frontal pictures in which the eye and eyebrows were identifiable were included and analyzed. The relative width of the eyebrow (REW), as well as relative medial (RMH), midpupillary (RPH), and lateral (RLH) eyebrow height were measured in reference to the length of the palpebral fissure. Types of brow arches and arch shapes were also classified. The REW was 1.64 ±â€Š0.24, and did not differ significantly over time (P = 0.118). The RLH (0.60 ±â€Š0.09) was significantly greater than the RMH (0.53 ±â€Š0.17), and the RPH was the shortest of the 3 measures of height (0.36 ±â€Š0.16) (P < 0.001). The RMH (P = 0.515) and RPH (P = 0.848) did not exhibit significant chronological variation. However, the RLH increased over time (P = 0.007, y = 0.001x - 1.047). The distribution of the 6 eyebrow arch types varied significantly (P < 0.001). The Anastasia type (45.8%) was the most frequent, followed by the Hwang (25.0%) and Schreiber (11.7%) types. The Lamas (8.3%), Brit-Vogue (7.5%), and Westmore (1.7%) types were relatively infrequent. The arched type (31.7%) and the tail-up type (30.0%) were frequent, while the head-up type (26.7%) and the horizontal type (11.6%) were less frequent. The results of this study may be useful for planning facial rejuvenation operations, as well as for clinical practitioners dealing with brow esthetics or the tattooing of eyebrows.