RESUMO
Diffraction-limited two-photon microscopy permits minimally invasive optical monitoring of neuronal activity. However, most conventional two-photon microscopes impose significant constraints on the size of the imaging field-of-view and the specific shape of the effective excitation volume, thus limiting the scope of biological questions that can be addressed and the information obtainable. Here, employing a non-telecentric optical design, we present a low-cost, easily implemented and flexible solution to address these limitations, offering a several-fold expanded three-dimensional field of view. Moreover, rapid laser-focus control via an electrically tunable lens allows near-simultaneous imaging of remote regions separated in three dimensions and permits the bending of imaging planes to follow natural curvatures in biological structures. Crucially, our core design is readily implemented (and reversed) within a matter of hours, making it highly suitable as a base platform for further development. We demonstrate the application of our system for imaging neuronal activity in a variety of examples in zebrafish, mice and fruit flies.
Assuntos
Imageamento Tridimensional/métodos , Microscopia/métodos , Fótons , Animais , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , Drosophila , Larva , Lentes , Luz , Masculino , Camundongos , Neurônios/fisiologia , Peixe-ZebraRESUMO
To assess the effect of dietary ascorbate on lipid metabolism, 1-year black sea bream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii) were reared on a casein-based purified diet and an ascorbate fortified diet (1,100 mg of L: -ascorbyl-2- monophosphate-Mg/kg diet). The fortified ascorbate was effectively incorporated into the fish body and elevated muscle carnitine content. Fortifications of dietary ascorbate depressed activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase as lipogenic enzymes in the hepatopancreas and intraperitoneal fat body. Starvation after feeding experiment activated carnitine palmitoyltransferase as a lipolysis enzyme in the hepatopancreas in both control and vitamin C(VC) groups, while the lipolysis activity was significantly higher in VC group. These results confirmed that dietary ascorbate depressed lipogenesis and activated lipolysis, i.e., influenced the lipid metabolism of black sea bream.
Assuntos
Ácido Ascórbico/análogos & derivados , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Lipogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Lipólise/efeitos dos fármacos , Dourada/fisiologia , Animais , Ácido Ascórbico/farmacologia , Pesos e Medidas Corporais , Carnitina/análise , Alimentos Fortificados , Glucosefosfato Desidrogenase/análise , Hepatopâncreas/química , Isocitrato Desidrogenase/análise , Músculo Esquelético/química , Proteínas/análiseRESUMO
Artificial yeast introns that show cold-sensitive splicing have been constructed. These conditional introns can be inserted into a target gene as an "intron cassette" without disrupting the coding information, allowing expression of the gene to be cold sensitive. Insertion of these intron cassettes rendered the yeast URA3 gene cold sensitive in its expression. The advantage of this intron-mediated control system is that any gene can be converted to a controllable gene by simple insertion of an intron.
Assuntos
Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Engenharia Genética , Íntrons , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Sequência de Bases , Temperatura Baixa , Elementos de DNA Transponíveis , Dados de Sequência MolecularRESUMO
A 58-year-old male was compressed between 2 trucks during a traffic accident, and was brought to a local hospital with chest and back pain. Computed tomography showed pericardial effusion, and pericardiocentesis was performed. As cardiac rupture was suspected by the aspiration of blood, the patient was immediately transferred to our hospital. Pericaridocentesis was performed again with the introduction of a 7F sheath to release cardiac tamponade because the patient suddenly lost consciousness and showed respiratory arrest with shock just after arrival. After recovery from shock, the patient underwent median sternotomy. Surgery was performed without using cardiopulmonary bypass, and the rupture site in the right atrium was closed by direct surtures. The patient recovered without cardiac event and was discharged on the 46th postoperative day.
Assuntos
Átrios do Coração/lesões , Átrios do Coração/cirurgia , Traumatismos Cardíacos/cirurgia , Acidentes de Trânsito , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Cardíacos , Tamponamento Cardíaco/etiologia , Tamponamento Cardíaco/terapia , Ponte Cardiopulmonar , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Derrame Pericárdico/etiologia , Derrame Pericárdico/terapia , Pericardiocentese , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
We encountered 3 patients with spontaneous pneumomediastinum. The patients were a 14-year-old female, a 16-year-old male and an 18-year-old male. All 3 were previously healthy. They complained of chest pain or dyspnea. On admission, physical examination revealed subcutaneous emphysema. Chest computed tomography (CT) revealed pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema. All patients were treated with rest and all recovered in 7 to 9 days without any complication. Spontaneous pneumomediastinum is an uncommon, usually benign, self-limited disorder that usually occurs in young adults without any apparent precipitating factor or disease. Most patients require only conservative treatment.
Assuntos
Enfisema Mediastínico/diagnóstico por imagem , Enfisema Mediastínico/etiologia , Adolescente , Dor no Peito/etiologia , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Radiografia Torácica , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
An 80-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with abnormal shadow on chest X-ray 8 years after a chest trauma during which multiple ribs on the right side were fractured causing hemothorax. A diagnosis of right delayed traumatic diaphragmatic hernia was based on the findings on plain X-ray and multislice computed tomography. We performed surgery via thoracic approach with thoracoscopic assist. The transverse colon, liver, and omentum were dislocated into the right thoracic cavity and hardly adhered to the lung. We successfully repaired the ruptured diaphragm. The postoperative course was uneventful and the patient was discharged on the 33rd postoperative day.
Assuntos
Hérnia Diafragmática Traumática/cirurgia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Hérnia Diafragmática Traumática/diagnóstico por imagem , Humanos , Fatores de Tempo , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
We encountered a case of acute pulmonary embolism after lung cancer surgery. The case was a 64-year-old female. She was admitted to our hospital with an abnormal shadow on chest X-ray. There was a past history of hypopituitarism medicated with steroids. Chest computed tomography (CT) demonstrated ground glass attenuation shadow measuring 10 mm in the left upper lobe. She underwent left thoracoscopic pulmonary wedge resection due to bronchioloalveolar cell carcinoma. Postoperatively, the patient suddenly complained of chest pain and dyspnea the day after surgery. Chest CT showed left and right pulmonary arterial thromboembolism. Thrombolytic and anticoagulation therapy with urokinase and heparin sodium were immediately started. Venography demonstrated thrombus located in the vein of the bilateral lower leg region. We inserted an inferior vena cava filter to prevent aggravation of pulmonary embolism. After 11 days, CT showed completed thrombolysis in the bilateral pulmonary artery. The patient was discharged on the 25th postoperative day, and has been followed with anticoagulation therapy.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma Bronquioloalveolar/cirurgia , Pneumonectomia , Embolia Pulmonar/etiologia , Doença Aguda , Feminino , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/cirurgia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Complicações Pós-Operatórias , Embolia Pulmonar/terapia , ToracoscopiaRESUMO
To obtain high-titer recombinant retroviruses, we constructed plasmid pDL+, which carries the extended Psi region and the polyomavirus early region, including the replication origin and the early gene. Although pDL+ is useful for obtaining high-titer recombinant retroviruses, this vector plasmid is difficult to modify further for tissue-specific expression of foreign genes. To overcome this problem, the coding region of the polyomavirus early gene was expressed in the packaging cell lines. We modified the packaging cell lines, psi2 and PA317, by stably introducing the polyomavirus early gene, and established psiMP34 and psiMP37 from psi2, and PAMP51 from PA317. In the transient expression system using plasmids with and without the polyomavirus replication origin, the titers of recombinant retrovirus produced by these cell lines were 10-100 times higher than produced by the parent cell line and reached levels of 0.5-1.5 x 106 cfu/ml. Expression of the polyomavirus early gene in the packaging cell lines did not stimulate the production of replication-competent retrovirus. We also routinely established stable clones producing retrovirus titers over 1 x 10(7) cfu/ml from psiMP34 and PAMP51. We found that the activity of the long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter is stimulated by the polyomavirus early region protein(s) in these cell lines. Therefore, increases titer can be expected to occur in all the retroviral vectors in which LTR promoter is used to transcribe the retroviral genome.
Assuntos
Polyomavirus/genética , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas/genética , Montagem de Vírus/genética , Células 3T3 , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Células Clonais , Regulação Viral da Expressão Gênica , Proteínas Imediatamente Precoces/genética , Camundongos , Plasmídeos , Polyomavirus/metabolismo , Recombinação Genética , Retroviridae/genética , Retroviridae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Transdução Genética , Transfecção , Replicação Viral/genéticaRESUMO
The complement system of the human body inactivates the infectious ability of retroviruses injected as an artificial gene transfer vector. We established new murine leukemia virus (MuLV) packaging cell lines; D2SS and D7S which express decay-accelerating factor (DAF) on their surface. Both D2SS and D7S were resistant against incubation with fresh human serum. Moreover, the retroviruses produced from these packaging cell lines were also resistant to serum treatment. This resistance can be inhibited by DAF neutralizing antibody 1C6. These data demostrate that DAF induces a partial protection of MuLV infection from the human complement system.
Assuntos
Sangue/virologia , Antígenos CD55/fisiologia , Proteínas Inativadoras do Complemento/fisiologia , Vírus da Leucemia Murina/genética , Montagem de Vírus/genética , Células 3T3 , Animais , Anticorpos Bloqueadores/farmacologia , Anticorpos Monoclonais/farmacologia , Antivirais/imunologia , Sangue/imunologia , Antígenos CD55/biossíntese , Antígenos CD55/genética , Antígenos CD55/imunologia , Linhagem Celular , Clonagem Molecular , Proteínas Inativadoras do Complemento/biossíntese , Proteínas Inativadoras do Complemento/genética , Proteínas Inativadoras do Complemento/imunologia , Técnicas de Transferência de Genes , Vetores Genéticos/sangue , Vetores Genéticos/fisiologia , Humanos , Camundongos , TransfecçãoRESUMO
Recombinant retroviruses are by far the most frequently used vehicle in clinical gene therapy. No serious side-effects have been reported so far in clinical gene therapy trials using recombinant retroviral systems. Low titers of recombinant retroviruses, however, have limited the usefulness of recombinant retroviruses. To improve the efficiency of retrovirus-mediated gene transfer, we previously introduced the polyomavirus early region into amphotropic PA317 cells and established a modified retroviral packaging cell line, PAMP51. We demonstrate here that recombinant retroviruses produced by PAMP51-derived retroviral producing cells have approximately 10-fold higher titers compared with those produced by conventional PA317-derived retroviral producing cells. Importantly, recombinant retroviruses produced by PAMP-derived retroviral producing cells could infect hepatocellular carcinoma cells much more efficiently and could induce much stronger expression of a lacZ reporter gene in HCC cells compared with those produced by PA317-derived ones. These results indicate that recombinant retroviruses prepared from PAMP51-derived retroviral producing cells are much more useful than those prepared from PA317-derived ones and that the use of PAMP51 retroviral packaging cells may open up new avenues for the treatment of various types of cancer including hepatocellular carcinoma.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Hepatocelular/terapia , Terapia Genética/métodos , Neoplasias Hepáticas Experimentais/terapia , Retroviridae/genética , Animais , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/metabolismo , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/virologia , Regulação Viral da Expressão Gênica , Marcação de Genes , Técnicas de Transferência de Genes , Vetores Genéticos , Óperon Lac/fisiologia , Neoplasias Hepáticas Experimentais/metabolismo , Neoplasias Hepáticas Experimentais/virologia , Camundongos , Células Tumorais Cultivadas/virologia , beta-Galactosidase/metabolismoRESUMO
When a primary anastomosis of the trachea is not feasible, extensive grafting is required. However, despite the use of omental wrapping for revascularization, long-segment tracheal grafts frequently do not maintain structural integrity because of insufficient blood supply. We examined the use of basic fibroblast growth factor for preservation of long-segment tracheal autografts after orthotopic transplantation with omental wrapping in 23 dogs. All animals received orthotopic tracheal transplantation, with 14-ring autografts that occupied a major part of the thoracic trachea, and omental wrapping. The 23 animals were classified randomly into six groups as follows: no treatment (group I, n = 3), topical administration of fibrin glue alone (group II, n = 4), fibrin glue enriched with 1 microg/cm2 basic fibroblast growth factor (group III, n = 4), fibrin glue enriched with 5 microg/cm2 basic fibroblast growth factor (group IV, n = 4), and fibrin glue enriched with 10 microg/cm2 basic fibroblast growth factor (groups V and VI, each n = 4). The omentum that was used to wrap the autografts was fed by the right gastroepiploic artery in groups I to V and by both the right gastroepiploic artery and splenic artery in group VI. All autografts in groups I and II showed dissolution. Ten of 12 autografts in groups III, V, and VI did not maintain long-term structural integrity. By contrast, all autografts in group IV showed long-term viability, as demonstrated by graft patency, epithelialization, cartilage morphology, and vascularity. We conclude that treatment with fibrin glue enriched with 5 microg/cm2 basic fibroblast growth factor in combination with omental wrapping may prolong the viability of long-segment tracheal autografts.
Assuntos
Fator 2 de Crescimento de Fibroblastos/uso terapêutico , Neovascularização Fisiológica/efeitos dos fármacos , Traqueia/transplante , Animais , Cães , Sobrevivência de Enxerto , Masculino , Omento/cirurgia , Retalhos CirúrgicosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: HLA class I molecules present antigenic peptides to cytotoxic T lymphocytes and, thus, play an important role in immune surveillance. Since 1970s there have been many reports of an increased frequency of one or more HLA haplotype in association with autoimmune disease, and malignancy. We studied types of HLA class I antigens in 204 resected non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) patients and also examined its correlation with clinicopathologic features and prognosis. METHOD: Serological typing for HLA class I antigens was performed using a microcytotoxicity test. The disease-free survival curves were calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method and then compared using the Logrank test. Multivariate analysis was carried out by Cox's proportional hazard method. RESULTS: The difference in disease-free survival time between the HLA-A2 present group and A2 absent group was significant (P = 0.040). The 3-year disease-free survival rate of all patients was 44% in HLA-A2 present group and 66% in A2 absent group. When a comparison was made within the group with stage I, expression of HLA-A2 was the only independent factor that affected survival time by multivariate analysis (P = 0.0457). CONCLUSIONS: Expression of HLA-A2 was considered as one of the unfavorable prognostic factors in NSCLC patients. Our results suggested expression of HLA-A2 in NSCLC patients was one of the mechanisms of escape from immune surveillance.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/diagnóstico , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Antígeno HLA-A2/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Adulto , Idoso , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/imunologia , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/patologia , Intervalo Livre de Doença , Feminino , Antígeno HLA-A2/imunologia , Haplótipos , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/imunologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise Multivariada , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Modelos de Riscos ProporcionaisRESUMO
The intron of the yeast RP51A gene was cloned with precision using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification method, and then inserted into several different positions of the yeast URA3 gene as well as the PGK-lacZ fusion gene without introduction of additional exon sequences. Analysis of transcripts of these genes showed that an intron inserted near the transcription start site of the gene was spliced out efficiently, whereas the same intron sequences inserted 200 bp or further downstream of the start site were not, resulting in a reduced level of mRNA. These results explain why intron-containing genes in yeast usually have an intron near the 5' end.
Assuntos
Regulação Fúngica da Expressão Gênica , Genes Fúngicos , Íntrons , RNA Fúngico/genética , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Sequência de Bases , Primers do DNA/química , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Splicing de RNA , RNA Mensageiro/genética , Proteínas Ribossômicas/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The treatment strategy for patients with non-small cell lung cancer and clinically negative, but surgically detected mediastinal lymph node metastasis (surgically discovered N2 disease) is controversial. METHODS: From August 1979 through December 1994, 53 patients with non-small cell lung cancer were found to have surgically discovered N2 disease. We retrospectively studied the clinical characteristics and the factors that influenced the prognosis in these patients. RESULTS: The 3-year and 5-year survival rates and the median survival for the 53 patients with surgically discovered N2 disease were 44%, 21%, and 26 months. Two thirds of the patients had adenocarcinoma. Only complete resection affected long-term survival; adjuvant therapy had no effect on survival. In regard to lymph node status, a single metastatic focus in the aortic area was associated with long-term survival. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with adenocarcinoma may require histologic determination of N2 disease. Complete resection, including extensive and complete mediastinal lymph node dissection, is warranted in patients with surgically discovered N2 disease. In particular, when the aortic lymph node (including stations 5 and 6) alone is involved, the patients should undergo as complete a resection as possible.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/cirurgia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/cirurgia , Adenocarcinoma/mortalidade , Adenocarcinoma/patologia , Adenocarcinoma/cirurgia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/mortalidade , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/patologia , Terapia Combinada , Feminino , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/mortalidade , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Excisão de Linfonodo , Metástase Linfática , Masculino , Mediastino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prognóstico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Taxa de SobrevidaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Non-small cell lung cancer with intrapulmonary metastasis (PM) was recently reclassified according to the revision of the TNM classification. To determine whether the new staging system is appropriate, we analyzed the postoperative prognosis of patients with synchronously detected and resected PM lesions. METHODS: Of 509 patients with non-small cell lung cancer who underwent surgical resection, 42 patients were revealed to have synchronous and ipsilateral PM. Their survival was compared with that of matched stage groups (without PM) by Kaplan-Meier test and log rank test. RESULTS: Two patients who were classified as stage I survived 40 and 30 months after operation, respectively. One patient was determined to be stage II, and survived 100 months postoperatively. Thirty-eight patients were classified as stage IIIA/IIIB (19 each) (90.5% of all cases with PM). There was no significant difference between 3- and 5-year survival rates of the PM stage IIIA group (34.2% and 34.2%) and those of the other IIIA (144 patients; 37.9% and 31.6%). Survival rates of such stage IIIA subgroups as PM, T3 and N2, were comparable. No significant differences were observed between the 3- and 5-year survival rates of the PM stage IIIB (16.6/16.6%) and those of the other stage IIIB (45 cases; 11.7% and 0.0%). The survival rates of such stage IIIB subgroups as PM, T4 and N3 were also similar. CONCLUSIONS: The new staging system for patients with synchronous resectable PM appears to be reasonable regarding survival. Most cases of PM are categorized as locally advanced disease; however, stage IIIA/IIIB cases have become a more heterogeneous population.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/cirurgia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/cirurgia , Adenocarcinoma/classificação , Adenocarcinoma/patologia , Adenocarcinoma/secundário , Adenocarcinoma/cirurgia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Carcinoma de Células Grandes/classificação , Carcinoma de Células Grandes/patologia , Carcinoma de Células Grandes/secundário , Carcinoma de Células Grandes/cirurgia , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/classificação , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/patologia , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/secundário , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/classificação , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/secundário , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/cirurgia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Causas de Morte , Intervalo Livre de Doença , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Incidência , Modelos Lineares , Neoplasias Pulmonares/classificação , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/secundário , Excisão de Linfonodo , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/patologia , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Pneumonectomia , Prognóstico , Taxa de SobrevidaRESUMO
To clarify the involvement of endogenous glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) on feeding in chicks, we examined the central effect of GLP-1 antagonist, exendin (5-39) on food intake. Intracerebroventricular co-injection of exendin (5-39) with GLP-1 attenuated the anorexigenic effect of GLP-1 in layer-type chicks. Furthermore, exendin (5-39) enhanced food intake of layer-type chicks under ad libitum feeding. However, this effect was not observed in broiler chicks. Therefore, endogenous GLP-1 may be important in the regulation of feeding in layer-type chicks but not in broiler chicks.
Assuntos
Animais Recém-Nascidos/fisiologia , Ingestão de Alimentos/efeitos dos fármacos , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/administração & dosagem , Animais , Galinhas , Ingestão de Alimentos/fisiologia , Feminino , Glucagon/administração & dosagem , Glucagon/antagonistas & inibidores , Peptídeo 1 Semelhante ao Glucagon , Injeções Intraventriculares , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/antagonistas & inibidores , Precursores de Proteínas/administração & dosagem , Precursores de Proteínas/antagonistas & inibidoresRESUMO
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), urocortin and urotensin I share amino acid sequences, and they inhibit food intake in mammals. CRF plays a potent role in decreasing food intake in avian species, but the effects of urocortin and urotensin I have not been investigated. Therefore, the effect of these three peptides on food intake in the neonatal chick was compared. In Experiment 1, birds were injected intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) with either 0, 0.01, 0.1 or 1 microg of urocortin following a 3-h fast, and food intake was measured for 2 h post-injection. Food intake was suppressed in a dose-dependent manner. Using a similar design in Experiment 2, the effect of urotensin I was investigated. Urotensin I appeared to suppress food intake in neonatal chicks more than urocortin did. In Experiment 3, the efficacy of CRF, urocortin and urotensin I was directly compared using one dose, 0.1 microg. The results indicated that the suppressive effect on food intake was strongest for CRF followed by urotensin I, then urocortin. These results suggest that the structure of receptors for the CRF family in chicks may be somewhat different than in mammals.
Assuntos
Hormônio Liberador da Corticotropina/farmacologia , Ingestão de Alimentos/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Galinhas , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Injeções Intraventriculares , Masculino , Fatores de Tempo , Urocortinas , Urotensinas/farmacologiaRESUMO
Both corticortropin-releasing factor (CRF) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) inhibit food intake of chicks, but they also produce other behaviors. The present experiments were undertaken to clarify the interaction of CRF and GLP-1 regarding their anorectic actions as well as other behaviors. In Experiment 1, birds were injected intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.), following a 3-h fast, with either saline, 0.1 microg of CRF, 0.1 microg of CRF+0.1 microg of GLP-1 or 0.1 microg of CRF+1 microg of GLP-1, and food intake was measured for 2 h. The injection of CRF decreased food intake, and CRF injected with GLP-1 suppressed food intake for up to 2 h. Birds were treated similarly in Experiment 2 in which the doses of CRF and GLP-1 were reversed. GLP-1 strongly suppressed food intake, and this effect was augmented by coadministration of CRF. In Experiment 3, the behaviors of chicks injected with saline, CRF (0.1 microg), GLP-1 (0.1 microg) or CRF (0.1 microg)+GLP-1 (0.1 microg) were monitored for the numbers of steps, vocalization and locomotion. Chicks were excited, moved more and vocalized loudly following injection of CRF, whereas an opposite response was seen with GLP-1. The behaviors were intermediate following the coinjection of the two peptides. In conclusion, CRF and GLP-1 interact in the chick brain, but the response depends on the behavior being measured.
Assuntos
Hormônio Liberador da Corticotropina/farmacologia , Glucagon/farmacologia , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/farmacologia , Precursores de Proteínas/farmacologia , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Química Encefálica , Galinhas , Interações Medicamentosas , Ingestão de Alimentos/efeitos dos fármacos , Peptídeo 1 Semelhante ao Glucagon , Injeções Intraventriculares , Locomoção/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Vocalização Animal/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Growth hormone releasing factor (GRF) is known to stimulate feeding of rats. Ghrelin, a novel growth hormone (GH)-releasing acylated peptide, was recently isolated from rat stomach. It also stimulates the release of GH from the anterior pituitary through the GH secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) and feeding in the rat. We have investigated the effects of ghrelin and GRF on food intake of the neonatal chick. In Experiment 1, 0, 1.25, 2.5 and 5 microg of ghrelin were administered intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) to ad libitum fed birds. In Experiment 2, the effect of (i.c.v.) injection of 0, 1.25, 2.5 and 5 microg of GRF was investigated. Both peptides strongly inhibited food intake of the chick during the 2-h post-injection period. In the third experiment, 0, 0.5, 1 and 2 microg of ghrelin was injected i.c.v. in chicks previously deprived of food for 3 h. Food intake was again inhibited by ghrelin in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that the mechanisms for feeding of the neonatal chick through GH release are different from mammals.