Analysis of the Molecular Mechanism of Xueshuantong in the Treatment of Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) Using GEO Datasets, Network Pharmacology, and Molecular Docking.

At present, the main treatment method for wet AMD is single anti-VEGF therapy, which can require multiple injections, is costly and may have poor efficacy. Studies and clinical experiments have shown that the oral Chinese medicine Xueshuantong combined with anti-VEGF therapy is more effective, and this study aims to explore the molecular mechanism. The TCMSP database was used to identify the main Xueshuantong components. The PubChem database and SWISS Target Prediction data were used to find the SMILES molecular formulas of compounds and corresponding target genes and disease-related genes were searched using the GEO, DisGeNET, and GeneCards databases. Venny was used to identify the intersecting wet AMD-related genes and Xueshuantong targets and Cytoscape software was used to construct direct links between the drug components and disease targets. Then, PPI networks were constructed using the STRING website. R software was used for GO and KEGG enrichment analyses. Cytoscape software was used for topological analyses, and AutoDock Vina v.1.1.2 software was used for molecular docking. 64 compounds corresponding to four drugs were found by the TCMSP database, 1001 total drug targets were found by the PubChem database, 607 wet AMD target genes were found by the GEO, DisGeNET, and GeneCards databases, and 87 Xueshuantong target genes for wet AMD were obtained. Then, by constructing the drug component and disease target network and PPI network, we found that the components closely interacted with VEGF, TNF, caspase 3, CXCL8, and AKT1, which suggested that the therapeutic effects might be related to the inhibition of neovascularization, inflammation, and AKT pathway. Then, GO enrichment analysis showed that the biological processes response to hypoxia, positive regulation of angiogenesis, and inflammatory response were enriched. KEGG enrichment results showed that the HIF-1 and pi3k-akt pathways may mediate the inhibition of wet AMD by Xueshuantong. Topological analysis results identified 10 key proteins, including VEGF, TNF, AKT1, and TLR4. The results of molecular docking also confirmed their strong binding to their respective compounds. In this study, it was confirmed that Xueshuantong could inhibit wet AMD by targeting VEGF, TNF, TLR4, and AKT1, multichannel HIF-1, and the PI3K-AKT pathway, which further proved the therapeutic effects of Xueshuantong combined with single anti-VEGF therapy on wet AMD and provided new insights into the study of novel molecular drug targets for the treatment of wet AMD.

MicroRNA-204-5p Attenuates Oxidative Stress, Apoptosis and Inflammation by Targeting TXNIP in Diabetic Cataract.

Diabetic cataract (DC) is a major cause of blindness in diabetic patients and it is characterized by early onset and rapid progression. MiR-204-5p was previously identified as one of the top five down-regulated miRNAs in human DC lens tissues. We aimed to determine the expression of miR-204-5p in human lens epithelial cells (HLECs) and explore its effects and mechanisms in regulating the progression of DC. The expression of miR-204-5p in the anterior capsules of DC patients and HLECs was examined by RT-qPCR. Bioinformatics tools were then used to identify the potential target of miR-204-5p. The relationship between miR-204-5p and the target gene was confirmed through a dual luciferase reporter assay. Additionally, the regulatory mechanism of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation in DC was investigated by overexpressing miR-204-5p using miR-204-5p agomir. The expression of miR-204-5p was downregulated in the anterior capsules of DC patients and HLECs. Overexpression of miR-204-5p reduced ROS levels, pro-apoptosis genes (Bid, Bax, caspase-3), and IL-1ß production in HG-treated HLECs. TXNIP was the direct target of miR-204-5p by dual luciferase reporter assay. Therefore, this study demonstrated that miR-204-5p effectively reduced oxidative damage, apoptosis, and inflammation in HLECs under HG conditions by targeting TXNIP. Targeting miR-204-5p could be a promising therapeutic strategy for the potential treatment of DC.

Arginase-1 promotes lens epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in different models of anterior subcapsular cataract.

BACKGROUND: Arginase-1 (ARG1) promotes collagen synthesis and cell proliferation. ARG1 is highly expressed in various tumour cells. The mechanisms of ARG1 in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated cataracts were studied herein. METHODS: C57BL/6 mice, a human lens epithelial cell line (HLEC-SRA01/04), and human lens capsule samples were used in this study. The right lens anterior capsule of the mouse eye was punctured through the central cornea with a 26-gauge hypodermic needle. Human lens epithelial cells (HLECs) were transfected with ARG1-targeted (siARG1) or negative control siRNA (siNC). For gene overexpression, HLECs were transfected with a plasmid bearing the ARG1 coding sequence or an empty vector. Medium containing 0.2% serum with or without transforming growth factor beta-2 (TGF-ß2) was added for 6 or 24 h to detect mRNA or protein, respectively. The expression of related genes was measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), western blotting, and immunohistochemical staining. Transwell assays and wound healing assays were used to determine cell migration. Cell proliferation, superoxide levels, nitric oxide (NO) levels, and arginase activity were estimated using Cell Counting Kit-8 assays, a superoxide assay kit, an NO assay kit, and an arginase activity kit. RESULTS: ARG1, alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), fibronectin, and Ki67 expression increased after lens capsular injury, while zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) expression decreased. Fibronectin and collagen type I alpha1 chain (collagen 1A1) expression increased, and cell migration increased significantly in ARG1-overexpressing HLECs compared with those transfected with an empty vector after TGF-ß2 treatment. These effects were reversed by ARG1 knockdown. The arginase-related pathway plays an important role in EMT. mRNAs of enzymes of the arginase-related pathway were highly expressed after ARG1 overexpression. ARG1 knockdown suppressed these expression changes. Numidargistat (CB-1158) dihydrochloride (CB-1158), an ARG1 inhibitor, suppressed TGF-ß2-induced anterior subcapsular cataract (ASC) by reducing the proliferation of lens epithelial cells (LECs) and decreasing fibronectin, α-SMA, collagen 1A1, and vimentin expression. Compared with that in nonanterior subcapsular cataract (non-ASC) patients, the expression of ARG1, collagen 1A1, vimentin, fibronectin, and Ki67 was markedly increased in ASC patients. CONCLUSIONS: ARG1 can regulate EMT in EMT-associated cataracts. Based on the pathogenesis of ASC, these findings are expected to provide new therapeutic strategies for patients.

Fibrotic cataracts can be classified as anterior subcapsular cataract or posterior capsular opacification depending on where fibrosis occurs. The mechanism of fibrotic cataracts is not fully understood. Fibrotic opacities induced by trauma, inflammation, or radiation can accumulate underneath the anterior lens capsule, causing anterior subcapsular cataract. Posterior capsular opacification is one of the most common complications of phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation, with a high incidence in young patients. We show for the first time that ARG1 can regulate EMT in fibrotic cataracts. TGF-ß2 is the main cause of fibrosis in LECs. The expression of ARG1 and fibronectin in LECs increased after TGF-ß2 treatment or mouse lens capsular injury. We investigated the specific molecular mechanisms by which ARG1 regulates EMT in fibrotic cataracts. The mRNA expression of enzymes of the arginase-related pathway was decreased due to knockdown of ARG1 expression in HLECs. These effects were reversed by ARG1 overexpression. Additionally, knockdown of ARG1 decreased collagen 1A1, fibronectin, and vimentin expression; superoxide levels; and cell migration and increased NO levels. These effects were reversed by ARG1 overexpression. Pharmacological blockade of the ARG1 pathway with CB-1158 reduced the proliferation of LECs and decreased fibronectin, α-SMA, collagen 1A1, and vimentin expression in mouse lenses. We believe that ARG1 promotes the production of collagen 1A1 by directly activating the arginase pathway and leads to lens fibrosis by reducing NO production and increasing superoxide levels, providing a new mechanism for the prevention and treatment of fibrotic cataracts. Video Abstract.

A positive feedback cycle between the alarmin S100A8/A9 and NLRP3 inflammasome-GSDMD signalling reinforces the innate immune response in Candida albicans keratitis.

OBJECTIVE: Fungal keratitis is a severe sight-threatening ocular infection, without effective treatment strategies available now. Calprotectin S100A8/A9 has recently attracted great attention as a critical alarmin modulating the innate immune response against microbial challenges. However, the unique role of S100A8/A9 in fungal keratitis is poorly understood. METHODS: Experimental fungal keratitis was established in wild-type and gene knockout (TLR4-/- and GSDMD-/-) mice by infecting mouse corneas with Candida albicans. The degree of mouse cornea injuries was evaluated by clinical scoring. To interrogate the molecular mechanism in vitro, macrophage RAW264.7 cell line was challenged with Candida albicans or recombinant S100A8/A9 protein. Label-free quantitative proteomics, quantitative real-time PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry were conducted in this research. RESULTS: Herein, we characterized the proteome of mouse corneas infected with Candida albicans and found that S100A8/A9 was robustly expressed at the early stage of the disease. S100A8/A9 significantly enhanced disease progression by promoting NLRP3 inflammasome activation and Caspase-1 maturation, accompanied by increased accumulation of macrophages in infected corneas. In response to Candida albicans infection, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) sensed extracellular S100A8/A9 and acted as a bridge between S100A8/A9 and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in mouse corneas. Furthermore, the deletion of TLR4 resulted in noticeable improvement in fungal keratitis. Remarkably, NLRP3/GSDMD-mediated macrophage pyroptosis in turn facilitates S100A8/A9 secretion during Candida albicans keratitis, thus forming a positive feedback cycle that amplifies the proinflammatory response in corneas. CONCLUSIONS: The present study is the first to reveal the critical roles of the alarmin S100A8/A9 in the immunopathology of Candida albicans keratitis, highlighting a promising approach for therapeutic intervention in the future.

Type I Collagen-Adhesive and ROS-Scavenging Nanoreactors Enhanced Retinal Ganglion Cell Survival in an Experimental Optic Nerve Crush Model.

Traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) is a severe condition characterized by retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death, often leading to irreversible vision loss, and the death of RGCs is closely associated with oxidative stress. Unfortunately, effective treatment options for TON are lacking. To address this, catalase (CAT) is encapsulated in a tannic acid (TA)/poly(ethylenimine)-crosslinked hollow nanoreactor (CAT@PTP), which exhibited enhanced anchoring in the retina due to TA-collagen adhesion. The antioxidative activity of both CAT and TA synergistically eliminated reactive oxygen species (ROS) to save RGCs in the retina, thereby treating TON. In vitro experiments demonstrated that the nanoreactors preserve the enzymatic activity of CAT and exhibit high adhesion to type I collagen. The combination of CAT and TA-based nanoreactors enhanced ROS elimination while maintaining high biocompatibility. In an optic nerve crush rat model, CAT@PTP is effectively anchored to the retina via TA-collagen adhesion after a single vitreous injection, and RGCs are significantly preserved without adverse events. CAT@PTP exhibited a protective effect on retinal function. Given the abundance of collagen that exists in ocular tissues, these findings may contribute to the further application of this multifunctional nanoreactor in ocular diseases to improve therapeutic efficacy and reduce adverse effects.

Comparative analysis of IOL power calculations in postoperative refractive surgery patients: a theoretical surgical model for FS-LASIK and SMILE procedures.

BACKGROUND: As the two most prevalent refractive surgeries in China, there is a substantial number of patients who have undergone Femtosecond Laser-assisted In Situ Keratomileusis (FS-LASIK) and Small Incision Lenticule Extraction (SMILE) procedures. However, there is still limited knowledge regarding the selection of intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation formulas for these patients with a history of FS-LASIK or SMILE. METHODS: A total of 100 eyes from 50 postoperative refractive surgery patients were included in this prospective cohort study, with 25 individuals (50 eyes) having undergone FS-LASIK and 25 individuals (50 eyes) having undergone SMILE. We utilized a theoretical surgical model to simulate the IOL implantation process in postoperative FS-LASIK and SMILE patients. Subsequently, we performed comprehensive biological measurements both before and after the surgeries, encompassing demographic information, corneal biometric parameters, and axial length. Various formulas, including the Barrett Universal II (BUII) formula, as a baseline, were employed to calculate IOL power for the patients. RESULTS: The Barrett True K (BTK) formula, demonstrated an mean absolute error (AE) within 0.5 D for both FS-LASIK and SMILE groups (0.28 ± 0.25 D and 0.36 ± 0.24 D, respectively). Notably, the FS-LASIK group showed 82% of results differing by less than 0.25 D compared to preoperative BUII results. The Barrett True K No History (BTKNH) formula, which also incorporates measured posterior corneal curvature, performed similarly to BTK in both groups. Additionally, the Masket formula, relying on refractive changes based on empirical experience, displayed promising potential for IOL calculations in SMILE patients compared with BTK (p = 0.411). CONCLUSION: The study reveals the accuracy and stability of the BTK and BTKNH formulas for IOL power calculations in myopic FS-LASIK/SMILE patients. Moreover, the Masket formula shows encouraging results in SMILE patients. These findings contribute to enhancing the predictability and success of IOL power calculations in patients with a history of refractive surgery, providing valuable insights for clinical practice. Further research and larger sample sizes are warranted to validate and optimize the identified formulas for better patient outcomes.

Changes of dysfunctional lens index before and after implantable collamer lens V4c implantation in patients with moderate-to-high myopia.

BACKGROUND: Dysfunctional lens index (DLI) changing is rarely reported after implantable collamer lens (ICL) implantation. In the current research, we hope to investigate the changes of DLI by ray-tracing aberrometry before and after implantation of the posterior chamber phakic implantable collamer lens with a central artificial hole for patients with moderate-to-high myopia. METHODS: This retrospective, observational case series included 206 eyes of 104 patients with moderate-to-high myopia who underwent ICL V4c implantation. Data were collected on ocular indicators preoperatively and at 1 day, 1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively. The i-Trace Visual Functional Analyzer was used to assess the DLI measurement. RESULTS: The overall values of safety index and efficacy index were both more than 1. Preoperatively, the mean spherical equivalent (SE) of included 206 eyes was - 10.77 ± 3.46 diopter (D). Then at 1-day postoperation, the mean SE was - 0.22 ± 0.55 D, and barely changed from 1 day to 6 months postoperatively. Although the endothelial parameters had no significant differences between preoperation and postoperation, the mean loss of endothelial cells was 0.74 ± 0.98% at 6 months. Regarding the vault, there was a significant difference between each time of follow-up (P < 0.001). The mean of the vault decreased 109.6 ± 13.5 µm from 1-day post-op to 6 months post-op. The DLI values were 3.70, 9.26, 10.00, and 9.68 at baseline, 1, 3, and 6 months, respectively (P < 0.001), but no significant differences were found between 1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively (P > 0.05). The preoperative lnDLI showed a significant positive linear correlation (r = 0.621, P < 0.001) with the preoperative spherical equivalent (SE). The lnDLI was negatively correlated with the axial length (r = - 0.462, P < 0.001), corneal thickness (r = - 0.207, P = 0.003), preoperative LogMAR UDVA (r = - 0.189, P = 0.006), and preoperative LogMAR CDVA (r = - 0.306, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The postoperative refractive parameters were confirmed excellent in efficacy, predictability, and stability in half a year. The DLI was significantly improved after the ICL V4c implantation in patients with moderate-to-high myopia and showed good stability during the follow-up periods. The DLI deserves a more comprehensive understanding and application in clinical services.

Bibliometric analysis of the Vogt‒Koyanagi‒Harada disease literature.

PURPOSE: As an autoimmune disease, Vogt‒Koyanagi‒Harada disease (VKHD) is a main type of uveitis in many countries and regions, significantly impacting patient vision. At present, information regarding VKHD is still limited, and further research is needed. We conducted a bibliometric analysis to characterize the overall status, current trends, and current focus of VKHD research. METHOD: Literature published from 1975 to 2022 was obtained from the Web of Science core collection and analysed with the R-language packages Bibliometrix, VOSviewer, and CiteSpace software. RESULTS: A total of 1050 papers on VKHD were retrieved from 261 journals, and 16,084 references were obtained from the papers in the original search. The average annual number of published articles was approximately 21.9, and the number of publications rapidly increased after 2004. The journal Ocular Immunology and Inflammation published the most papers on VKHD, while the American Journal of Ophthalmology has the highest citation frequency. The leading countries were Japan, China (PRC), and the United States of America (USA). Yang PZ from Chongqing Medical University was the most prolific and cited author. The most frequently cited study discussed revision of VKHD diagnostic criteria. An analysis of the highest frequency keywords showed that most research focused on the treatment, diagnosis, and pathogenesis of VKHD and its relationship with other related diseases. At present, the most urgent research direction is in the relationship between COVID-19 or COVID-19 vaccines and VKHD and the corresponding mechanisms underlying it. CONCLUSION: Utilizing dynamic and visualization tools, bibliometrics provides a clear depiction of the research history, development trends, and research hotspots in VKHD It serves as a valuable tool for identifying research gaps and areas that necessitate further exploration. Our study revealed potential directions for future VKHD research, including investigating specific molecular mechanisms underlying the disease, exploring the clinical utility of optical coherence tomography angiography and other diagnostic techniques, and conducting clinical research on novel therapeutic drugs.

AIP1 suppresses neovascularization by inhibiting the NOX4-induced NLRP3/NLRP6 imbalance in a murine corneal alkali burn model.

BACKGROUND: Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1-interacting protein 1 (AIP1) participates in inflammatory neovascularization induction. NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) produces reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to an imbalance in nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) and NLR family pyrin domain containing 6 (NLRP6) expression. The mechanisms of AIP1, NOX4, ROS and inflammasomes in corneal neovascularization were studied herein. METHODS: C57BL/6 and AIP1-knockout mice were used in this study. The alkali burn procedure was performed on the right eye. Adenovirus encoding AIP1 plus green fluorescence protein (GFP) (Ad-AIP1-GFP) or GFP alone was injected into the right anterior chamber, GLX351322 was applied as a NOX4 inhibitor, and then corneal neovascularization was scored. The expression of related genes was measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. 2',7'-Dichlorofluorescin diacetate staining was used to determine the ROS levels. RESULTS: The expression of AIP1 was decreased, while that of cleaved interleukin-1ß (clv-IL-1ß) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFa) was increased after alkali burn injury. NOX4 expression was increased, the imbalance in NLRP3/NLRP6 was exacerbated, and corneal neovascularization was increased significantly in AIP1-knockout mice compared with those in C57BL/6 mice after alkali burns. These effects were reversed by AIP1 overexpression. NLRP3/NLRP6 expression was imbalanced after alkali burns. GLX351322 reversed the imbalance in NLRP3/NLRP6 by reducing the ROS levels. This treatment also reduced the expression of clv-IL-1ß and VEGFa, suppressing neovascularization. CONCLUSIONS: AIP1 and NOX4 can regulate corneal inflammation and neovascularization after alkali burn injury. Based on the pathogenesis of corneal neovascularization, these findings are expected to provide new therapeutic strategies for patients. Corneal alkali burn injury is a common type of ocular injury that is difficult to treat in the clinic. The cornea is a clear and avascular tissue. Corneal neovascularization after alkali burn injury is a serious complication; it not only seriously affects the patient's vision but also is the main reason for failed corneal transplantation. Corneal neovascularization affects approximately 1.4 million patients a year. We show for the first time that AIP1 and NOX4 can regulate corneal inflammation and neovascularization after alkali burns. The expression of AIP1 was decreased, while that of clv-IL-1ß and VEGFa was increased after alkali burns. We tried to elucidate the specific molecular mechanisms by which AIP1 regulates corneal neovascularization. NOX4 activation was due to decreased AIP1 expression in murine corneas with alkali burns. NOX4 expression was increased, the imbalance in NLRP3/NLRP6 was exacerbated, and corneal neovascularization was increased significantly in AIP1-knockout mice compared with those in C57BL/6 mice after alkali burns. These effects were reversed by AIP1 overexpression. Additionally, NLRP3/NLRP6 expression was unbalanced, with NLRP3 activation and NLRP6 suppression in the corneal alkali burn murine model. Eye drops containing GLX351322, a NOX4 inhibitor, reversed the imbalance in NLRP3/NLRP6 by reducing ROS expression. This treatment also reduced the expression of clv-IL-1ß and VEGFa, reducing neovascularization. Therefore, we provide new gene therapeutic strategies for patients. With the development of neovascularization therapy, we believe that in addition to corneal transplantation, new drug or gene therapies can achieve better results. Video Abstract.

Microcrystals of Ketal-Linked Paliperidone Prodrugs for Long-Acting Antipsychotics.

Intramuscularly injectable long-acting prodrug-based microcrystals (MCs) are of particular interest for chronic disease management. Nevertheless, current prevalently used linkers degraded by enzymes have the potential drawback of substantial differences in enzyme levels between individuals. Here, we reported the synthesis of a stearyl-modified paliperidone prodrug (SKP) with an acid-sensitive ketal linker for developing long-acting MC antipsychotics. SKP-MCs of three different sizes were prepared and systematically examined. We found that paliperidone exposure in SKP-MC-treated rats was prolonged compared with that in rats treated with the commercial antipsychotic Invega Sustenna and that the drug release rate decreased with increasing MC size. In inflammation-inhibition-model rats, paliperidone release from the SKP-MCs was considerably decreased, indicating that the immune-mediated foreign-body response after intramuscular administration boosted paliperidone release. Our findings will provide valuable insights into in vivo drug release from prodrug-based MC formulations. The ketal-linked prodrug strategy might be a new solution for developing long-acting prodrug formulations of hydroxyl-group-bearing drugs.

Improved glycaemic control and weight benefit with iGlarLixi versus insulin glargine 100 U/mL in Chinese people with type 2 diabetes advancing their therapy from basal insulin plus oral antihyperglycaemic drugs: Results from the LixiLan-L-CN randomized controlled trial.

AIMS: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of iGlarLixi compared with iGlar in Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes advancing therapy from basal insulin ± oral antihyperglycaemic drugs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: LixiLan-L-CN (NCT03798080) was a 30-week randomized, active-controlled, open-label, parallel-group, multicentre study. Participants were randomized 1:1 to iGlarLixi or iGlar. The primary objective was to show the superiority of iGlarLixi over iGlar in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) change from baseline to Week 30. RESULTS: In total, 426 participants were randomized to iGlarLixi (n = 212) or iGlar (n = 214). Mean age was 58 years, 67% had a body mass index ≥24 kg/m2 , corresponding to overweight/obesity, and the mean diabetes duration was 12.3 years. From mean baseline HbA1c of 8.1% in both groups, greater decreases were seen with iGlarLixi versus iGlar [least squares mean difference: -0.7 (95% confidence interval: -0.9, -0.6)%; p < .0001] to final HbA1c of 6.7% and 7.4%, respectively. HbA1c <7.0% achievement was greater with iGlarLixi (63.3%) versus iGlar (29.9%; p < .0001). Mean body weight decreased with iGlarLixi and increased with iGlar [least squares mean difference: -0.9 (95% confidence interval: -1.4, -0.5) kg; p = .0001]. Hypoglycaemia incidence was similar between groups. Few gastrointestinal adverse events occurred (rated mild/moderate) with a slightly higher incidence with iGlarLixi than iGlar. CONCLUSIONS: iGlarLixi provided better glycaemic control and facilitated more participants to reach glycaemic targets alongside beneficial effects on body weight, no additional risk of hypoglycaemia, and few gastrointestinal AEs, supporting iGlarLixi use as an efficacious and well tolerated therapy option in Chinese people with long-standing T2D advancing therapy from basal insulin.

Effects of intraocular lens anterior edge design on anterior capsule morphology changes following femtosecond laser-assisted capsulotomy.

PURPOSE: To compare morphological changes in the anterior capsule of two intraocular lenses (IOLs) with different anterior edge designs 6 months after femtosecond laser-assisted capsulotomy surgery (FLACs). METHODS: This study included 168 eyes from168 patients undergoing FLACs. Group A included 74 eyes from 74 patients who had an Acrysof IQ Restor SN6AD3 IOL implantation with a flat anterior edge and Group B included 94 eyes of 94 patients with a TECNIS Multifocal ZMB00 IOL implantation and a "peak-like" anterior edge. All patients were followed up for 6 months. We assessed anterior capsule morphological changes including variation of anterior opening diameters and lens epithelial cell (LEC) proliferation in four directions, variation of anterior opening area, and the level of anterior capsule opacification (ACO). RESULTS: Variation of anterior opening diameters in 4 directions were significantly lower in Group B (P < 0.05). Obvious shrinkage ratio of anterior opening diameters and contraction of anterior opening area (P < 0.05) appeared in Group A. LEC proliferation was along the "peak" in Group B, while it spread to the edge of anterior capsule in Group A. ACO grades 6 months after operation in Groups A and B were as follows: grade I in 28.38% and 82.98% of eyes, grade II in 51.35% and 17.02% of eyes, and grade III in 20.27% and 0% of eyes, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that a "peak-like" IOL anterior edge design played an important role in maintaining the morphology of anterior capsule in the early postoperative stage.

Metformin attenuates the epithelial-mesenchymal transition of lens epithelial cells through the AMPK/TGF-ß/Smad2/3 signalling pathway.

Posterior capsule opacification (PCO) is a common ocular fibrosis disease related to the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of human lens epithelial cells (HLECs). However, safe and effective drugs that prevent or treat PCO are lacking. Metformin (Mtf) has been used to treat fibrosis-related diseases affecting many organs and tissues, but its effect on ocular fibrosis-related diseases is unclear. We investigated whether Mtf can inhibit EMT and fibrosis in HLECs to prevent and treat PCO and elucidated the potential molecular mechanism. Here, we established an HLEC model of TGF-ß-induced EMT and found that 400 µM Mtf inhibited vertical and lateral migration and EMT-related gene and protein expression in HLECs. Smad2/3 are downstream molecules of TGF-ß that enter the nucleus to regulate EMT-related gene expression during the occurrence and development of PCO. We revealed that Mtf suppressed TGF-ß-induced Smad2/3 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation. Mtf induces AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation. In this study, we found that Mtf induced the activation of AMPK phosphorylation in HLECs. To further explore the mechanism of Mtf, we pretreated HLECs with Compound C (an AMPK inhibitor) to repeat the above experiments and found that Compound C abolished the inhibitory effect of Mtf on HLEC EMT and the TGF-ß/Smad2/3 signalling pathway. Thus, Mtf targets AMPK phosphorylation to inhibit the TGF-ß/Smad2/3 signalling pathway and prevent HLEC EMT. Notably, we first illustrated the AMPK/TGF-ß/Smad2/3 signalling pathway in HLECs, which may provide a new therapeutic strategy for PCO.

Fabrication and Characterization of Prochloraz Nanoemulsion against Penicillium citrinum for the Postharvest Storage of Navel Oranges.

Nanoemulsions have become extremely popular water-insoluble pesticide delivery systems in recent years. In this study, prochloraz nanoemulsions were obtained by selecting the mixing ratio of surfactants (6:1, 3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, and 1:6), surfactant concentration, and shearing time. The optimal formula was 10 wt % prochloraz, 6 wt % surfactant (2 wt % CO-100 + 4 wt % CO-360) dissolved in 6 wt % hydrocarbon solvent (S-100A), and deionized water replenished to 100 wt %. This formula meets the quality index standards of the Food and Agriculture Organization. Compared with oil-in-water emulsion (EW), the prochloraz nanoemulsion exhibited higher antifungal activity against Penicillium citrinum in vitro (lower LC50 of 1.17 mg L-1) and in vivo (fewer lesions). In addition, the L02 cells treated with the nanoemulsion had a higher survival rate and lower apoptosis rate at the same concentration. Results showed that the toxicity of the prochloraz nanoemulsion on L02 cells was lower than that of EW. The findings provide an important method for developing an efficient, safe, and environment-friendly nanoemulsion for postharvest fruit storage.

Region-Wide Comprehensive Implementation of Roguing Infected Trees, Tree Replacement, and Insecticide Applications Successfully Controls Citrus Huanglongbing.

Huanglongbing (HLB) is a devastating citrus disease worldwide. A three-pronged approach to controlling HLB has been suggested, namely, removal of HLB-symptomatic trees, psyllid control, and replacement with HLB-free trees. However, such a strategy did not lead to successful HLB control in many citrus-producing regions, such as Florida. We hypothesize that this is because of the small-scale or incomprehensive implementation of the program; conversely, a comprehensive implementation of such a strategy at the regional level can successfully control HLB. To test our hypothesis, we investigated the effects of region-wide comprehensive implementation of this scheme to control HLB in Gannan region, China, with a total planted citrus acreage of over 110,000 ha from 2013 to 2019. With the region-wide implementation of comprehensive HLB management, the overall HLB incidence in Gannan decreased from 19.71% in 2014 to 3.86% in 2019. A partial implementation of such a program (without a comprehensive inoculum removal) at the regional level in Brazil resulted in HLB incidence increasing from 1.89% in 2010 to 19.02% in 2019. Using dynamic regression model analyses with data from both Brazil and China, we constructed a model to predict HLB incidence when all three components were applied at 100%. It was predicated that in a region-wide comprehensive implementation of such a program, HLB incidence would be controlled to a level of less than 1%. We conducted economic feasibility analyses and showed that average net profits were positive for groves that implemented the comprehensive strategy, but groves that did not implement it had negative net profits over a 10-year period. Overall, the key for the three-pronged program to successfully control HLB is the large scale (region-wide) and comprehensiveness in implementation. This study provides valuable information to control HLB and other economically important endemic diseases worldwide.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.

Comperative analysis of accuracy between low-frequency ultrasound biomicroscopy and 14-MHz ultrasonography with tissue harmonic imaging for the evaluation of the posterior lens capsule in traumatic cataracts.

BACKGROUND: To compare the accuracy of low-frequency ultrasound biomicroscopy (LFUBM) and 14-MHz ultrasonography with tissue harmonic imaging (14-MHz + THI) in the assessment of posterior capsule (PC) integrity in patients with traumatic cataracts (TCs). METHODS: From January 2019 to October 2020, 51 patients (51 eyes) with TCs who were scheduled for cataract extraction and for whom the PC of the lens could not be observed by the slit lamp visited Tianjin Eye Hospital, including 47 patients (47 eyes) with a penetrating injury of the eyeball and 4 patients (4 eyes) with a blunt injury of the eyeball. All eyes underwent LFUBM and 14-MHz + THI examinations before cataract extraction to determine the integrity of the PC. The integrity of the PC observed in surgery was the actual findings, and the consistency between the 2 methods was assessed in terms of the preoperative examination and intraoperative findings. Fisher's exact test was used for consistency analysis, and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Thirty-two eyes with ruptured PCs and 19 eyes with intact PCs were actual findings in surgery. Thirty eyes with ruptured PCs and 21 eyes with intact PCs were examined by LFUBM. Thirty-two eyes with ruptured PCs and 19 eyes with intact PCs were examined by 14-MHz + THI. There were no significant differences between the 2 methods and the intraoperative findings (P = 0.293 LFUBM, P = 0.623 14-MHz + THI). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of LFUBM and 14-MHz + THI were 91 and 94%, 95 and 89%, 97 and 94%, 86 and 89% and 92 and 92%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Both LFUBM and 14-MHz + THI were proved to have high levels sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing the status of the PC in TC and they can be used as accurate diagnostic tool in these cases.

Characterization of Volatile Organic Compounds of Healthy and Huanglongbing-Infected Navel Orange and Pomelo Leaves by HS-GC-IMS.

The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, is the only natural vector of bacteria responsible for Huanglongbing (HLB), a worldwide destructive disease of citrus. ACP reproduces and develops only on the young leaves of its rutaceous host plants. Olfactory stimuli emitted by young leaves may play an important role in ACP control and HLB detection. In this study, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from healthy and HLB-infected young leaves of navel orange and pomelo were analyzed by headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS). A total of 36 compounds (including dimers or polymers) were identified and quantified from orange and 10 from pomelo leaves. Some compounds showed significant differences in signal intensity between healthy and HLB-infected leaves and may constitute possible indicators for HLB infection. Principal component analysis (PCA) clearly discriminated healthy and HLB-infected leaves in both orange and pomelo. HS-GC-IMS was an effective method to identify VOCs from leaves. This study may help develop new methods for detection of HLB or find new attractants or repellents of ACP for prevention of HLB.

A comparative study on early vision quality after implantation of refractive segmental and diffractive multifocal intraocular lens.

OBJECTIVES: To compare early subjective and objective vision quality of postoperative patients undergoing phacoemulsification cataract surgery combined with implantation of refractive segmental multifocal intraocular lens (MIOL) SBL-3 and apodized diffractive MIOL SN6AD1. METHODS: As a prospective study, it enrolled 53 patients (53 eyes) to undergo phacoemulsification cataract surgery combined with MIOL implantation. According to differences in MIOL implanted, patients were divided into a SBL-3 group (25 eyes) and a SN6AD1 group (28 eyes). Ophthalmological evaluation included uncorrected (UDVA) and corrected (CDVA) distance visual acuities, uncorrected intermediate (UIVA) and near (UNVA) visual acuities, distance-corrected intermediate (DCIVA) and near (DCNVA)visual acuities and corrected near(CNVA) visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, modulation transfer function (MTF) and high order aberration (4 mm pupil diameter) at three months postoperatively. Moreover, a questionnaire survey was carried out to assess near spectacle independence, patient satisfaction and symptoms of visual disturbance. RESULTS: At three months after surgery, UIVA and UNVA in the SBL-3 group are statistically significantly superior to those of the SN6AD1 group (P>0.05). There was statistical difference in contrast sensitivity at four spatial frequencies (3, 6, 12, 18cycles/degree) under mesopic conditions and mesopic conditions with glare (P>0.05). The total ocular high order aberration, coma and trefoil were statistically significantly larger in the SBL-3 group than in the SN6AD1 group with 4.0 mm pupil diameters (P>0.05). Statistical differences were found in the MTF at spatial frequencies of 5, 10 and 15 cycles/degree between the groups. There were no significant differences in spectacle independence, patient satisfaction and visual disturbance between the groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Both the two multifocal intraocular lens provided an excellent level of quality of vision three months postoperatively. However, the application effect of SBL-3 MIOL is superior to that of SN6AD1 MIOL as far as intermediate vision, near vision and contrast sensitivity are concerned.

miR-30a reverses TGF-ß2-induced migration and EMT in posterior capsular opacification by targeting Smad2.

Posterior capsular opacification (PCO) leads to secondary vision loss following cataract surgery. TGF-ß2 and miRNA play important roles in PCO. The aim of this study was to investigate the reciprocal crosstalk between miR-30a and TGF-ß2/Smad2 during PCO progression. The expressions of and relationship between miR-30a and Smad2 were detected by RT-qPCR. Migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) were used to evaluate the functions of miR-30a and TGF-ß2/Smad2. We found that miR-30a was downregulated by TGF-ß2 and that it suppressed migration and EMT induced by TGF-ß2. Moreover, we identified Smad2 as a direct target of miR-30a, suggesting that miR-30a may function partly through regulating Smad2. Altogether, we verified the function of and crosstalk between miR-30a and TGF-ß2. We also provide evidence that miR-30a may serve as a potential candidate for PCO treatment.

Posterior capsular opacification comparison between morphology and objective visual function.

BACKGROUND: To compare the influence of posterior capsule opacification (PCO) morphology and severity on intraocular stray light and visual function with different levels of contrast. METHODS: Forty-five patients diagnosed with PCO were included in this prospective consecutive case series. The Optical Quality Analysis System II (OQAS II) was adopted to assess the objective visual function including objective scatter index (OSI) and optical quality analysis system values (OVs) with 100, 20, and 9% contrast. RTVue-100 OCT was used to evaluate the PCO morphology and severity. Comparisons among visual function, morphology, and severity between pear type and fibrosis PCO were performed. The correlations among the PCO morphology, severity, OSI, and OVs were also determined. RESULTS: There was a significant correlation between increased OSI and decreased visual acuity in PCO patients before laser capsulotomy. The changes of OSI were also correlated with the PCO area for the 3 mm IOL optic region (r = 0.43, p = 0.02). The OSI was significantly higher in pear type PCO when compared with fibrosis PCO (Z = - 4.06, p ≤ 0.001). In addition, the increased OSI in pear type PCO was significantly correlated with the 100% OVs and the 20% OVs but not with the 9% OVs. In fibrosis PCO, OSI was only correlated with the 100% OVs and the 20% OVs pre-YAG. CONCLUSIONS: OSI and OVs could objectively indicate the visual function impairment in PCO patients. Effects of PCO on light scattering and on objective visual function might be explained by the variations of morphology and severity.