Family caregivers' lived experience of caring for hospitalised patients with cancer during the COVID-19 lockdown: A descriptive phenomenological study.

AIMS: This study aimed to capture and explore family caregivers' lived experience of caring for hospitalised patients with cancer during the lockdown. BACKGROUND: The unprecedented lockdown episodes due to COVID-19 have brought significant changes in the hospital visiting policies and caregiving practices. As part of the precautionary measures for hospital visits, the bedside companion was restricted to one caregiver for patients with cancer in Shanghai hospitals. DESIGN: This study adopted a descriptive phenomenological approach. METHODS: Data were collected among 20 family caregivers recruited from the Oncology department of a tertiary hospital in Shanghai in May 2022, using purposive sampling method and followed by unstructured, open-ended interviews. Colaizzi's seven-step data analysis method was used to analyse the data to reveal the emergent themes and subthemes of the phenomenon. RESULTS: Four themes were generated on family caregivers' lived experience of caring for hospitalised patients with cancer during the lockdown, including (1) Feeling scared for the patient; (2) Living a life feeling trapped under COVID-19 surveillance; (3) Feeling neglected and unseen; (4) Growing resilience and appreciation. CONCLUSIONS: The lockdown exacerbated the burden of family caregivers when they cared for the hospitalised patients with cancer during the lockdown period. However, positive reframing of the lived experience facilitated their coping with the challenging situation. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Findings from this study highlighted the potential proactive roles the healthcare providers could play in improving family caregivers' health and supporting them during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. REPORTING METHOD: The study adhered to relevant EQUATOR guidelines; the study was reported according to the COREQ checklist. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: Family caregivers of patients with cancer were involved in data collection and member-checking of the transcripts and interpretations of their experiences.

Understanding the experiences of hikikomori through the lens of the CHIME framework: connectedness, hope and optimism, identity, meaning in life, and empowerment; systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Hikikomori is a phenomenon describing people who exhibit behaviors of self-secluding themselves at home for long durations of time and usually only having face-to-face social interactions with none other than family. Existing interventions for hikikomori are inconclusive and the majority are absent in using a theoretical framework to guide its components. Therefore, applicability of the psychosocial recovery framework of Connectedness, Hope and Optimism, Identity, Meaning in Life, and Empowerment (CHIME) towards hikikomori care was reviewed. METHOD: Five databases were searched in April 2020 with the search formula from a published systematic review on hikikomori combined with search terms specific to domains of the CHIME framework. Articles included in the review were of the English language, of all publication years, peer-reviewed, quantitative or qualitative research studies and case studies, included study designs that were observational or interventional in nature, and involved populations of socially withdrawn youth. RESULTS: CHIME's comprehensive structure and organized approach could guide researchers or service providers in determining areas needing assessments, measurement, and areas of focus. It is suggested that the CHIME framework is applicable after modifying a specific dimension-'meaning of mental illness experiences' into 'meaning of the hikikomori experience'. Thematic overlap occurred between the domains of connectedness, identity, and meaning. Yet, additional dimensions or domains such as trust building, non-linearity, and spatiality can be included for addressing specific limitations in this application, which would help towards catering services to help hikikomori in recovery or in increasing quality-of-life of those individuals' while entrapped in this withdrawn lifestyle. CONCLUSION: CHIME framework could be applicable towards hikikomori care after applying the suggested modifications. Additionally, many knowledge gaps were found in literature during this review that warrants further investigation to improve hikikomori care.