[Insulin self administration in children with diabetes mellitus, type 1]. / Auto-aplicação de insulina em crianças portadoras de diabetes mellitus tipo 1.

The present descriptive study had the goals of characterizing type 1 diabetic children, according to socio-demographic variables and identifying the difficulties related to insulin self-management and home control. 34 type 1 diabetic children were interviewed at a big hospital. Results showed that 82.4% of children were white, 61.8% were female and 54.1% were from nine to eleven years of age, 67.7% were catholic, and 64% had the illness for 3 years. 35.3% of them learned insulin management with their mothers and 32.3% follow a schedule regarding insulin self-administration. Difficulties to perform home control are related to the available resources and lack of information. Results show the need for a planned work integrated by a multiprofessional team and directed to the children whose characteristics meet the mentioned aspects, considering their interdependence and aiming at achieving a successful career.

[Complications resulting from intravenous treatment in surgical patients]. / Complicações decorrentes da terapia intravenosa em pacientes cirúrgicos.

Nursing plays an important role in prevention and reduction of complications related to venous access. This study had the purpose to find complications derived from intravenous therapy. Major data were: 77.3% of the venous accesses were performed by auxiliary nursing; 68% of the procedures were performed without gloves; 60% of the accesses were not satisfactorily performed by nurses; 47% of the cannulae were "in situ" between 24 and 72 hours; among the complications, 20% were related to infiltration, 5.4% to infiltration and hematoma and 5.3% to obstruction. Data suggest the need to improve the education of the nursing team about intravenous therapy.

[Nursing care theory and practice: teaching and the labor market]. / Teoria e prática assistencial na enfermagem: o ensino e o mercado de trabalho.

This study identifies how faculty nurses and clinical nurses experience the relationship between teaching and the labor market in Nursing. Data were collected by means of interviews and documentary analysis. Methodological and content categories were utilized for analysis. It became evident that teaching is far from the clinical practice and that it is based on contents which do not have correspondents; there is a phase displacement between what is taught in undergraduation and the incorporation of new technologies, practices and knowledge. Action towards reflections about nursing teaching in order to approach it to clinical work areas is pointed out.

[Diabetes mellitus: risk factors an a teaching institution in the health area]. / Diabetes mellitus: fatores de risco em uma instituição de ensino na área da saúde.

This work aims at identifying the risks factors of type-2 diabetes mellitus. The results show the need of an education program in institutions aiming at making the subjects aware of the necessity to look for healthy life styles in order to prevent the risks factors of type-2 diabetes.

[Analysis of difficulties related with the daily activities of adolescents and children with type-1 diabetes mellitus: mothers' accounts]. / Análise das dificuldades relacionadas às atividades diárias de crianças e adolescente com diabetes mellitus tipo 1: depoimento de mães.

This descriptive study aimed at analyzing the difficulties faced by mothers of type-1 diabetic teenagers and children in view of the child's daily activities and based on the principle that emotional, social, personal and economic factors concerning the family interfere with achieving good metabolic control. Data were obtained by means of a semi-structured interview guide applied to 30 mothers. Data analysis followed the standards preconized for descriptive studies in which directed interviews are used. Results showed that: mothers have difficulties in dealing with children's daily activities such as social gatherings, in motivating them to develop physical activities, diet, school adjustment, relationship with the health team as well as with the children's behaviors regarding their brothers/sisters. Results indicated the need for planned and integrated work by a multiprofessional team with the families, considering all the aspects addressed in this study and their interdependence, aiming at a successful care to diabetic children and adolescents.

[Survey on risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus at a higher education institution]. / Levantamento dos fatores de risco para diabetes mellitus tipo 2 em uma instituição de ensino superior.

The increase in the population's life expectancy, the decrease in people's physical activity and the increase in calorie intake play an important role in the onset of diabetes. Therefore, this study aims at identifying risks factors for type-2 diabetes mellitus in 99 subjects from a teaching institution in a city in the interior of São Paulo State, Brazil. The results enabled the conclusion that 51.5% of the subjects were overweight; 51.5% had hereditary antecedents, 70% did not do physical exercises regularly, 68% felt stressed at work and 6% had altered pressure levels. The results showed the need for an education program within the institution aiming at awaking in the subjects the need to look for healthy life styles in order to prevent risks factors for type-2 diabetes.

[The use of disposable syringes in the administration of insulin at home]. / A prática de utilização de seringas descartáveis na administração de insulina no domicílio.

This descriptive study aims at learning about the behavior of 113 people with diabetes mellitus assisted at a large hospital in relation to the utilization and re-utilization of disposable syringes for the administration of insulin at home. Semi-structured interviews were used for data collection. The obtained results showed that 98.2% used a disposable syringe for insulin application and only 5.3% actually disposed of it. Among these, 94.6% re-used the disposable syringe after application by means of various procedures. We believe that such practice is one of the facets in diabetes education and, in view of it, we point out the need for a scientifically-based review of DIMED's recommendation established by Decree no. 4/86.

[The challenge of caring for children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes at home]. / O desafio para o controle domiciliar em crianças e adolescentes diabéticas tipo 1.

This is a descriptive study concerning mothers of children and adolescents with type-1 diabetes. Its purpose is to identify available resources and analyze the difficulties that these mothers find to control the disease at home. To that end, direct interviews were used and the results enabled us to reach the following conclusions: the resources used for the control of diabetes at home are scarce and, when available, they are not handled adequately; communication between mothers and the health care team was limited. The results also pointed to the need for equity in the assistance to families of children and adolescents with type-1 diabetes by providing support for such families to manage children with chronic diseases.

[Reutilization of disposable syringes: frequency and costs for the administration of insulin at home]. / Reutilização de seringas descartáveis: freqüência e custos para administração de insulina no domicílio.

The present survey has the purpose to analyze the frequency and costs of the re-utilization of disposable syringes for insulin administration at home. One hundred and thirteen patients with diabetes assisted by a public hospital in a city in the interior São Paulo State, Brazil, were interviewed. The findings showed that regarding the studied population, the frequency of needles re-utilization varied from 1 to 20 times, and syringes re-utilization from 1 to 60 times. The greatest frequencies in the use of the same syringe or needle were of four times followed by three times. Re-utilizing the same syringe four times resulted in a cost reduction of 74.68%. The results pointed out the need for a legislation review as well as for new studies on the risks and benefits arising from this practice.

[Experiences of a group of retired elderly: action research]. / La vivencia de un grupo de jubilados-anciano: investigación--acción.

The present study aims at comprehending the retired people through a group experience as well as allowing them to reflect about their condition. The authors utilized the research-action methodology, with 25 retired subjects who worked in the University, aging from 51 to 79 years old. The narratives related to their experiences were obtained through verbal interaction, group discussions and interviews. From the analysis of the experiences emerged questions associated to the retired-elderly interests, their physical and mental health, relationship, learning process, social environment and leisure.

[Characterization of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes in therapeutic follow-up]. / Caracterização de crianças e adolescentes com diabetes tipo 1 em seguimento terapêutico.

This descriptive study with mothers of children and adolescents carriers of diabetes type 1, aims to characterize these children and adolescents enrolled in elementary and high school, either public or private, while in therapy. To reach our purposes, we used direct interviews whose results led us to the following conclusions: most of them (83%) have been carriers of the disease for more than five years; 93.3% had been submitted to hospital treatment, considering hypoglycemia as the most frequent reason (46.7%). It also points toward the need to develop equity while caring for the family of children and adolescents with diabetes type 1, giving them support to cope with the child carrier of a chronic disease.

[The trend in the locus of control in diabetic patients]. / Tendência do locus de controle de pessoas diabéticas.

The tendency of locus of control in diabetic patients is a theme approached by the nurse as an educator. The objectives of this study was to test reliability of the "Instrumento de Medida de Locus de Controle à Saúde (IMLCS)" (Instrument of Measurement of Locus of Control for Health); to confront the distribution of responses to different items of the "IMLCS" by a group of diabetic patients; and to verify the predominance of locus of control for health in the subjects studied. To reach these objectives the "IMLCS" was applied. The data showed that there was a prevalence of subjects with a locus of external control, that the different items were answered in a favorable manner by the subjects and that the scale was valid for the population of diabetic patients. We believe that these results show the need for rethinking the role of the nurse in the education of diabetic patients.

[Insulin administration: basic approach in education about diabetes]. / Administração de insulina: uma abordagem fundamental na educação em diabetes.

The present study aims at accomplishing a review in the literature about the administration of insulin, considering relevant topics such as: insulin actions, local cutaneous complications, use of the instruments for the administration of insulin, the dismissable syringe and its re-utilization and the administration of insulin technique, being these basic terms to be broached in educational programs of diabetes.

[Horta's model, the NANDA taxonomy and problem-oriented methods as a nursing strategy]. / O modelo de horta, a taxonomia de NANDA e o método de solução de problemas como estratégia na assistência de enfermagem.

In this study we used Horta's theoretical framework to orientate the nursing practice. After the initial assessment to identify the affected needs we proceeded the identification of nursing diagnosis using NANDA's (North American Nursing Diagnosis Association) proposed taxonomy. This adaptation of Horta's model permitted nursing care planning (goals and objectives). After this step the problem-oriented methodology was used as an strategy for nursing care. This model was used with a hospitalized patient, identifying: alteration of affected needs, five nursing diagnosis to which four goals were delineated and followed by the five steps of the problem oriented methodology (evaluation).

[Introducing the human existential dimension into a course on nursing fundamentals]. / Introduzindo a dimensão existencial do homem na disciplina de fundamentos de enfermagem.

The study consisted of one historical retrospect of how the course Fundamental of Nursing is being oriented in man focus and the of assistance of nursing given to him. It describes and analyses an experience which has been realized by teachers of course Fundamental of Nursing in the Nursing School of Ribeirão Preto at University of São Paulo. It consists of the philosophical approach about the man who we assist. Consolidate with the Heidegger's ideas, we introduce the man's notions of being-in-the-world-with-the-others, of hospital and disease world and the facets, enabling to see the man as sick, in his-being-sick, as the new perspective of comprehension of human existence.

[The telephone interview: the methodological strategy for collecting population data]. / Entrevista por telefone: estratégia metodológica para coletar informações da população.

The interview by telephone is not an ordinary procedure to obtain investigation data. By knowing that is rarely used in Brazil, the study was planned aiming to: identify the individuals' characteristics who answer the sampled telephones; raise the interviews' statements about the operational technique and evaluate the telephone used as data collection procedure. The data indicate that most of the people who were interviewed, were females, between 30 and 40 years old and housewives. The interviewers considered between 30 and 40 years old and housewives. The interviewers considered the experience interesting, in despite of the difficulty to maintain people talking on the phone. The authors state that the interview by telephone is an efficient and fast way of bringing up data for investigation which aims to raise opinions about certain matters.

The telephone survey: a methodological strategy for obtaining information.

Studies have shown that students and the general population have little knowledge about nursing schools and the nursing profession. This study investigates the extent to which a sample of the population of Brazil is aware of the existence of nursing schools, and how they have obtained this information. Data were collected by telephone interviews. The sample consisted of 326 subjects whose telephone numbers were taken from the telephone book. Analysis showed that 73% of the subjects were aware of the existence of two nursing schools in the city; however, 65.03% did not know the names of these schools. Direct communication with friends and family, as well as indirect communication by television and advertising, were the sources of information mentioned by those questioned.

Fetal death from syphilis: an epidemiologic evaluation in Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.

An epidemiologic study was done of five Ribeirão Preto women whose pregnancies ended in fetal death from syphilis at the University Hospital of the Ribeirão Preto Medical School, São Paulo, in 1991. The study sought to establish the epidemiologic profiles of these women, determine the prenatal care they had received, assess the risk factors involved, and propose strategies for controlling syphilis during pregnancy within the region. Data were collected through home interviews with the study subjects. Obstetric (maternal and fetal) information obtained from these interviews was subsequently verified by consulting the women's medical records. In all, some 25 problems with a bearing on the fetal deaths were found, these being ascribable in roughly equal measure to health system shortcomings and the study subjects' knowledge and behavior. Notable among the health system problems were delayed receipt of serologic findings, failure to comply with recommended routines, late medical diagnosis, and ineffective monitoring of cure. Principal patient-related problems included ignorance of syphilis and unawareness of the importance of prenatal care. In view of the fact that fetal death from syphilis continues to occur in the affected region, it is recommended that maternal and child health authorities seek to establish or reestablish prenatal care of the requisite quality by instituting clear-cut guidelines for serologic screening, implementation of epidemiologic surveillance, and effective action by medical and paramedical teams.

[Health care reform and changes in nursing practice in philanthropic hospitals in Ribeirão Preto (SP), Brazil]. / A reforma do setor da saúde e as transformações da prática da enfermagem em hospitais filantrópicos no Município de Ribeirão Preto (SP), Brasil.

This paper describes part of a multicenter study sponsored by the Pan American Health Organization to assess health care reforms and their implications for nursing in several countries. The objective of this research was to learn the views of nurses working in philanthropic hospitals in Ribeirão Preto, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, regarding the changes in nursing practice coming from Brazil's health care reform and implementation of the Unified Health System (UHS). Data were obtained through structured interviews with seven nurses who met the selection criteria, from the three philanthropic hospitals in Ribeirão Preto. The nurses reported a decline in the quality of care and in the number of beds for UHS patients. The nurses reported that UHS implementation initially led to infrastructure improvements in the philanthropic hospitals. However, the reforms eventually shifted toward improving the care of private and privately insured patients. In addition, the nurses emphasized their heavy work loads and low pay. The nurses' reports indicated that Brazil's UHS is going through a crisis. In general, the nurses linked this crisis to problems in funding and allocation of resources.