High fibrinogen-to-albumin ratio with type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with poor prognosis in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: 5-year findings from a large cohort.

BACKGROUND: Inflammation plays a crucial role in coronary atherosclerosis progression, and growing evidence has demonstrated that the fibrinogen-to-albumin ratio (FAR), as a novel inflammation biomarker, is associated with the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD). However, the long-term risk of cardiovascular events remains indistinct in patients with different level of FAR and different glycemic metabolism status. This study was to assess 5-year clinical outcomes of diabetic and non-diabetic patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with different level of FAR. METHODS: We consecutively enrolled 10,724 patients with CAD hospitalized for PCI and followed up for the major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) covering all-cause mortality, cardiac mortality, non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal ischemic stroke, and unplanned coronary revascularization. FAR was computed using the following formula: Fibrinogen (g/L)/Albumin (g/L). According to the optimal cut-off value of FAR for MACCE prediction, patients were divided into higher level of FAR (FAR-H) and lower level of FAR (FAR-L) subgroups, and were further categorized into four groups as FAR-H with DM and non-DM, and FAR-L with DM and non-DM. RESULTS: 5298 patients (58.36 ± 10.36 years, 77.7% male) were ultimately enrolled in the present study. A total of 1099 (20.7%) MACCEs were documented during the 5-year follow-up. The optimal cut-off value of FAR was 0.0783 by the surv_cutpoint function. Compared to ones with FAR-H and DM, patients with FAR-L and non-DM, FAR-H and non-DM, FAR-L and DM had decreased risk of MACCEs [adjusted hazard ratio (HR): 0.75, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.64-0.89, P = 0.001; HR: 0.78, 95% CI 0.66-0.93, P = 0.006; HR: 0.81, 95% CI 0.68-0.97, P = 0.019; respectively]. Notably, non-diabetic patients with lower level of FAR also had lower all-cause mortality and cardiac mortality risk than those in the FAR-H/DM group (HR: 0.41, 95% CI 0.27-0.63, P < 0.001; HR: 0.30, 95% CI 0.17-0.53, P < 0.001; respectively). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis also indicated the highest risk of MACCEs in patients with FAR-H and DM than others (P for trend = 0.005). In addition, post-hoc analysis revealed consistent effects on 5-year MACCE across various subgroups. CONCLUSION: In this real-world cohort study, higher level of FAR combined with DM was associated with worse 5-year outcomes among patients with CAD undergoing PCI. The level of FAR may help to identify high-risk individuals in this specific population, where more precise risk assessment should be performed.

The association between glycated hemoglobin levels and long-term prognosis in patients with diabetes and triple-vessel coronary disease across different age groups: A cohort study.

AIM: Our study aimed to investigate the correlation between glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and adverse prognostic events in patients with diabetes and triple-vessel coronary disease (TVD). METHODS: This study ultimately included 2051 patients with TVD and diabetes. Patients were categorized into five groups based on their HbA1c levels: < 6.0 %, 6.0-6.4 %, 6.5-6.9 %, 7.0-7.9 %, and ≥ 8.0 %. The primary endpoint was all-cause death, and the secondary endpoint was major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE). RESULTS: The median follow-up time was 5.88 years. During this period, a total of 323 (15.7 %) all-cause deaths and 537 (26.2 %) MACCEs were recorded. The relationship between HbA1c and the risk of endpoint events showed a J-shaped pattern, with the lowest risk observed between 6.0 % and 6.4 %. Further analysis revealed a significant interaction between HbA1c and age. In the subgroup with age < 70 years, as HbA1c increased, the risk of endpoint events gradually rose. While in the subgroup with age ≥70 years, there was an L-shaped relationship between HbA1c and endpoint events, with the highest risk observed in patients with HbA1c < 6.0 %. CONCLUSION: Our study revealed variations in the relationship between HbA1c levels and endpoint events among patients with TVD and diabetes of different ages. In younger patients, elevated HbA1c levels were associated with a higher risk of death and MACCE, while in older patients, excessively low HbA1c levels (HbA1c < 6 %) were linked to a higher risk of death and MACCE.

Renal function alters the association of lipoprotein(a) with cardiovascular outcomes in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: a prospective cohort study.

Background and hypothesis: Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] and renal dysfunction are both independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease. However, it remains unclear whether renal function mediates the association between Lp(a) and cardiovascular outcomes in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods: From a large prospective cohort study, 10 435 eligible patients undergoing PCI from January 2013 to December 2013 were included in our analysis. Patients were stratified into three renal function groups according to their baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (<60; 60-90; ≥90 ml/min/1.73 m2). The primary endpoint was a composite of all-cause death, nonfatal MI, ischemic stroke, and unplanned revascularization [major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE)]. Results: Over a median follow-up of 5.1 years, a total of 2144 MACCE events occurred. After multivariable adjustment, either eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 or elevated Lp(a) conferred a significantly higher MACCE risk. Higher Lp(a) was significantly associated with an increased risk of MACCE in patients with eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2. However, this association was weakened in subjects with only mild renal impairment and diminished in those with normal renal function. A significant interaction for MACCE between renal categories and Lp(a) was observed (P = 0.026). Patients with concomitant Lp(a) ≥30 mg/dl and eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 experienced worse cardiovascular outcomes compared with those without. Conclusion: The significant association between Lp(a) and cardiovascular outcomes was mediated by renal function in patients undergoing PCI. Lp(a)-associated risk was more pronounced in patients with worse renal function, suggesting close monitoring and aggressive management are needed in this population.

Association of prognostic nutritional index level and diabetes status with the prognosis of coronary artery disease: a cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Malnutrition and inflammation are associated with adverse clinical outcomes in patients with diabetes or coronary artery disease (CAD). Prognostic nutritional index (PNI) is a comprehensive and simple indicator reflecting nutritional condition and immunological status. Whether there is a crosstalk between nutritional-immunological status and diabetes status for the impact on the prognosis of coronary artery disease (CAD) is unclear. METHODS: A total of 9429 consecutive CAD patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention were grouped by diabetes status [diabetes (DM) and non-diabetes (non-DM)] and preprocedural PNI level [high PNI (H-PNI) and low PNI (L-PNI)] categorized by the statistically optimal cut-off value of 48.49. The primary endpoint was all-cause death. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 5.1 years (interquartile range: 5.0-5.1 years), 366 patients died. Compared with the non-DM/H-PNI group, the DM/L-PNI group yielded the highest risk of all-cause death (adjusted hazard ratio: 2.65, 95% confidence interval: 1.97-3.56, p < 0.001), followed by the non-DM/L-PNI group (adjusted hazard ratio: 1.44, 95% confidence interval: 1.05-1.98, p = 0.026), while DM/H-PNI was not associated with the risk of all-cause death. The negative effect of L-PNI on all-cause death was significantly stronger in diabetic patients than in nondiabetic patients (p for interaction = 0.037). Preprocedural PNI category significantly improved the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) risk score for predicting all-cause death in patients with acute coronary syndrome, especially in those with diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: CAD patients with diabetes and L-PNI experienced the worst prognosis. The presence of diabetes amplifies the negative effect of L-PNI on all-cause death. Poor nutritional-immunological status outweighs diabetes in increasing the risk of all-cause death in CAD patients. Preprocedural PNI can serve as an assessment tool for nutritional and inflammatory risk and an independent prognostic factor in CAD patients, especially in those with diabetes.

Mild Renal Function Impairment and Long-Term Outcomes in Patients with Three-Vessel Coronary Artery Disease: A Cohort Study.

INTRODUCTION: Limited data are available on the long-term impact of mild renal dysfunction (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] 60-89 mL/min/1.73 m2) in patients with three-vessel coronary disease (3VD). METHODS: A total of 5,272 patients with 3VD undergoing revascularization were included and were categorized into 3 groups: normal renal function (eGFR ≥90 mL/min/1.73 m2, n = 2,352), mild renal dysfunction (eGFR 60-89, n = 2,501), and moderate renal dysfunction (eGFR 30-59, n = 419). Primary endpoint was all-cause death. Secondary endpoints included cardiac death and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE), a composite of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke. RESULTS: During the median 7.6-year follow-up period, 555 (10.5%) deaths occurred. After multivariable adjustment, patients with mild and moderate renal dysfunction had significantly higher risks of all-cause death (adjusted hazard ratio [HR]: 1.36, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07-1.70; adjusted HR: 2.06, 95% CI: 1.53-2.78, respectively) compared with patients with normal renal function. Patients after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) had a lower rate of all-cause death and MACCE than those undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in the normal and mild renal dysfunction group but not in the moderate renal dysfunction group. Results were similar after propensity score matching. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with 3VD, even mild renal impairment was significantly associated with a higher risk of all-cause death. The superiority of CABG over PCI diminished in those with moderate renal dysfunction. Our study alerts clinicians to the early screening of mild renal impairment in patients with 3VD and provides real-world evidence on the optimal revascularization strategy in patients with renal impairment.

Stress hyperglycemia ratio and long-term prognosis in patients with acute coronary syndrome: A multicenter, nationwide study.

BACKGROUND: Stress hyperglycemia ratio (SHR), a novel biomarker of stress hyperglycemia, was proved to be a reliable predictor of short-term adverse outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS). However, its impact on long-term prognosis remained controversial. METHODS: A total of 7662 patients with ACS from a large nationwide prospective cohort between January 2015 and May 2019 were included. SHR was calculated by the following formula: SHR = admission glucose (mmol/L)/(1.59 × HbA1c [%]-2.59). The primary end point was a major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) during follow-up, a composite of all-cause death, myocardial infarction, and unplanned revascularization. The second end point was the separate components of the primary end points. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 2.1 years, 779 MACE events occurred. After multivariable adjustment, ACS patients with the highest SHR tertile were significantly associated with increased long-term risks of MACE (hazard ratio [HR] 1.53, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.24-1.88), all-cause death (HR 1.80, 95% CI 1.29-2.51) and unplanned revascularization (HR 1.44, 95% CI 1.09-1.91). Although significant associations between the highest SHR tertile and risks of MACE and all-cause death were assessed in both diabetic and nondiabetic patients, the patterns of risk were different in these two groups. CONCLUSION: Elevated SHR was independently associated with a higher risk of long-term outcomes irrespective of diabetic status, suggesting that SHR was a potential biomarker for risk stratification after ACS.