Overview of road traffic injuries among migrant workers in Guangzhou, China, from 2017 to 2021.

INTRODUCTION: There are many migrant workers in China's first-tier cities, but little is known about road safety. This paper systematically analysed road traffic injuries and risk factors among migrant workers in Guangzhou, China. METHODS: Road traffic crash data from 2017 to 2021 were obtained from the Guangzhou Public Security Traffic Management Integrated System. We plotted the crash network of road users in road traffic crashes and used logistic regression to analyse the risk factors for migrant workers of motorcycle and four-wheeled vehicle crashes. Moreover, the roles of migrant workers and control individuals as perpetrators in road traffic crashes were also analysed. RESULTS: Between 2017 and 2021, 76% of road traffic injuries were migrant workers in Guangzhou. Migrant workers who were motorcyclist drivers most commonly experienced road traffic injuries. Crashes between motorcyclists and car occupants were the most common. The illegal behaviours of migrant worker motorcyclists were closely related to casualties, with driving without a licence only and driving without a licence and drunk driving accounting for the greatest number. Migrant workers were responsible for many injuries of other road users. Motorcycle drivers have a higher proportion of drunk driving. DISCUSSION: Migrant workers play an important role in road traffic safety. They were both the leading source of road traffic injuries and the main perpetrators of road traffic crashes. Measures such as strict requirements for migrant workers to drive motorcycles with licences, prohibit drunk driving, greater publicity of road safety regulations, and combining compulsory education with punishment for illegal behaviours.

Ferroptosis: a potential target for the treatment of atherosclerosis.

Atherosclerosis (AS), the main contributor to acute cardiovascular events, such as myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke, is characterized by necrotic core formation and plaque instability induced by cell death. The mechanisms of cell death in AS have recently been identified and elucidated. Ferroptosis, a novel iron-dependent form of cell death, has been proven to participate in atherosclerotic progression by increasing endothelial reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, accumulated intracellular iron activates various signaling pathways or risk factors for AS, such as abnormal lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammation, which can eventually lead to the disordered function of macrophages, vascular smooth muscle cells, and vascular endothelial cells. However, the molecular pathways through which ferroptosis affects AS development and progression are not entirely understood. This review systematically summarizes the interactions between AS and ferroptosis and provides a feasible approach for inhibiting AS progression from the perspective of ferroptosis.

Preferred growth direction of III-V nanowires on differently oriented Si substrates.

One of the nanowire (NW) characteristics is its preferred elongation direction. Here, we investigated the impact of Si substrate crystal orientation on the growth direction of GaAs NWs. We first studied the self-catalyzed GaAs NW growth on Si (111) and Si (001) substrates. SEM observations show GaAs NWs on Si (001) are grown along four <111> directions without preference on one or some of them. This non-preferential NW growth on Si (001) is morphologically in contrast to the extensively reported vertical <111> preferred GaAs NW growth on Si (111) substrates. We propose a model based on the initial condition of an ideal Ga droplet formation on Si substrates and the surface free energy calculation which takes into account the dangling bond surface density for different facets. This model provides further understanding of the different preferences in the growth of GaAs NWs along selected <111> directions depending on the Si substrate orientation. To verify the prevalence of the model, NWs were grown on Si (311) substrates. The results are in good agreement with the three-dimensional mapping of surface free energy by our model. This general model can also be applied to predictions of NW preferred growth directions by the vapor-liquid-solid growth mode on other group IV and III-V substrates.

Growth and Fabrication of High-Quality Single Nanowire Devices with Radial p-i-n Junctions.

Nanowires (NWs) with radial p-i-n junction have advantages, such as large junction area and small influence from the surface states, which can lead to highly efficient material use and good device quantum efficiency. However, it is difficult to make high-quality core-shell NW devices, especially single NW devices. Here, the key factors during the growth and fabrication process that influence the quality of single core-shell p-i-n NW devices are studied using GaAs(P) NW photovoltaics as an example. By p-doping and annealing, good ohmic contact is achieved on NWs with a diameter as small as 50-60 nm. Single NW photovoltaics are subsequently developed and a record fill factor of 80.5% is shown. These results bring valuable information for making single NW devices, which can further benefit the development of high-density integration circuits.

Hybrid III-V/IV Nanowires: High-Quality Ge Shell Epitaxy on GaAs Cores.

The integration of optically active III-V and electronic-suitable IV materials on the same nanowire could provide a great potential for the combination of photonics and electronics in the nanoscale. In this Letter, we demonstrate the growth of GaAs/Ge core-shell nanowires on Si substrates by molecular beam epitaxy and investigate the radial and axial Ge epitaxy on GaAs nanowires in detail. High-quality core-shell nanowires with smooth side facets and dislocation-free, sharp interfaces are achieved. It is found that the low shell growth temperature leads to smoother side facets, while higher shell growth temperatures lead to more relaxed structures with significantly faceted sidewalls. The possibility of forming a III-V/IV heterostructure nanowire with a Ge section development in the axial direction of a GaAs nanowire using a Ga droplet is also revealed. These nanowires provide an ideal platform for nanoscale III-V/IV combination, which is promising for highly integrated photonic and electronic hybrid devices on a single chip.

Analysis of road traffic accidents and casualties associated with electric bikes and bicycles in Guangzhou, China: A retrospective descriptive analysis.

Introduction: Electric bicycles (e-bikes) and bicycles in large Chinese cities have recently witnessed substantial growth in ridership. According to related accident trends, this study analyzed characteristics and spatial distribution in the period when e-bike-related accidents rapidly increased to propose priority measures to reduce accident casualties. Methods: For e-bike- and bicycle-related accident data from the Guangzhou Public Security Traffic Management Integrated System, linear regression was used to examine the trends in the number of accidents and age-adjusted road traffic casualties from 2011 to 2021. Then, for the period when e-bike-related accidents rapidly increased, descriptive statistics were computed regarding rider characteristics, illegal behaviors, road types, collision objects and their accident liability. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni's multiple comparison test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Finally, the density distribution of accidents was presented, and Moran's I (MI) was used for assessing spatial autocorrelation. Hotspots were identified based on an optimized hotspot analysis tool. Results: Between 2011 and 2021, the number of accidents and casualty rate (per 100,000 population) increased for e-bikes but decreased for bicycles. After 2018, e-bike-related accidents increased rapidly, and bicycle-related accidents plateaued. Accident hotspots were concentrated in central city areas and suburban areas close to the former. Three-quarters of accidents occurred in motorized vehicle lanes. Most occurred on roads without physically segregated nonmotorized vehicle lanes. More than three-fifths of the accidents involved motor vehicles with at least four wheels. The prevalence (per 100 people) of casualties among e-bike rider victims and cyclist victims accounted for 92.0 % and 96.5 %, respectively. A total of 71.6 % of e-bike-related accidents involved migrant workers. Riding in motorized vehicle lanes was the most common illegal behavior. Conclusions: Although e-bike-related and bicycle-related accidents presented similar characteristics, the sharp increase in e-bike-related accidents requires attention. To improve e-bike safety, governments should develop appropriate countermeasures to prevent riders from riding on motorways, such as improving road infrastructure, adjusting the driver's license system and addressing priority control areas.

Immune regulation in gastric adenocarcinoma is linked with therapeutic efficacy and improved recovery.

Adenocarcinomas are one of the most common histological types of gastric cancer. It has been ranked fifth among common cancers and is the third among death causing cancers worldwide. The high mortality rate among patients with gastric cancer is because of its silent evolution, genetic heterogeneity, high resistance to chemotherapy as well as unavailability of highly effective therapeutic strategy. Until now a number of several treatment strategies have been developed and are being practiced such as surgery, chemotherapy, radio therapy, and immunotherapy, however, further developments are required to improve the treatment responses and reduce the side effects. Therefore, novel personal therapeutic strategies based on immunological responses should be developed by targeting different check points and key immune players. Targeting macrophages and related molecular elements can be useful to achieve these goals. In this minireview, we discuss the available treatment options, molecular underpinnings and immunological regulations associated with gastric adenocarcinoma. We further describe the possible check points and immunological targets that can be used to develop novel therapeutic options.

Efficacy and safety of endoscopic "calabash" ligation and resection for small gastric stromal tumors originating from the muscularis propria.

AIM: We compared endoscopic "calabash" ligation and resection (ECLR) and endoscopic submucosal excision (ESE) in treating endophytic gastric stromal tumors (GSTs) ≤15 mm in diameter originating from the muscularis propria. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study and included patients who visited our hospital for removal of small endophytic GSTs (diameter ≤ 15 mm) confirmed by postoperative pathological reports between February 2019 and December 2020. Patients were assigned to the study (received ECLR) or control (accepted ESE) groups, and their medical records were reviewed. Age, sex, GST size, resection outcomes, procedure measurements, lengths of hospital stays, medical expenses, intraoperative and postoperative complications, and follow-up outcomes were documented and compared between the two groups. Propensity score matching was used to avoid retrospective biases. RESULTS: A total of 277 patients were included in the analysis, with 135 in the study group and 142 in the control group. After propensity score matching, 119 cases in each group were finally included in the study. Compared to the control group, the study group had significantly shorter procedure durations and lengths of hospital stays, as well as reduced medical expenses. Compared to the control group, the study group also had significantly lower incidence rates of intraoperative stomach perforation, postoperative intraperitoneal infection, and postoperative electrocoagulation syndrome, as well as a lower intensity of postoperative pain. There were no significant differences in the other measurements between the two groups. CONCLUSION: ECLR is an effective and safe procedure for treating patients with endophytic GSTs ≤15 mm in diameter originating from the muscularis propria.

Aluminum phosphate gel reduces early rebleeding in cirrhotic patients with gastric variceal bleeding treated with histoacryl injection therapy.

BACKGROUND: Esophageal-gastro varices bleeding (EGVB) is the most widely known cause of mortality in individuals with cirrhosis, with an occurrence rate of 5% to 15%. Among them, gastric varices bleeding (GVB) is less frequent than esophageal varices bleeding (EVB), but the former is a more critical illness and has a higher mortality rate. At present, endoscopic variceal histoacryl injection therapy (EVHT) is safe and effective, and it has been recommended by relevant guidelines as the primary method for the treatment of GVB. However, gastric varices after endoscopic treatment still have a high rate of early rebleeding, which is mainly related to complications of its treatment, such as bleeding from drained ulcers, rebleeding of varices etc. Therefore, preventing early postoperative rebleeding is very important to improve the quality of patient survival and outcomes. AIM: To assess the efficacy of aluminium phosphate gel (APG) combined with proton pump inhibitor (PPI) in preventing early rebleeding after EVHT in individuals with GVB. METHODS: Medical history of 196 individuals with GVB was obtained who were diagnosed using endoscopy and treated with EVHT in Shenzhen People's Hospital from January 2016 to December 2021. Based on the selection criteria, 101 patients were sorted into the PPI alone treatment group, and 95 patients were sorted into the PPI combined with the APG treatment group. The incidences of early rebleeding and corresponding complications within 6 wk after treatment were compared between both groups. Statistical methods were performed by two-sample t-test, Wilcoxon rank sum test and χ 2 test. RESULTS: No major variations were noted between the individuals of the two groups in terms of age, gender, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score, coagulation function, serum albumin, hemoglobin, type of gastric varices, the dose of tissue glue injection and EV that needed to be treated simultaneously. The early rebleeding rate in PPI + APG group was 3.16% (3/95), which was much lower than that in the PPI group (12.87%, 13/101) (P = 0.013). Causes of early rebleeding: the incidence of gastric ulcer bleeding in the PPI + APG group was 2.11% (2/95), which was reduced in comparison to that in the PPI group (11.88%, 12/101) (P = 0.008); the incidence of venous bleeding in PPI + APG group and PPI group was 1. 05% (1/95) and 0.99% (1/101), respectively, and there was no significant difference between them (0.999). The early mortality rate was 0 in both groups within 6 wk after the operation, and the low mortality rate was related to the timely hospitalization and active treatment of all patients with rebleeding. The overall incidence of complications in the PPI + APG group was 12.63% (12/95), which was not significantly different from 13.86% (14/101) in the PPI group (P = 0.800). of abdominal pain in the PPI + APG group was 3.16% (3/95), which was lower than that in the PPI group (11.88%, 12/101) (P = 0.022). However, due to aluminum phosphate gel usage, the incidence of constipation in the PPI + APG group was 9.47% (9/95), which was higher than that in the PPI group (1.98%, 2/101) (P = 0.023), but the health of the patients could be improved by increasing drinking water or oral lactulose. No patients in either group developed spontaneous peritonitis after taking PPI, and none developed hepatic encephalopathy and ectopic embolism within 6 wk of EVHT treatment. CONCLUSION: PPI combined with APG can significantly reduce the incidence of early rebleeding and postoperative abdominal pain in cirrhotic patients with GVB after taking EVHT.

Characteristics of road traffic accident types and casualties in Guangzhou, China, from 2007 to 2020: A retrospective cohort study based on the general population.

Introduction: This study aimed to explore the trend and main influencing factors of road traffic accidents in Guangzhou, China, from 2007 to 2020 and to provide a reference and guidance for government decision-making. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was used to describe road traffic accidents in Guangzhou. According to the population types, all people with road traffic accidents were divided into migrant workers and the control population. We divided road users, administrative districts, motorcycle types and injury levels into subgroups to investigate the characteristics of road traffic accidents in Guangzhou. The road traffic accident data were derived from the Guangzhou Public Security Traffic Management Integrated System. Results: The incidence rate of road traffic accidents per 10,000 vehicles in Guangzhou decreased from 36.55 in 2007 to 10.07 in 2012, remained relatively stable at 9.47 in 2017, and finally rose to 11.12 in 2020. The injury rate showed the same trend as the incidence rate, while the mortality rate gradually decreased from 14.21 in 2007 to 5.19 in 2020. Vulnerable road users such as motorized two-to-three-wheeler drivers and migrant workers were casualties in more than 80% of the cases. The proportion of casualties involving mopeds and electric bicycles increased rapidly after 2018. Motor vehicle drivers frequently caused road traffic accidents and were most often uninjured. Conclusion: Road safety in Guangzhou has shown a clear trend of improvement, but casualties are uneven across administrative districts. More attention should be given to motorized two-to-three-wheelers, migrant workers, and road traffic violations by uninjured individuals.

Characteristics of human movement and injury in a side collision between the front of a small car and a bicycle.

OBJECTIVE: Our research groups have studied the movement and injury characteristics of the human body in a side collision between the front of a small car and a pedestrian. This study discusses the movement and injury characteristics of the human body in a side collision between the front of a small car and bicycle. METHODS: A total of 31 cases of traffic accidents caused by small car collisions when riding a bicycle across a road were collected. Through on-site inspection and trace inspection of the accident vehicles and bicycles, the speed of the car during the collision was calculated, the collision relationship between the small car and bicycle was determined, and the injury site and degree were determined through autopsy. The car speed was divided into two groups: <60 km/h and >60 km/h. Injuries of the skull, cervical spine, ribs, pelvis, femur and tibiofibular were analysed, and the correlations with the height of the bicycle controller, the height of the bicycle seat, the height of the car hood and the length of hood were discussed. PC-Crash was used for simulation analysis to further clarify the injury process. RESULTS: The ratio of the height of the bicycle seat to the height of the hood plus the length of the hood in the windshield-damaged group was larger than that in the undamaged windshield group (P < 0.05). No cervical fracture was found when V < 60 km/h, and 52.94% of cases had cervical fracture when V > 60 km/h. The ratio of the height of the bicycle seat to the height of the hood in the pelvic fracture group was smaller than that in the nonpelvic fracture group (P < 0.05). The incidence of tibiofibular fracture was less than 65%. CONCLUSIONS: When a side impact between a car front and a bicycle occurs, the resulting human injury is related not only to the speed but also to the height of the bicycle seat and the height and length of the hood of the car. The incidence of tibiofibular fractures was significantly lower than that of small car front-pedestrian side impacts.

Graphene-Assisted Electrochemical Sensor for Detection of Pancreatic Cancer Markers.

Pancreatic cancer is a highly lethal gastrointestinal malignancy. Most patients are already in the middle to advanced stages of pancreatic cancer at the time of diagnosis and cannot be treated completely. As a single-atom planar two-dimensional crystal, graphene's unusual electronic structure, specific electronic properties and excellent electron transport capacity make it uniquely advantageous in the field of electrochemical sensing. In this mini-review, we summarize the potential application of graphene in pancreatic cancer detection. K-Ras gene, CEA and MicroRNA are important in the early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.

Self-Catalyzed AlGaAs Nanowires and AlGaAs/GaAs Nanowire-Quantum Dots on Si Substrates.

Self-catalyzed AlGaAs nanowires (NWs) and NWs with a GaAs quantum dot (QD) were monolithically grown on Si(111) substrates via solid-source molecular beam epitaxy. This growth technique is advantageous in comparison to the previously employed Au-catalyzed approach, as it removes Au contamination issues and renders the structures compatible with complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology applications. Structural studies reveal the self-formation of an Al-rich AlGaAs shell, thicker at the NW base and thinning towards the tip, with the opposite behavior observed for the NW core. Wide alloy fluctuations in the shell region are also noticed. AlGaAs NW structures with nominal Al contents of 10, 20, and 30% have strong room temperature photoluminescence, with emission in the range of 1.50-1.72 eV. Individual NWs with an embedded 4.9 nm-thick GaAs region exhibit clear QD behavior, with spatially localized emission, both exciton and biexciton recombination lines, and an exciton line width of 490 µeV at low temperature. Our results demonstrate the properties and behavior of the AlGaAs NWs and AlGaAs/GaAs NWQDs grown via the self-catalyzed approach for the first time and exhibit their potential for a range of novel applications, including nanolasers and single-photon sources.

Checked patterned elemental distribution in AlGaAs nanowire branches via vapor-liquid-solid growth.

Morphology, crystal defects and crystal phase can significantly affect the elemental distribution of ternary nanowires (NWs). Here, we report the synergic impact of the structure and crystal phase on the composition of branched self-catalyzed AlxGa1-xAs NWs. Branching events were confirmed to increase with Al incorporation rising, while twinning and polytypism were observed to extend from the trunk to the branches, confirming the epitaxial nature of the latter. The growth mechanism of these structures has been ascribed to Ga accumulation at the concave sites on the rough shell. This is in agreement with the ab initio calculations which reveal Ga atoms tend to segregate at the trunk/branch interface. Notably, uncommon, intricate compositional variations are exposed in these branched NWs, where Ga-rich stripes parallel to the growth direction of the branches intersect with another set of periodic arrangements of Ga-rich stripes which are perpendicular to them, leading to the realization of an elemental checked pattern. The periodic variations perpendicular to the growth direction of the branches are caused by the constant rotation of the sample during growth whilst Ga-rich stripes along the growth direction of the branches are understood to be driven by the different nucleation energies and polarities on facets of different crystal phase at the interface between the catalyst droplets and the branched NW tip. These results lead to further comprehension of phase segregation and could assist in the compositional engineering in ternary NWs via harnessing this interesting phenomenon.

A general strategy for the functionalization of two-dimensional metal chalcogenides.

Two-dimensional (2D) metal chalcogenides (MC) such as MoS2 have been recognized as promising materials for near future applications. However, general strategies to functionalize them are still scarce, while the nature of functionalization still remains unclear. Herein, we demonstrate a simple and universal functionalization route through complexation reaction between the amino-containing organic agents and MCs. Degrees of functionalization are tunable by adjusting the organic group types and ratios. No further defects are introduced and the functionalized 2D MCs are dispersible in corresponding typical solvents. Both experimental results and geometry optimization calculations indicate that the grafting of functional groups through the coordination effect truly exist, while the surface properties and resulting photoelectric properties of 2D MCs are greatly altered. More intriguingly, our proposed functionalization process is demonstrated to be universal and can be applied to different MCs, thus opening new avenues for the application of 2D MCs.