Impact of an enhanced recovery protocol in frail patients after intracorporeal urinary diversion.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether an enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocol enhances bowel recovery and reduces postoperative ileus (POI) in both non-frail and frail patients after robot-assisted radical cystectomy with intracorporeal urinary diversion (iRARC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included 186 patients (104 with and 82 without ERAS) who underwent iRARC between 2012 and 2023. 'Frail' patients was defined as those with a low Geriatric-8 questionnaire score (≤13). The primary outcomes were postoperative bowel recovery and the incidence of POI. Secondary outcomes included length of stay (LOS), 30- and 90-day complications, 90-day readmission rate, and POI predictors. RESULTS: The ERAS group exhibited a significantly shorter LOS, early bowel recovery, a lower POI rate, fewer 90-day high-grade complications, and fewer 90-day readmissions than the non-ERAS group in the entire cohort. Non-frail patients in the ERAS group had a lower rate of POI (7.1% vs. 22.1%; P = 0.008), whereas ERAS did not reduce POI in frail patients (44.1% vs. 36.6%; P = 0.50). In the multivariate analysis, ERAS was associated with a reduced risk of POI in both the entire cohort (odds ratio [OR] 0.39, P = 0.01) and in non-frail patients (OR 0.24, P = 0.01), whereas ERAS was not likely to reduce POI (OR 1.14, P = 0.70) in frail patients. Prehabilitation was identified as a favourable predictor of POI. CONCLUSIONS: The ERAS protocol did not reduce POI in frail patients after iRARC, although it enhanced bowel recovery and reduced POI in non-frail patients. Prehabilitation for frail patients might reduce POI.

Comparison of perioperative outcomes and complications between intracorporeal, extracorporeal, and hybrid ileal conduit urinary diversion during robot-assisted radical cystectomy: a comparative propensity score-matched analysis from nationwide multi-institutional study in Japan.

BACKGROUND: To investigate the impact of different urinary diversion (UD) techniques on the peri- and postoperative complications of robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) with ileal conduit. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 373 patients undergoing RARC with ileal conduit at 11 institutions in Japan between April 2018 and December 2021. Propensity score weighting was performed to adjust for confounding factors such as age, sex, body mass index, performance status, American Society of Anesthesiologists score, previous abdominal surgery, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and preoperative high T stage (≥ cT3) and high N stage (≥ cN1). Perioperative complications were then compared among three groups: extracorporeal, intracorporeal, and hybrid urinary diversion (ECUD, ICUD, and HUD, respectively). RESULTS: A total of 150, 68, and 155 patients received ECUD, HUD, and ICUD, respectively. Bowel reconstruction time and UD time were significantly shorter in the ECUD group (p < 0.001), and console time was significantly longer and blood loss was significantly higher in the ICUD group (p < 0.001). For postoperative complications (Clavien-Dindo Classification grade ≥ 3), surgical site infection (p = 0.004), pelvic abscess (p = 0.013), anastomotic urine leak (p = 0.007), and pelvic organ prolapse (p = 0.011) significantly occurred in the ECUD group. For all grades, ileus was more common in the HUD group, whereas anastomotic stricture was more common in the ECUD group compared with the other groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Severe complications did not increase after HUD and ICUD compared with ECUD; however, console time tended to be longer and blood loss was slightly higher during RARC.

Older versus younger patients in robot-assisted radical cystectomy with intracorporeal ileal conduit comparing safety and clinical outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of robot-assisted radical cystectomy using an intracorporeal ileal conduit in older compared to younger patients. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 122 patients who underwent robot-assisted radical cystectomy with an intracorporeal ileal conduit at Fujita Health University Hospital and Fujita Health University Okazaki Medical Center between 2012 and 2022. Patients were categorized into two groups: older (age ≥ 75 years; n = 53) and younger (age < 75 years; n = 69). Perioperative outcomes, complications, recurrence-free survival, cancer-specific survival, and overall survival were compared between the cohorts. RESULTS: The groups had no significant differences in perioperative outcomes, such as estimated blood loss, operative time, and blood transfusion rate. However, hospital stay was longer in the older patients than in the younger group (19 vs. 16 days; p < 0.001). The 30-day minor and major complication rates were 33.3% and 13.0%, respectively, for the younger group and 50.9% and 9.4% for the older group (p = 0.11). Urinary tract infection and bowel ileus were the most common complications in both groups. No significant differences were observed in recurrence-free survival, cancer-specific survival, and overall survival between the groups (p = 0.58, p = 0.75, and p = 0.78), and subgroup analysis in ≥cT3 revealed the older group tended to have poorer cancer-specific survival and overall survival (p = 0.07 and p = 0.01). Multivariate analysis indicated that older age was not associated with high-grade complications and cancer-specific survival. CONCLUSIONS: Robot-assisted radical cystectomy with an intracorporeal ileal conduit is a safe and effective treatment option for older patients.

Risk factors for postoperative ileus after robot-assisted radical cystectomy with intracorporeal urinary diversion.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the risk factors for postoperative ileus in patients who underwent robot-assisted radical cystectomy with intracorporeal urinary diversion. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 78 patients with bladder cancer who underwent robot-assisted radical cystectomy with intracorporeal urinary diversion at Fujita Health University between 2011 and 2021. Baseline characteristics and perioperative outcomes were compared between the cohorts with and without ileus. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify the risk factors for postoperative ileus. RESULTS: Out of the 78 patients included in this study, 20 (25.6%) developed postoperative ileus. The ileus cohort was associated with a significantly lower Geriatric-8 score (P = 0.003) and a higher rate of previous abdominal/pelvic surgery (P = 0.04) compared with those of the nonileus cohort. Significantly longer intestinal tract reconstruction time, hospital stay, time to mobilization, fluid intake, solid intake, flatus, and stool were observed in the ileus cohort. According to the results of the logistic regression analysis, the Geriatric-8 sum (P = 0.009), time to mobilization (P = 0.03), and time to fluid intake (P = 0.004) were independent predictors of postoperative ileus. In the model predicting postoperative ileus, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.716, and the cutoff value of the Geriatric-8 sum was 13. CONCLUSIONS: Early mobilization and fluid intake and low Geriatric-8 scores were significant risk factors for postoperative ileus. Preoperative Geriatric-8 evaluation is a useful tool for predicting postoperative ileus. Comprehensive enhanced recovery after surgery, including key components, may help bowel recovery and prevent subsequent ileus.

Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase in tumor cells is associated with resistance to immunotherapy in renal cell carcinoma.

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is a key enzyme associated with immunomodulation through its regulation of the tryptophan-kynurenine (Kyn) pathway in advanced cancers, including metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). However, the failure of IDO1 inhibitors when used in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), as observed in clinical trials, raises a number of questions. This study aimed to investigate the association of tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) and IDO1 with cancer development and resistance to immunotherapy in patients with RCC. In our analysis of RCC tissue samples, tissue Kyn levels were elevated in advanced-stage RCC and correlated well with TDO expression levels in RCC tumor cells. In patients with mRCC, TDO rather than IDO1 was expressed in RCC tumor cells, showing a strong association with Kyn expression. Furthermore, immunohistochemical staining of TDO was strongly associated with the staining intensity of forkhead box P3, as well as ICI therapy response and survival in patients with mRCC. Our study is the first to show that TDO expression in tumor tissues is associated with progression and survival, confirming its potential as a predictive biomarker of primary resistance to immunotherapy in patients with mRCC. Our findings suggest that strategies aimed at inhibiting TDO, rather than IDO1, in combination with ICI therapy may aid in the control of mRCC progression.

Longitudinal measurement of subcutaneous and intratibial human prostate cancer xenograft growth and response to ionizing radiation by plasma Alu and LINE-1 ctDNA: A comparison to standard methods.

BACKGROUND: Current preclinical models of metastatic prostate cancer (PCa) require sophisticated technologies and/or genetically engineered cells for the noninvasive monitoring of tumors in remote sites, such as bone. Recent developments in circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) analysis provide an alternative method for noninvasive tumor monitoring at a low cost. Here, we sought to evaluate human Alu and LINE-1 ctDNA for the longitudinal measurement of subcutaneous and intratibial human PCa xenograft growth and response to ionizing radiation (IR) through comparison with standard slide caliper and bioluminescence measurements. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Intratibial and subcutaneous xenografts were established in male athymic nude mice using LNCaP cells that stably express firefly luciferase. A subset of tumors was treated with a single dose of IR (CT-guided focal IR, 6 Gy). Tumor measurements were simultaneously taken by slide caliper (subcutaneous only), in vivo bioluminescence imaging, and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) of human-specific Alu and LINE-1 ctDNA for several weeks. RESULTS: Levels of ctDNA and bioluminescence increased concordantly with subcutaneous and intratibial tumor growth. A statistically significant correlation (Spearman) was observed between ctDNA and subcutaneous tumor volume (LINE-1, r = .94 and Alu, r = .95, p < .0001), ctDNA and bioluminescence (LINE-1, r = .66 and Alu, r = .60, p < .002), and bioluminescence and tumor volume (r = .66, p = .0003). Bioluminescence and ctDNA were also significantly correlated in intratibial tumors (LINE-1, r = .82 and Alu, r = .81, p < .0001). Following external beam IR, the tumor responses varied briefly by method of measurement, but followed a similar trend. Statistically significant correlations were maintained between ctDNA and slide caliper measurement in irradiated subcutaneous tumors (LINE-1, r = .64 and Alu, r = .44, p < .02), and ctDNA and bioluminescence in intratibial tumors (LINE-1, r = .55, p = .018). CONCLUSIONS: Real-time qPCR of circulating human Alu and LINE-1 DNA provides an accurate measurement of subcutaneous and intratibial xenograft burden that is comparable with conventional bioluminescence imaging and slide caliper measurement. Transient differences in measurements were observed following tumor-targeted IR, but overall all measurements mirrored tumor growth and response.

Two cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy improves survival in patients with high-risk upper tract urothelial carcinoma.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the impact of two cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in patients who underwent nephroureterectomy for high-risk cN0M0 upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC), and to evaluate the efficacy of NAC in patients with localised disease (≤cT2). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analysed patients with high-risk cN0M0 UTUC who received NAC followed by surgery, compared with a matched cohort who underwent initial surgery at Fujita Health University during 2005-2019. Baseline and tumour characteristics, overall survival (OS), cancer-specific survival (CSS), and recurrence-free survival (RFS) were compared between the cohorts. Cox proportional hazards models were used to identify predictors of survival. RESULTS: There were 117 and 67 patients in the study group and the control group, respectively. Significantly higher pathological downstaging (pDS) and lower lymphovascular invasion (LVI) were observed in the study group than in the control group (48% vs 22%, P = 0.008 and 29% vs 46%, P = 0.045, respectively). The NAC group had significantly better 5-year OS (79% vs 53%, P = 0.003), 5-year CSS (84% vs 66%, P = 0.008), and 5-year RFS (80% vs 61%, P = 0.001) than the control group. The OS benefit of NAC was observed even in patients with localised (≤cT2) disease (P = 0.019). Patients with LVI showed significantly worse CSS both in pathologically locally advanced (≥pT3) and in localised (≤pT2) tumours (P = 0.048 and P = 0.018, respectively). Multivariate analysis identified LVI, NAC, and pDS as independent predictors of OS. Male sex and post-NAC LVI were identified as predictors of worse survival in patients who underwent NAC. CONCLUSIONS: Two cycles of NAC improved the survival of patients with high-risk UTUC, even in patients with localised disease. Although two cycles of NAC appear to be effective in cN0M0 high-risk UTUC including localised disease, additional larger sample size multicentre prospective studies comparing short-course NAC regimens followed by surgery and surgery alone are required.

Intra-corporeal robot-assisted versus open radical cystectomy: a propensity score-matched analysis comparing perioperative and long-term survival outcomes and recurrence patterns.

BACKGROUND: To compare perioperative and long-term oncological outcomes and recurrence patterns between robot-assisted radical cystectomy with intra-corporeal urinary diversion (iRARC) and open radical cystectomy (ORC). METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 177 bladder cancer patients who received iRARC or ORC at Fujita Health University between 2008 and 2020. Our primary endpoint was long-term oncological outcomes. As a secondary endpoint, we examined perioperative outcomes, complications, and recurrence patterns. These outcome measures were compared between the propensity score (PS)-matched cohorts. RESULTS: PS-matched analysis resulted in 60 matched pairs from iRARC and ORC groups. The iRARC cohort was associated with significantly longer operative time (p = 0.02), lower estimated blood loss (p < 0.001), lower blood transfusion rate (p < 0.001), shorter length of hospital stay (p < 0.001), fewer overall complications (p = 0.03), and lower rate of postoperative ileus (p = 0.02). There was no statistically significant difference between iRARC and ORC in 5-year RFS (p = 0.46), CSS (p = 0.63), and OS (p = 0.71). RFS and CSS were also comparable, even in locally advanced (≥ cT3) disease. Multivariate analysis identified lymphovascular invasion as a robust predictor of RFS, CSS, and OS. The number of recurrence was similar between the groups, while extra-pelvic lymph nodes were more frequent in iRARC than that in ORC (22.7% vs. 7.7%). CONCLUSIONS: iRARC has favorable perioperative outcomes, fewer complications, and comparable long-term survival outcomes, including locally advanced (≥ cT3) disease, compared to that in ORC. Our results need to be validated in prospective randomized clinical trials.

Deep learning using preoperative magnetic resonance imaging information to predict early recovery of urinary continence after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether a deep learning model from magnetic resonance imaging information is an accurate method to predict the risk of urinary incontinence after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy. METHODS: This study included 400 patients with prostate cancer who underwent robot-assisted radical prostatectomy. Patients using 0 or 1 pad/day within 3 months after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy were categorized into the "good" group, whereas the other patients were categorized into the "bad" group. Magnetic resonance imaging DICOM data, and preoperative and intraoperative covariates were assessed. To evaluate the deep learning models from the testing dataset, their sensitivity, specificity and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve were analyzed. Gradient-weighted class activation mapping was used to visualize the regions of deep learning interest. RESULTS: The combination of deep learning and naive Bayes algorithm using axial magnetic resonance imaging in addition to clinicopathological parameters had the highest performance, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 77.5% for predicting early recovery from post-prostatectomy urinary incontinence, whereas machine learning using clinicopathological parameters only achieved low performance, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 62.2%. The gradient-weighted class activation mapping methods showed that deep learning focused on pelvic skeletal muscles in patients in the good group, and on the perirectal and hip joint regions in patients in the bad group. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that deep learning using magnetic resonance imaging is useful for predicting the severity of urinary incontinence after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy. Deep learning algorithms might help in the choice of treatment strategy, especially for prostate cancer patients who wish to avoid prolonged urinary incontinence after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy.

Increased infiltration of CCR4-positive regulatory T cells in prostate cancer tissue is associated with a poor prognosis.

BACKGROUND: Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play important roles in the suppression of immune responses, including antitumor immune responses. C-C chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) is highly expressed on effector Tregs, and anti-CCR4 antibody is attracting attention as a novel immunotherapeutic agent for solid tumors. This study aimed to evaluate the expression of CCR4-positive Tregs (CCR4+Tregs) in prostate cancer and estimate the clinical potential of CCR4-targeting therapy for prostate cancer. METHODS: A total of 15 radical prostatectomy (RP) specimens and 60 biopsy specimens from individuals diagnosed with prostate cancer were analyzed to evaluate the infiltration of CCR4+Tregs in prostate cancer. The relationships between the number of CCR4+Tregs and clinical parameters were investigated in RP and biopsy specimens. Moreover, the total number of Tregs, CCR4+Tregs, and T cells and the ratio of CCR4+Tregs to Tregs and T cells in biopsy specimens were compared between patients with poor prognosis who progressed to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) within 12 months (n = 13) and those with good prognosis who were stable with hormone-sensitive prostate cancer over 12 months (n = 47). Furthermore, biopsy specimens were divided into two groups: low and high CCR4+Treg expression groups and the prognosis was compared between them. RESULTS: There was a higher expression of CCR4+Tregs in RP specimens with a higher (≥8) Gleason score than in those with a lower (<8) Gleason score (P = .041). In biopsy specimens, 65.9% Tregs were positive for CCR4. The number of CCR4+Tregs positively correlated with clinical stage (P < .001) and Gleason score (P = .006). The total number of Tregs and CCR4+Tregs significantly increased in the poor prognosis group compared with that in the good prognosis group (P = .024 and .01, respectively). Furthermore, patients with lower CCR4+Treg expression levels showed a significantly longer time to progression to CRPC (not reached vs 27.3 months; P < .001) and median survival time (not reached vs 69.0 months; P = .014) than those with higher expression levels. CONCLUSIONS: CCR4+Tregs are highly infiltrated in the prostate tissue of patients with poor prognosis with potential to progress to CRPC. Furthermore, the degree of infiltration of CCR4+Tregs is related to the prognosis of prostate cancer.

Impact of a novel biopsy instrument with a 25-mm side-notch needle on the detection of prostate cancer in transrectal biopsy.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the impact of a novel biopsy instrument that extends the length of the side-notch on the detection of prostate cancer in transrectal needle biopsy. METHODS: We collaborated with a biopsy needle manufacturer and developed a novel biopsy instrument (PRIMECUT II long-notch type) with a 25-mm side-notch length and 28-mm stroke length to take longer tissue cores. The sampled core length, cancer detection rate, pain and complications of 489 patients who underwent transrectal biopsy using the long-notch needle were compared with those of 469 patients who underwent biopsy using a normal instrument with a 19-mm side-notch length and 22-mm stroke length. RESULTS: The mean length of tissue taken by the long-notch needle was significantly longer than that of tissue taken by the normal-notch needle (16.3 vs 22.4 mm, P < 0.001). The overall cancer detection rate was 42.0% for the normal-notch needle and 51.1% for the long-notch needle (P = 0.005). In patients with a prostate volume of 20-40 mL, the cancer detection rate for the long-notch needle was especially higher than that for the normal-notch needle (74.2% vs 47.5%, P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that the long-notch needle improved cancer detection significantly (odds ratio 1.702, P < 0.001). There were no differences of pain during biopsy and complication between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: The novel biopsy instrument with a 25-mm side-notch can take longer tissue samples safely and has a significantly higher rate of prostate cancer detection in transrectal biopsy.

Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic target attainment of pazufloxacin in prostate tissue: Dosing considerations for prostatitis.

The present study examined the clinical pharmacokinetics of pazufloxacin in prostate tissue and estimated the probability of target attainment for tissue-specific pharmacodynamic goals related to treating prostatitis using various intravenous dosing regimens. Patients with prostatic hypertrophy received prophylactic infusions of pazufloxacin (500 mg, n = 23; 1000 mg, n = 25) for 0.5 h prior to transurethral prostate resection. Drug concentrations in plasma (0.5-5 h) and prostate tissue (0.5-1.5 h) were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography and used for subsequent noncompartmental and three-compartmental analysis. Monte Carlo simulation was performed to evaluate the probability of target attainment of a specific minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in prostate tissue: the proportion that achieved both area under the drug concentration over time curve (AUC)/MIC = 100 and maximum concentration (Cmax)/MIC = 8. Prostatic penetration of pazufloxacin was good with mean Cmax ratios (prostate tissue/plasma) of 0.82-0.99 and for AUC, 0.80-0.98. The probability of reaching target MIC concentrations in prostate tissue was more than 90% for dosing schedules of 0.25 mg/L for 500 mg every 24 h (500 mg daily), 0.5 mg/L for 500 mg every 12 h (1000 mg daily), 1 mg/L for 1000 mg every 24 h (1000 mg daily), and 2 mg/L for 1000 mg every 12 h (2000 mg daily). Importantly, the 2000 mg daily regimen of pazufloxacin produced a profile sufficient to have an antibacterial effect in prostate tissue against clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia with MIC values less than 2 mg/L.

Optimal method for measuring tumor extent in needle biopsy specimens to identify small-volume prostate cancer.

OBJECTIVES: To compare various methods for measuring tumor extent in prostate biopsy specimens to identify small-volume prostate cancer. METHODS: A total of 100 radical prostatectomy specimens were retrospectively analyzed. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to compare the abilities of prostate-specific antigen density, and four measures of tumor extent in prostate biopsy specimens - positive core number, greatest percentage of cancer in a single core, greatest length of cancer in cores and total length of cancer in cores - to identify small volume prostate cancer. Four definitions of insignificant cancer volume were used in this analysis: index and total tumor volume <0.5 mL, index tumor volume <1.3 mL and total tumor volume <2.5 mL. Multivariate analysis was also used to evaluate variables for predicting small-volume prostate cancer. RESULTS: Total length of cancer in cores had the highest areas under the curve of all the measures defining small-volume prostate cancer: index tumor volume <0.5 mL (0.855), total tumor volume <0.5 mL (0.877), index tumor volume <1.3 mL (0.784) and total tumor volume <2.5 mL (0.818). On multivariate analysis total length of cancer in cores was an independent predictive factor for prostate cancers with index tumor volume <0.5 mL (P < 0.001), <1.3 mL (P < 0.001) and total tumor volume <0.5 mL (P < 0.001), respectively. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that total length of cancer in cores is the optimal measure of tumor extent in prostate biopsy specimens for identifying small-volume prostate cancer.

Penetration of piperacillin-tazobactam into human prostate tissue and dosing considerations for prostatitis based on site-specific pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.

This study aimed to investigate the penetration of PIPC-TAZ into human prostate, and to assess effectiveness of PIPC-TAZ against prostatitis by evaluating site-specific PK-PD. Patients with prostatic hypertrophy (n = 47) prophylactically received a 0.5 h infusion of PIPC-TAZ (8:1.2-0.25 g or 4-0.5 g) before transurethral resection of the prostate. PIPC-TAZ concentrations in plasma (0.5-5 h) and prostate tissue (0.5-1.5 h) were analyzed with a three-compartment PK model. The estimated model parameters were, then used to estimate the drug exposure time above the minimum inhibitory concentration for bacteria (T > MIC, the PD indicator for antibacterial effects) in prostate tissue for six PIPC-TAZ regimens (2.25 or 4.5 g; once, twice, three times or four times daily; 0.5 h infusions). Prostate tissue/plasma ratio of PIPC was about 36% both for the maximum drug concentration (Cmax) and the area under the drug concentration-time curve (AUC). Against MIC distributions for isolates of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species and Proteus species, regimens of 4.5 g twice daily and 2.25 g three times daily achieved a >90% probability of attaining the bacteriostatic target for PIPC (30% T > MIC) in prostate tissue; regimens of 4.5 g three times daily and 2.25 g four times daily achieved a >90% probability of attaining the bactericidal target for PIPC (50% T > MIC) in prostate tissue. However, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates, none of the tested regimens achieved a >90% probability. PIPC-TAZ is appropriate for the treatment of prostatitis from the site-specific PK-PD perspective.

Comparative investigation on clinical outcomes of robot-assisted radical prostatectomy between experienced open prostatic surgeons and novice open surgeons in a laparoscopically naïve center with a limited caseload.

OBJECTIVES: To compare perioperative, oncological and functional outcomes of robot-assisted radical prostatectomy between experienced and novice open radical prostatectomy surgeons in a laparoscopically naïve center with a limited caseload. METHODS: Six surgeons carried out robot-assisted radical prostatectomy in 154 patients, which were divided into the following three groups: group 1 (n = 90), including patients operated on by a surgeon with experience in both open radical prostatectomy and robot-assisted radical prostatectomy; group 2 (n = 36), including patients operated on by two surgeons with experience in open radical prostatectomy only; and group 3 (n = 28), including patients operated on by three surgeons with limited experience in both open radical prostatectomy or robot-assisted radical prostatectomy. RESULTS: Groups 2 and 3 did not differ significantly in their median values of external blood loss (P = 0.165) or console time (P = 0.103). Positive surgical margin rates for pT2 patients were also similar in these two groups: 21.2% (7/33) in group 2 and 22.7% (5/22) in group 3 (P = 0.894). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that 12 months after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy the prostate-specific antigen-free rate for pT2 patients was 96.0% in group 2 and 100% in group 3, but the pad-free continence rate was just 91.0% in group 1, 88.0% in group 2 and 75.5% in group 3 (group 1 vs group 3, P = 0.037; group 2 vs group 3, P = 0.239). The major complication rate after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy was 3.3% (3/90) in group 1, 11.1% (4/36) in group 2 and 17.9% (5/28) in group 3 (group 1 vs group 3, P = 0.008; group 2 vs group 3; P = 0.441). CONCLUSIONS: Robot-assisted radical prostatectomy offers satisfactory postoperative outcomes even when carried out by surgeons with limited experience in open radical prostatectomy.

[A case of neuroendocrine carcinoma in a diverticulum of the bladder].

We report a case of neuroendocrine carcinoma in a diverticulum of the bladder. A 65-year-old Japanese woman visited our hospital with the chief complaint of gross hematuria. Cystoscopy revealed a non-papillary broad-based tumor in a diverticulum of the posterior wall. She underwent transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) and subsequently total cystectomy with ileal conduit on the diagnosis of an invasive urothelial carcinoma. There was no residual tumor in the surgical specimen. Immunohistochemistry of TUR specimens showed positive synaptophysin, chromogranin A, CD56 and high ratio of positive Ki-67. Finally, it was diagnosed as a neuroendocrine carcinoma of the bladder. To our knowledge, this is the second case report of the neuroendocrine tumor or small cell carcinoma in a diverticulum of the urinary bladder in the Japanese literature.

The Role of Lymph Node Dissection in Patients With Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer Who Underwent Radical Cystectomy Following Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND: The interaction between lymph node dissection (LND) during radical cystectomy (RC) and neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the role of LND in patients undergoing RC after NAC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 259 patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) who underwent RC following NAC at Fujita Health University Hospital and Fujita Health University Okazaki Medical Center between 2010 and 2022. Baseline characteristics, pathological outcomes, recurrence-free survival (RFS), cancer-specific survival (CSS), and overall survival (OS) were compared between propensity score (PS)-matched cohorts. RESULTS: PS matching analysis resulted in 94 matched pairs from the adequate (standard or extended template) and inadequate (limited template or unilateral- or no-LND) LND groups. The median number of dissected nodes was significantly higher in the adequate LND group than in the inadequate LND group (19 vs. 5, P < .001). Similarly, a higher pathological node-positive rate (ypN+) was observed in the adequate group than in the inadequate group (18.1% vs. 7.4%, P = .03). The adequate LND group identified more ypN+ with ≤ ypT1 cases than the inadequate group (4 vs. 1). There were no statistically significant differences between the adequate and inadequate groups in RFS (P = .94), CSS (P = .54), and OS (P = .65). Subgroup analysis also showed comparable survival rates, even in patients with ≥ pT3 or cN+ disease. ypN+ was an independent predictor of OS in the Cox regression analysis, while adequate LND and the number of lymph nodes removed (≥10 or ≥15) were not associated with survival. CONCLUSIONS: Although adequate LND did not show a significant therapeutic effect in RC after NAC, adequate LND may have an important diagnostic role in detecting ypN+, which is a robust predictor, and is a useful biomarker to perform appropriate adjuvant immunotherapy especially in ≤ ypT1 cases.

Robot-assisted radical prostatectomy with the Hugo™ robot-assisted surgery system: A single-center initial experience in Japan.

BACKGROUND: Recently, various novel robotic systems have been put into clinical use. The aim of the present study was to assess the perioperative outcomes of robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) using the Hugo™ RAS system, one of brand-new robot-assisted surgical platforms. METHODS: We performed RARP with the Hugo™ RAS system in 13 cases of localized prostate cancer (PCa) between August 2023 and February 2024 at our hospital. The perioperative outcomes of these 13 patients were assessed. RESULTS: The median operative and console times were 197 (interquartile range [IQR], 187-228) and 134 min (IQR, 125-157), respectively. The median docking time was 7 min (IQR, 6-10), and the median estimated blood loss was 150 mL (IQR, 80-250). The vesical catheter was removed on postoperative day 6 in all cases. A positive surgical margin was observed in one patient (7.7%), and none experienced major perioperative complications, defined as Clavien-Dindo classification ≥3. The median postoperative length of stay was 8 days (IQR, 8-8.5). CONCLUSIONS: This was the first study to focus on RARP using the Hugo™ RAS system in Japan. Although further investigations should be conducted to assess the long-term oncological and functional outcomes, the Hugo™ RAS system could provide safe and favorable perioperative outcomes for patients with localized PCa undergoing RARP.

A case of Legionella pneumonia after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy.

Introduction: Postoperative Legionella pneumonia is very rare. Case presentation: A 71-year-old male patient with prostate cancer (cT2bN0M0) underwent a robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy. On the 5th postoperative day, the patient developed chills and a fever of 39.2°C. Chest radiography revealed decreased permeability in the right middle lung field, leading to the diagnosis of postoperative pneumonia. Antimicrobial therapy was initiated immediately. Blood tests on postoperative day 10 revealed mild liver function abnormalities, electrolyte abnormalities, and a markedly elevated inflammatory response. Legionella pneumonia was suspected based on blood sample results and systemic symptoms, such as diarrhea and nausea. Furthermore, Legionella antigens were detected in the patient's urine, prompting further administration of levofloxacin. The patient's subsequent clinical course was favorable. Conclusion: When bacterial pneumonia fails to respond to antimicrobial therapy and systemic symptoms develop, atypical pneumonia, caused by pathogens such as Legionella pneumophila, should be considered even in cases of postoperative pneumonia.

Robot-assisted retroperitoneal lymph node dissection: Initial experience in Japan.

For patients with testicular tumors who need the surgical management, open retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (O-RPLND) is considered the gold standard treatment. However, recently, robot-assisted RPLND (R-RPLND) has gained popularity as a minimally invasive therapy alternative to O-RPLND and laparoscopic RPLND. Here, we report the case of a 32-year-old man presenting with a left testicular teratoma with several enlarged left para-aortic lymph nodes. After the orchiectomy, the patient underwent R-RPLND with an operation time of 279 min, console time of 189 min, bleeding volume of 59 mL, and no significant complications, resulting in a successful outcome. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of R-RPLND in Japan. Based on our experience, R-RPLND may provide safe and effective outcomes; however, further research is required before the widespread implementation of this technique.