Application of Nanocarbon in Breast Approach Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Thyroid Cancer Surgery.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the application of nanocarbon in surgical endoscopy in patients with thyroid cancer for the clinical tracing of level VI sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) and for parathyroid gland protection. Materials and Methods: Ninety-three patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) who underwent an endoscopic thyroid cancer operation were included. We randomly divided these patients into a control group (n = 42) and a nanocarbon group (n = 51). For the nanocarbon group, after thyroid exposure, nanocarbon was injected into the thyroid gland, and the SLNs were resected and subjected to frozen sectioning and routine pathological examination. In addition, the postoperative calcium and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels of both groups were analyzed to compare the features of the nanocarbon application. Results: The number of central lymph (level VI) nodes dissected and the number of metastatic lymph nodes identified were analyzed in both groups. The number of dissected lymph nodes from both unilateral and bilateral thyroid surgeries was significantly larger in the nanocarbon group than in the control group. At the same time, the number of identified metastasis lymph nodes dissected were higher in the nanocarbon group than in the control group. We assessed the postoperative calcium and PTH level to evaluate the parathyroid function. Our results show that the nanocarbon group had a better protective effect on parathyroid function than the control group. Conclusions: As a lymph node trace agent, nanocarbon could better evaluate and permit a more clear lymph dissection for patients with PTC. Nanocarbon contributes to a decrease in the incidence rate of parathyroid damage, which has great clinical value.

[Trend in acid deposition at Tieshanping, Chonging during 2001-2010].

Although the total emission of sulphure dioxide (SO2) was reduced by more than 10% in the Eleventh Five-Year-Plan (2006-2010) in China, the total emission of nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the same period kept increasing. In order to evaluate the effects of the emission changes on acid depostion, a ten-year monitoring on forest throughfall was carried out from 2001 to 2010 at Tieshanping, Chongqing in Southwestern China. The results indicated there was a significantly decreasing trend of sulphur deposition and an increasing trend of nitrogen deposition, which coincided well with the dicreasing trend of SO2 emission and increasing tread of NOx emission in Chongqing, respectively. As the net effect, acid deposition was reduced by the emission contol. However, the total deposition of sulphur and nitrogen in 2010 was estimated to be 9.9 keq x (hm2 x a)(-1) and 4.5 keq x (hm2 x a)(-1), respectively according to the throughfall data, with the former probably overestimated by 28% and the latter underestimated by 50%. Since both the sulphur deposition and nitrogen deposition are higher than the highest levels in the history in Europe and North America, acid deposition is still a serious issue in Chongqing.

[Effects of acidification and liming on organic matter leaching in forest soil].

The potential effects of acidification and liming on the dynamics of carbon pool in forest soil were studied through field experiments at Tieshanping, Chongqing in Southwest China. The changes of dissolved organic matter (DOM) concentration in soil water in different layers within three years after application of limestone or magnesite indicated that soil remediation had leaded to significant decrease of DOM in soil water from mineral layers [e.g., DOC concentration in the upper layer decreased from (20.32 +/- 3.19) mg x L(-1) in the reference plots to (15.69 +/- 2.39) mg x L(-1) in limestone plots and (11.44 +/- 1.87) mg x L(-1) in magnesite ones] as probably the results of increasing pH value and decreasing ion strength, although the DOM leaching from the litter layer was found increasing, especially in the first half year. Consequently, liming may not in longterm accelerate the transport of soil organic mater downward from the litter layer to the mineral layer, but prevent the acidified soil from DOM-leaching and thus carbon-pool losing.

[Contribution of simulated nitrogen deposition to forest soil acidification in area with high sulfur deposition].

The impacts of nitrogen deposition on a typical acidified soil under a masson pine (Pinus massoniana) forest at Tieshanping, Chongqing in Southwest China was studied through field experiments. The changes of soil water chemistry in different layers within one year after the spray of NH4NO3 and NaNO3 solution respectively [with the same nitrogen dose of 40 kg x (hm2 x a)(-1)] indicated that although the pH value decreased a little (treated by NH4NO3) or even increased somewhat (treated by NaNO3), the concentration of base cations, i.e. Ca2+ and Mg2+, and Al3+ increased remarkably, with the Al3+ to base cation (sum of Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+) molar ratio increased from 0.5 of the reference to around or even higher than 1.0, which means Al3+ might do harm to the vegetation. The enhanced leaching of base cations and activation of toxic Al3+ both indicated the deterioration of soil acidification. In addition, the nitrogen saturation occurred with the increasing NO3- leaching. Since it was detected that NH4+ had more effect on soil acidification and eutrophication than NO3- with the same equivalence, ammonia (NH3) emission abatement should be possibly preferred to nitrogen oxides (NO(x)) for nitrogen deposition control in China.

[Effect of limestone and magnesite application on remediation of acidified forest soil in Chongqing, China].

Effect of limestone and magnesite application on remediation of a typical acidified soil under a masson pine (Pinus massoniana) forest at Tieshanping, Chongqing in southwest China was studied through field experiments. The changes of soil water chemistry in different layers within one year after application of limestone or magnesite indicated that the remediation agents leaded to the recovery of acidified soil by significant increase of pH value and concentration of relative cation, i.e., Ca2+ or Mg2+, and notable decrease of inorganic monomeric aluminum (Ali). However, the accelerated leaching of NO3- and SO4(2-) might somewhat counteract the positive effects. Since the limestone powder applied was much finer and thus more soluble than the magnesite powder, it seemed that the addition of limestone was more effective than that of magnesite. However, the application of magnesite could probably improve the nutrient uptake and growth of plant, and thus limestone and magnesite should be used together. The change of soil water chemistry was much more notable in upper layer of soil than lower, which means that it will take long time to achieve the whole profile soil remediation.