Potential risk of eutrophication in the deepest lake of Southwest China: Insights from phosphorus enrichment in bottom water.

Large deep lakes in plateau regions provide crucial ecosystem services but are susceptible to eutrophication due to their long water residence time. To date, the water quality of deep lakes has not received as much attention as that of shallow lakes owing to logistical challenges. This study investigated the seasonal variation and vertical distribution of phosphorus and related environmental variables in a large deep lake in the Yunnan Plateau, China (Fuxian Lake). Generally, the concentrations of total phosphorus (TP, R2 = 0.862), total dissolved phosphorus (TDP, R2 = 0.922), and dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP, R2 = 0.889) exhibited a linear increase with the greater water depth, whereas the pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) showed decreasing trends. The TP, TDP, and DIP values were 0.012, 0.006, and 0.004 mg/L, respectively, in surface waters (0.5 m depth), and increased to 0.074, 0.065, and 0.062 mg/L, respectively, at 140.0 m depth. The averaged over ordering method demonstrated that DO and air temperature accounted for a higher proportion of the explained variance of TP, TDP, and DIP in the shallow water layer (0.5-20.0 m). In contrast, DO and pH accounted for a higher proportion of the explained variance of TP, TDP, and DIP in deeper water layers (40.0-150.0 m). As a warm monomictic lake, the higher observed phosphorus concentrations in deeper water and sediment potentially pose a risk of future eutrophication in the Fuxian Lake. Our findings demonstrate that more efficient technical and management measures should be taken to reduce the external phosphorus load to Fuxian Lake, so that the load to and from the sediment will decrease eventually.

BONE FRAGILITY, FRACTURE RISK AND TRAUMA:A COMPLICATED TRIANGLE IN CHILDREN.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze whether association between bone fragility and risk of fracture depends on the trauma level. METHOD: All participants along with their mothers underwent DXA scan and body measurements. The subjects answered a self-report questionnaire about their physical activities and the precipitating causes. The questionnaire results were associated with DXA performed at the baseline visit. RESULTS: A total 374 children with available DXA scan and complete follow-up of 5 years were included in the final analysis. Of the 374 children, 53 (14.2%) had one fracture, and 11 (20.7%) had more than one fracture. Based on the modified Landin classification, the trauma level was determined. Of the 53 (14.2%) children who had one fracture, 39 (73.6%) were classified, namely 19 (48.7%) with mild trauma, 16 (41%) with moderate trauma and four (10.2%) with severe trauma. Trauma level could not be assigned to 14 (26.4%) children due to limited information. Children without fractures had significantly higher values in all bone parameters compared to those with fractures caused by mild trauma. CONCLUSION: Subjects with mild trauma fractures had an inversely proportional ratio between bone fragility parameters and fracture risk compared with subjects without fractures. Level of Evidence IV, Case Series.

OBJETIVO: Analisar se a associação entre fragilidade óssea e risco de fratura depende do nível de trauma. MÉTODO: Todos os participantes, juntamente com suas mães, foram submetidos à DEXA e medições corporais. Os participantes responderam um questionário de autorrelato sobre atividades físicas e descrição de como o trauma ocorreu. Os resultados do questionário foram associados à DEXA realizada na primeira visita do estudo. RESULTADOS: Um total de 374 crianças com DEXA disponível e acompanhamento completo de 5 anos foi incluído na análise final. Das 374 crianças, 53 (14,2%) tiveram uma fratura e 11 (20,7%) tiveram mais de uma fratura. Com base na classificação de Landin modificada, foi determinado o nível de trauma. Das 53 (14,2%) crianças que tiveram uma fratura, 39 (73,6%) foram classificadas, sendo 19 (48,7%) com trauma leve, 16 (41%) com trauma moderado e quatro (10,2%) com trauma grave. O nível de trauma não pôde ser atribuído a 14 (26,4%) crianças, devido a informações limitadas. As crianças sem fraturas apresentaram valores significantemente mais altos em todos os parâmetros ósseos, em comparação com os que tinham fraturas causadas por trauma leve. CONCLUSÃO: Os indivíduos com fraturas por trauma leve apresentaram relação inversamente proporcional entre os parâmetros fragilidade óssea e o risco de fratura em comparação com indivíduos sem fratura. Nível de Evidência IV, Série de Casos .

BONE FRAGILITY, FRACTURE RISK AND TRAUMA:A COMPLICATED TRIANGLE IN CHILDREN / FRAGILIDADE ÓSSEA, RISCO DE FRATURA E TRAUMA:UM TRIÂNGULO COMPLICADO EM CRIANÇAS

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze whether association between bone fragility and risk of fracture depends on the trauma level. Method: All participants along with their mothers underwent DXA scan and body measurements. The subjects answered a self-report questionnaire about their physical activities and the precipitating causes. The questionnaire results were associated with DXA performed at the baseline visit. Results: A total 374 children with available DXA scan and complete follow-up of 5 years were included in the final analysis. Of the 374 children, 53 (14.2%) had one fracture, and 11 (20.7%) had more than one fracture. Based on the modified Landin classification, the trauma level was determined. Of the 53 (14.2%) children who had one fracture, 39 (73.6%) were classified, namely 19 (48.7%) with mild trauma, 16 (41%) with moderate trauma and four (10.2%) with severe trauma. Trauma level could not be assigned to 14 (26.4%) children due to limited information. Children without fractures had significantly higher values in all bone parameters compared to those with fractures caused by mild trauma. Conclusion: Subjects with mild trauma fractures had an inversely proportional ratio between bone fragility parameters and fracture risk compared with subjects without fractures. Level of Evidence IV, Case Series.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar se a associação entre fragilidade óssea e risco de fratura depende do nível de trauma. Método: Todos os participantes, juntamente com suas mães, foram submetidos à DEXA e medições corporais. Os participantes responderam um questionário de autorrelato sobre atividades físicas e descrição de como o trauma ocorreu. Os resultados do questionário foram associados à DEXA realizada na primeira visita do estudo. Resultados: Um total de 374 crianças com DEXA disponível e acompanhamento completo de 5 anos foi incluído na análise final. Das 374 crianças, 53 (14,2%) tiveram uma fratura e 11 (20,7%) tiveram mais de uma fratura. Com base na classificação de Landin modificada, foi determinado o nível de trauma. Das 53 (14,2%) crianças que tiveram uma fratura, 39 (73,6%) foram classificadas, sendo 19 (48,7%) com trauma leve, 16 (41%) com trauma moderado e quatro (10,2%) com trauma grave. O nível de trauma não pôde ser atribuído a 14 (26,4%) crianças, devido a informações limitadas. As crianças sem fraturas apresentaram valores significantemente mais altos em todos os parâmetros ósseos, em comparação com os que tinham fraturas causadas por trauma leve. Conclusão: Os indivíduos com fraturas por trauma leve apresentaram relação inversamente proporcional entre os parâmetros fragilidade óssea e o risco de fratura em comparação com indivíduos sem fratura. Nível de Evidência IV, Série de Casos .