Ovicidal activity of spirotetramat and its effect on hatching, development and formation of Frankliniella occidentalis egg.

Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) has become an important vegetable pest worldwide because of its economic damage to crop production. However, it is difficult to control due to its unique living habits. In this study, the eggs of F. occidentalis were used as the target to explore the ovicidal activity of spirotetramat on the thrips and its effect on hatching, development and formation. After the treatment of spirotetramat, the LC50 value descreased with increased egg age using egg dipping method, and showed the same trend as the leaf dipping method verified on living plants. Through ultra-depth-of-field microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, the egg shell and internal structures of F. occidentalis eggs were studied. Spirotetramat can destroy the egg shells of F. occidentalis, resulting in shrinkage of the egg surface, sunken pores, egg deformities, egg shell rupture and other phenomena. This allows spirotetramat to enter the egg and destroy the egg structure, making the egg internal structure flocculent, fuzzy and unevenly distributed, which affects embryonic development and causes the nymphs to die before hatching. Therefore, the prevention and control of F. occidentalis using spirotetramat before damage is caused to crops should have a better effect.

Dopamine uptake inhibitors but not dopamine releasers induce greater increases in motor behavior and extracellular dopamine in adolescent rats than in adult male rats.

Most life-long drug addiction begins during adolescence. Important structural and functional changes in brain occur during adolescence and developmental differences in forebrain dopamine systems could mediate a biologic vulnerability to drug addiction during adolescence. Studies investigating age differences in psychostimulant responses have yielded mixed results, possibly because of different mechanisms for increasing extracellular dopamine. Recent research from our laboratory suggests that adolescent dopamine systems may be most affected by selective dopamine uptake inhibitors. We investigated age-related behavioral responses to acute administration of several dopamine uptake inhibitors [methylphenidate, 1-{2-[bis-(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl}-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine (GBR12909), and nomifensine] and releasing agents [amphetamine and methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)] in adolescent and adult male rats. Methylphenidate and amphetamine effects on stimulated dopamine efflux were determined using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry in vivo. Dopamine uptake inhibitors but not dopamine releasing agents induced more locomotion and/or stereotypy in adolescent relative to adult rats. MDMA effects were greater in adults at early time points after dosing. Methylphenidate but not amphetamine induced much greater dopamine efflux in periadolescent relative to adult rats. Periadolescent male rats are particularly sensitive to psychostimulants that are DAT inhibitors but are not internalized and do not release dopamine. Immaturity of DAT and/or DAT associated signaling systems in adolescence specifically enhances behavioral and dopaminergic responses in adolescence.

The emergence of gonadal hormone influences on dopaminergic function during puberty.

Adolescence is the developmental epoch during which children become adults-intellectually, physically, hormonally and socially. Brain development in critical areas is ongoing. Adolescents are risk-taking and novelty-seeking and they weigh positive experiences more heavily and negative experiences less than adults. This inherent behavioral bias can lead to risky behaviors like drug taking. Most drug addictions start during adolescence and early drug-taking is associated with an increased rate of drug abuse and dependence. The hormonal changes of puberty contribute to physical, emotional, intellectual and social changes during adolescence. These hormonal events do not just cause maturation of reproductive function and the emergence of secondary sex characteristics. They contribute to the appearance of sex differences in non-reproductive behaviors as well. Sex differences in drug use behaviors are among the latter. The male predominance in overall drug use appears by the end of adolescence, while girls develop the rapid progression from first use to dependence (telescoping) that represent a female-biased vulnerability. Sex differences in many behaviors including drug use have been attributed to social and cultural factors. A narrowing gap in drug use between adolescent boys and girls supports this thesis. However, some sex differences in addiction vulnerability reflect biologic differences in brain circuits involved in addiction. The purpose of this review is to summarize the contribution of sex differences in the function of ascending dopamine systems that are critical to reinforcement, to briefly summarize the behavioral, neurochemical and anatomical changes in brain dopaminergic functions related to addiction that occur during adolescence and to present new findings about the emergence of sex differences in dopaminergic function during adolescence.

Combination of betulinic acid with diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate nitric oxide moiety donating a novel anticancer candidate.

BACKGROUND: Betulinic acid (BA) is a complex lupane triterpenoid with unique antineoplastic activity. However, its antiproliferative activity is far from satisfaction. In order to improve its anticancer efficacy, betulinic acid was conjugated with a nitric oxide (NO)-releasing moiety to get a novel hybrid, BA-78. METHODS: The antiproliferative activity of BA-78 against 6 cell lines and the ability of releasing nitric oxide were determined. The pro-apoptosis mechanism of BA-78 was investigated as well. RESULTS: BA-78 exhibited time-dependent release of NO, and it displayed higher antiproliferative potential than BA through increasing apoptosis and inducing cell cycle arrest at G1 phase. Western blotting results showed that BA-78 increased the expression of Bax, Bid, Bad and cytochrome C and reduced the level of anti-apoptosis proteins including Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl. CONCLUSION: Our study revealed that novel compound BA-78, possessing betulinic acid and nitric oxide (NO)-releasing moiety, could be developed as an antitumor agent.

[Glycolytic and fatty acid metabolic enzyme changes early after acute myocardial ischemia].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the changes of mRNA and protein expressions of glycolytic and fatty acid metabolic enzymes early after acute myocardial ischemia. METHODS: Twelve dogs were randomly divided into 3 groups (sham, 20 min ischemia and 40 min ischemia, n = 4 each). Myocardial samples from ischemic and nonischemic zone were obtained for histology examination, and the mRNA expressions for Phosphofructokinase (PFK), Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), GLUT1, GLUT4, Medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) and Heart-fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP) were determined by Real Time PCR-SYBR Green RT-PCR. GLUT1 protein expression was determined by immunohistochemistry. The apoptotic cardiomyocytes was evaluated by TUNEL. RESULTS: Compared to sham hearts, H-FABP mRNA was decreased in nonischemic and ischemic zone (P < 0.05) while GLUT1 mRNA expression was significantly increased in nonischemic and ischemic zone (P < 0.05) in dogs underwent 20 and 40 min ischemia. PFK mRNA tended to be higher in ischemic myocardium (P = 0.065) and GAPDH, MCAD as well as GLUT4 remained unchanged post ischemia (all P > 0.05). Positive GLUT1 protein staining was visualized in ischemic myocardium of hearts underwent 20 and 40 min ischemia. The myocardial apoptosis cells was 6.4% +/- 0.9% in sham hearts, 28.0% +/- 3.7% in hearts underwent 20 min ischemia (P < 0.05 vs. sham) and 38.4% +/- 1.9% in hearts underwent 40 min ischemia (P < 0.05 vs. sham). CONCLUSIONS: Significant down and up-regulated glycolytic and fatty acid metabolic enzymes early after myocardial ischemia suggested that these enzymes might play an important role in acute myocardial ischemia.

Application of new tissue microarrayer-ZM-1 without recipient paraffin block.

The ZM-1 tissue microarrayer designed by our groups is manufactured in stainless steel and brass and contains many features that make TMA (tissue microarray) paraffin blocks construction faster and more convenient. By means of ZM-1 tissue microarrayer, biopsy needles are used to punch the donor tissue specimens respectively. All the needles with the punched specimen cylinders are arrayed into the array-board, with an array of small holes dug to fit the needles. All the specimen cylinders arraying and the TMA paraffin block shaping are finished in only one step so that the specimen cylinders and the paraffin of the TMA block can very easily be incorporated and the recipient paraffin blocks need not be made in advance, and the paraffin used is the same as that for conventional pathology purpose. ZM-1 tissue microarrayer is easy to be manufactured, does not need any precision location system, and so is much cheaper than the currently used instrument. Our method's relatively cheap and simple ZM-1 tissue microarrayer technique of constructing TMA paraffin block may facilitate popularization of the TMA technology.

[Development of ZM-1 tissue microarrayer].

ZM-1 tissue microarrayer designed by our group is manufactured in stainless steel and brass. It features an easier and faster preparation for tissue microarrays. By means of it, a group of biopsy needles are used to punch the donor tissue specimens respectively, and all the needles with the punched specimen cylinders are arranged into the array-board, where small holes have been digged to fit the needles. All the specimen cylinders arraying and the tissue microarray block's shaping are finished simultaneously. ZM-1 tissue microarrayer with a lower cost of manufacture, is capable of preparing the tissue microarrays conveniently, efficiently and quality-controllably.