Traffic Feature Selection and Distributed Denial of Service Attack Detection in Software-Defined Networks Based on Machine Learning.

As 5G technology becomes more widespread, the significant improvement in network speed and connection density has introduced more challenges to network security. In particular, distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks have become more frequent and complex in software-defined network (SDN) environments. The complexity and diversity of 5G networks result in a great deal of unnecessary features, which may introduce noise into the detection process of an intrusion detection system (IDS) and reduce the generalization ability of the model. This paper aims to improve the performance of the IDS in 5G networks, especially in terms of detection speed and accuracy. It proposes an innovative feature selection (FS) method to filter out the most representative and distinguishing features from network traffic data to improve the robustness and detection efficiency of the IDS. To confirm the suggested method's efficacy, this paper uses four common machine learning (ML) models to evaluate the InSDN, CICIDS2017, and CICIDS2018 datasets and conducts real-time DDoS attack detection on the simulation platform. According to experimental results, the suggested FS technique may match 5G network requirements for high speed and high reliability of the IDS while also drastically cutting down on detection time and preserving or improving DDoS detection accuracy.

Novel Multi-Classification Dynamic Detection Model for Android Malware Based on Improved Zebra Optimization Algorithm and LightGBM.

With the increasing popularity of Android smartphones, malware targeting the Android platform is showing explosive growth. Currently, mainstream detection methods use static analysis methods to extract features of the software and apply machine learning algorithms for detection. However, static analysis methods can be less effective when faced with Android malware that employs sophisticated obfuscation techniques such as altering code structure. In order to effectively detect Android malware and improve the detection accuracy, this paper proposes a dynamic detection model for Android malware based on the combination of an Improved Zebra Optimization Algorithm (IZOA) and Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM) model, called IZOA-LightGBM. By introducing elite opposition-based learning and firefly perturbation strategies, IZOA enhances the convergence speed and search capability of the traditional zebra optimization algorithm. Then, the IZOA is employed to optimize the LightGBM model hyperparameters for the dynamic detection of Android malware multi-classification. The results from experiments indicate that the overall accuracy of the proposed IZOA-LightGBM model on the CICMalDroid-2020, CCCS-CIC-AndMal-2020, and CIC-AAGM-2017 datasets is 99.75%, 98.86%, and 97.95%, respectively, which are higher than the other comparative models.

Low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields alleviate the condylar cartilage degeneration and synovitis at the early stage of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis.

BACKGROUND: Temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJOA) is characterized by articular cartilage degeneration and progressive synovitis. How to effectively inhibit TMJOA in the early stage has been a hot topic in the biomedical field. As a non-invasive physiotherapy, pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) treatment has shown great potential in the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) in extremity joints. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the biological effect of PEMF intervention on TMJ cartilage degeneration and synovium inflammation at the early stage of TMJOA. METHODS: PEMF (2.0 mT, 15 Hz, 2 h/day) treatment was given to rats in which TMJOA was induced by applying the unilateral anterior crossbite (UAC). Histological and immunohistochemical staining, TUNEL assay, real-time PCR and western blotting assay were performed to detect the changes of the morphology and the expression of pro-inflammatory and degradative factors in condylar cartilage and synovium. RESULTS: Obvious condylar cartilage degeneration, characterized by decreased cartilage thickness, degraded cartilage extracellular matrix, increased expression of pro-inflammatory and degradative factors (TNF-α, IL-1ß, MMP-13, ADAMTS-5, IL-6, MMP-3, MMP-9 and COL-X) and increased chondrocytes death, was observed in UAC group, accompanied by synovium hyperplasia and up-regulation of pro-inflammatory and degradative factors in synovium. PEMF intervention reversed the decreased cartilage thickness at 3 weeks and degraded cartilage extracellular matrix at 6 weeks. Moreover, the up-regulation of pro-inflammatory, degradative and hypertrophyic factors and chondrocytes death in condylar cartilage induced by UAC were inhibited to some extent. In addition, the synovium hyperplasia and the up-regulation of pro-inflammatory and degradative factors in synovium were inhibited at 3 weeks and 6 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: Appropriate PEMF stimulation can reverse the loss of cartilage extracellular matrix, the chondrocytes death, the increased expression of pro-inflammatory and degradative factors in cartilage, the decreased cartilage thickness and synovium inflammation induced by UAC at the early stage of TMJOA to some extent. PEMF stimulation may be a promising method in clinical TMJOA treatment.

Low frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields exposure alleviate the abnormal subchondral bone remodeling at the early stage of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis.

BACKGROUND: Temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJOA) is characterized by abnormal subchondral bone remodeling and cartilage degeneration. As a non-invasive biophysical technology, pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) treatment has been proven to be efficient in promoting osteogenesis. However, the potential bone protective effect and mechanism of PEMF on abnormal subchondral bone remodeling in TMJOA are unknown. METHODS: Unilateral anterior crossbite (UAC) was used to create TMJOA model in rats, and 17ß-estradiol (E2) were injected daily to mimic patients with high-physiological levels of estrogen. Mouse osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells treated with recombinant murine IL-1ß was used to establish inflammatory environment in vitro. The treatment group were subjected to PEMF (2.0mT, 15 Hz, 2 h/d). Micro-CT scanning, histological staining, real-time PCR and western blotting assays were preformed to observe the changes in the subchondral bone. RESULTS: Abnormal resorption of subchondral bone induced by UAC, characterized by decreased bone mineral density, increased osteoclast activity and expression of osteoclast-related factors (RANKL) and down-regulated expression of osteogenesis-related factors (OPG, ALP, Runx2 and OCN) at the early stage, could be reversed by PEMF exposure, which was similar to the effect of estrogen. In addition, PEMF exposure and E2 supplement may have a synergistic effect to some extent. Moreover, PEMF exposure could promote the ALP activity and osteogenic mineralization ability of MC3T3-E1 cells. PEMF promoted the expression of factors related to Wnt/ß-Catenin signal pathway both in vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSIONS: Appropriate PEMF exposure have a protective effect on subchondral bone in TMJOA at early stage, in which canonical Wnt/ß-Catenin pathway may be involved. PEMF may be a promising biophysical approach for early intervention of TMJOA in clinic.

Clinical efficacy, bone density, and follow-up in implant and orthodontic treatment for inclined adjacent teeth.

BACKGROUND: Tooth defects can cause elongation of occlusal teeth, leading to insufficient repair space. The combination of dental implant restoration and orthodontic treatment of oblique adjacent teeth has a significant therapeutic effect. AIM: To explore clinical efficacy, bone density, and follow-up of implant and orthodontic treatment for patients with inclined adjacent teeth. METHODS: In total, 98 patients with oblique adjacent teeth were randomly assigned to implant restoration combined with orthodontic treatment (group A, n = 49) or to receive implant restoration alone (group B, n = 49). Changes in alveolar ridge bone density and apical bone density were observed before and after treatment in the two groups. Changes in chewing function and language function were compared between the two groups of patients. Follow-up lasted for 12 mo after repair to observe any adverse reactions in the oral cavity. RESULTS: The clinical effective rates of group A and group B were 97.96% and 85.71%, respectively, with group A having a higher clinical effective rate than group B. After treatment, the bone density of the alveolar ridge and apical bone in both groups decreased compared to before treatment, while the chewing and language functions improved. The changes in various indicators in group A were more significant. After treatment, the satisfaction rate of group A (97.96%) was higher than that of group B (79.59%). The incidence of adverse reactions in group A (2.04%) was lower than that in group B (24.49%). CONCLUSION: The amalgamation of implant restoration and orthodontic treatment for adjacent tilted teeth demonstrates notable clinical efficacy, diminishes alveolar bone resorption, and fosters patient functional rehabilitation while exhibiting negligible adverse reactions.

A correlational study of scoliosis and trunk balance in adult patients with mandibular deviation.

Previous studies have confirmed that patients with mandibular deviation often have abnormal morphology of their cervical vertebrae. However, the relationship between mandibular deviation, scoliosis, and trunk balance has not been studied. Currently, mandibular deviation is usually treated as a single pathology, which leads to poor clinical efficiency. We investigated the relationship of spine coronal morphology and trunk balance in adult patients with mandibular deviation, and compared the finding to those in healthy volunteers. 35 adult patients with skeletal mandibular deviation and 10 healthy volunteers underwent anterior X-ray films of the head and posteroanterior X-ray films of the spine. Landmarks and lines were drawn and measured on these films. The axis distance method was used to measure the degree of scoliosis and the balance angle method was used to measure trunk balance. The relationship of mandibular deviation, spine coronal morphology and trunk balance was evaluated with the Pearson correlation method. The spine coronal morphology of patients with mandibular deviation demonstrated an "S" type curve, while a straight line parallel with the gravity line was found in the control group (significant difference, p<0.01). The trunk balance of patients with mandibular deviation was disturbed (imbalance angle >1°), while the control group had a normal trunk balance (imbalance angle <1°). There was a significant difference between the two groups (p<0.01). The degree of scoliosis and shoulder imbalance correlated with the degree of mandibular deviation, and presented a linear trend. The direction of mandibular deviation was the same as that of the lateral bending of thoracolumbar vertebrae, which was opposite to the direction of lateral bending of cervical vertebrae. Our study shows the degree of mandibular deviation has a high correlation with the degree of scoliosis and trunk imbalance, all the three deformities should be clinically evaluated in the management of mandibular deviation.