The Change in Fibrinogen is Associated with Outcome in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke Treated with Endovascular Thrombectomy.

BACKGROUND: Fibrinogen has been identified as a modulator of the coagulation and inflammatory process. There is uncertainty about the relationship between the dynamic profile of fibrinogen levels and its impact on clinical outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke treated with endovascular thrombectomy. METHODS: We consecutively enrolled patients with acute ischemic stroke who underwent endovascular thrombectomy. Fibrinogen was measured on admission and during hospitalization. The change in fibrinogen (Δfibrinogen) was calculated as the highest follow-up fibrinogen minus admission fibrinogen, with a positive Δfibrinogen indicating an increase in fibrinogen level. Functional outcome was assessed by the modified Rankin Scale at 3 months. Poor outcome was defined as modified Rankin Scale > 2. RESULTS: A total of 346 patients were included (mean age 67.4 ± 13.6 years, 52.31% men). The median fibrinogen on admission was 2.77 g/L (interquartile range 2.30-3.39 g/L). The median Δfibrinogen was 1.38 g/L (interquartile range 0.27-2.79 g/L). Hyperfibrinogenemia (> 4.5 g/L) on admission was associated with an increased risk of poor outcome [odds ratio (OR) 5.93, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.44-24.41, p = 0.014]. There was a possible U-shaped association of Δfibrinogen with outcomes, with an inflection point of - 0.43 g/L (p = 0.04). When Δfibrinogen was < - 0.43 g/L, a higher decrease in fibrinogen (lower Δfibrinogen value) was associated with a higher risk of poor outcome (OR 0.22, 95% CI 0.02-2.48, p = 0.219). When Δfibrinogen was > - 0.43 g/L, the risk of poor outcome increased with increasing fibrinogen (OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.04-1.54, p = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with endovascular thrombectomy, hyperfibrinogenemia on admission was associated with poor functional outcomes at 3 months, whereas Δfibrinogen was associated with poor 3-month outcomes in a possible U-shaped manner.

Early Prediction of Malignant Edema After Successful Recanalization in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke.

BACKGROUND: Postinterventional cerebral hyperdensities are common on non-contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) after endovascular thrombectomy in patients with acute ischemic stroke, which may reflect blood-brain barrier damage. The disruption of the blood-brain barrier may lead to malignant brain edema. The relationship between the extent of postinterventional cerebral hyperdensities and malignant brain edema is unclear. METHODS: Patients with middle cerebral artery territory infarction and successful recanalization were consecutively enrolled. Postinterventional non-contrast-enhanced CT was performed to evaluate postinterventional cerebral hyperdensities within 24 h after endovascular thrombectomy. On the basis of the areas of the Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score, we devised the Hyperdensity on CT Score to evaluate the extent of postinterventional cerebral hyperdensities. The primary outcome was malignant brain edema, defined as the development of clinical signs of herniation (including a decrease in consciousness and/or anisocoria), accompanied by imaging evidence of brain swelling. The component of postinterventional cerebral hyperdensities was divided into contrast staining and hemorrhage on the basis of persistency. RESULTS: Three hundred sixty patients were included (50.6% male, mean age 67.9 years), of whom 247 (68.6%) developed postinterventional cerebral hyperdensities and 66 (18.3%) developed malignant brain edema. After adjustment for confounders, including the component of postinterventional cerebral hyperdensities, the extent of postinterventional cerebral hyperdensities assessed by the Hyperdensity on CT Score was significantly associated with malignant brain edema (odds ratio 1.46, 95% confidence interval 1.20-1.77, p < 0.001). A Hyperdensity on CT Score greater than 3 had a sensitivity of 0.73 and a specificity of 0.87 for predicting malignant brain edema. CONCLUSIONS: The extent of postinterventional cerebral hyperdensities on postinterventional non-contrast-enhanced CT was associated with malignant brain edema. The Hyperdensity on CT Score could be used to predict malignant brain edema regardless of the component of postinterventional cerebral hyperdensities.

Prognostic significance of uric acid change in acute ischemic stroke patients with reperfusion therapy.

BACKGROUND: Uric acid (UA) is an important endogenous free radical scavenger that has been found to have a neuroprotective effect. However, there is uncertainty about the relationship between UA change and outcome in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients with reperfusion therapy. METHODS: We consecutively enrolled AIS patients with reperfusion therapy. UA was measured upon admission and during hospitalization. The change in UA levels (ΔUA) was determined by calculating the difference between admission UA and the lowest UA among all follow-up measurements, with a positive ΔUA suggesting a decrease in UA levels. Functional outcome was assessed by modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at 3 months. Poor outcome was defined as mRS >2. RESULTS: A total of 361 patients were included (mean age 68.7 ± 13.9 years, 54.3% males). The mean UA on admission was 355 ± 96.1 µmol/L. The median ΔUA was 121 µmol/L (IQR 50-192 µmol/L) and 18 (5%) patients had increased UA levels. UA on admission was positively associated with good outcome (p for trend = 0.017). When patients were classified into quartiles by ΔUA, patients with the largest decrease in UA (Q4: 199-434 µmol/L) had a higher risk of poor outcome at 3 months compared to patients with the least decrease in UA (Q1: 0-57 µmol/L) (OR 2.55, 95% CI 1.09-5.98, p = 0.031). The risk of poor outcome increased with ΔUA (p for trend = 0.048). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with reperfusion therapy, high UA on admission was associated with a good 3-month outcome, while a greater decrease in UA was associated with poor outcome.

Association between low-density cholesterol change and outcomes in acute ischemic stroke patients who underwent reperfusion therapy.

BACKGROUND: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) can increase cardiovascular risk. However, the association between LDL-C change and functional outcomes in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients who underwent reperfusion therapy remains unclear. METHODS: Patients who received reperfusion therapy were consecutively enrolled. LDL-C measurement was conducted at the emergency department immediately after admission and during hospitalization. The change of LDL-C level (ΔLDL-C) was calculated by subtracting the lowest LDL-C among all measurements during hospitalization from the admission LDL-C. Poor functional outcome was defined as modified Rankin Scale (mRS) > 2 at 90 days. RESULTS: A total of 432 patients were enrolled (mean age 69.2 ± 13.5 years, 54.6 % males). The mean LDL-C level at admission was 2.55 ± 0.93 mmol/L. The median ΔLDL-C level was 0.43 mmol/L (IQR 0.08-0.94 mmol/L). A total of 263 (60.9 %) patients had poor functional outcomes at 90 days. There was no significant association between admission LDL-C level and functional outcome (OR 0.99, 95 % CI 0.77-1.27, p = 0.904). ΔLDL-C level was positively associated with poor functional outcome (OR 1.80, 95 % CI 1,12-2.91, p = 0.016). When patients were divided into tertiles according to ΔLDL-C, those in the upper tertile (T3, 0.80-3.98 mmol/L) were positively associated with poor functional outcomes compared to patients in the lower tertile (T1, -0.91-0.13 mmol/L) (OR 2.56, 95 % CI 1.22-5.36, p = 0.013). The risk of poor functional outcome increased significantly with ΔLDL-C tertile (P-trend = 0.010). CONCLUSIONS: In AIS patients who underwent reperfusion therapy, the decrease in LDL-C level during hospitalization was significantly associated with poor functional outcomes at 90 days.

Plaque Distribution Correlates With Morphology of Lenticulostriate Arteries in Single Subcortical Infarctions.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We aimed to use novel whole-brain vessel-wall magnetic resonance imaging (WB-VWI) to investigate the association between plaque distribution of middle cerebral artery (MCA) and morphological changes of the lenticulostriate arteries (LSAs) in single subcortical infarctions. METHODS: Forty single subcortical infarction patients with no relevant MCA disease on magnetic resonance angiography were prospectively enrolled. Plaque location in the MCA was dichotomized as proximal (located adjacent to the LSA origin) or distal (located distal to the LSA origin) on whole-brain vessel-wall magnetic resonance imaging. The MCAs with proximal plaques were divided into the symptomatic and asymptomatic side, and asymptomatic side MCAs without proximal plaques were the control group. The morphological characteristics of the LSAs and features of proximal plaques were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 71 MCAs in 40 patients were analyzed (31 on the symptomatic side, 22 on the asymptomatic side, and 18 in the control group). Superior-wall plaques of MCAs were observed more frequently on the symptomatic side than the asymptomatic side (45.2% versus 9.1%, P=0.005). The wall area index, plaque burden, and remodeling index did not differ significantly between the symptomatic and asymptomatic side. The number of LSA branches was smaller (P=0.011) in the symptomatic side (5.48±1.88) compared with the control group (6.83±1.92). The symptomatic side exhibited shorter average length of the LSAs (23.23±3.44 versus 25.75±3.76 mm, P=0.025) and shorter average distance of the LSAs (16.47±3.11 versus 21.53±4.76 mm, P<0.001) compared with the asymptomatic side. CONCLUSIONS: Superiorly distributed MCA plaques at the LSA origin are closely associated with morphological changes of the LSA in symptomatic MCAs, suggesting that the distribution, rather than the inherent features of plaques, determines the occurrence of single subcortical infarctions. Our findings provide insight into the etiologic mechanism of branch atheromatous disease in single subcortical infarctions.

Fabry disease presenting as bilateral medial medullary infarction with a "heart appearance" sign: a case report.

BACKGROUND: The etiologic determinants of cryptogenic stroke remain a diagnostic challenge in clinical practice. Fabry disease (FD) is one of the monogenic causes of stroke that may remain unrecognized as a potential contributing causative factor, because of its rarity and difficulty in diagnosis. We report a case with rare bilateral medial medullary infarction manifesting as "heart appearance" who was diagnosed with FD. CASE PRESENTATION: A 51-year-old Chinese man presented with acute dysarthria and mild tetraparesis. In the 24 h following admission, the patient rapidly developed progressive flaccid quadriplegia and tongue weakness, necessitating ventilator support. Immediate magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed heart-shaped appearance of bilateral medial medullary infarction. The patient suffered two new subcortical infarcts 40 days after the first. Detailed Family history and physical examination indicated symptoms consistent with FD, which was confirmed by very low alpha galactosidase A levels and a missense mutation of the alpha-galactosidase A gene. CONCLUSIONS: We report what appears to be the first case of FD manifesting as bilateral medial medullary infarction. Our case suggests that clinicians should consider the possibility of FD in patients with cryptogenic stroke, especially when combined with infarction in the vertebrobasilar artery system, renal insufficiency, or cardiomyopathy. A detailed analysis of subtle historical clues and performing a complete physical examination on stroke patients would help promote earlier diagnosis of FD.

Association of Blood Pressure Within 6 h After Endovascular Thrombectomy and Functional Outcomes in Ischemic Stroke Patients With Successful Recanalization.

Background and Purpose: Blood pressure in the days following endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) can influence functional outcomes of patients who have suffered an acute ischemic stroke, but whether the same is true of blood pressure during the first few hours after EVT is unclear. Methods: Several blood pressure parameters were retrospectively analyzed in acute ischemic stroke patients who underwent EVT at West China Hospital from March 2016 to December 2019. Baseline blood pressure, speed of blood pressure reduction, postoperative blood pressure, degree of blood pressure reduction, and quality of blood pressure management were evaluated during the first 24 h after EVT. We explored whether these parameters during different time windows correlated significantly with patients' modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score at 90 days. Results: Analysis of 163 patients showed that poor functional outcome (mRS scores 3-6) correlated significantly with higher postoperative blood pressure and worse blood pressure management during the first 6 h after EVT. Postoperative systolic blood pressure at 37 min after EVT was significantly higher in patients with poor outcome (141 mmHg) than in those with good outcome (mRS scores 0-2; 122 mmHg, p = 0.006), and systolic pressure >136 mmHg at this time point was associated with a significantly higher risk of poor outcome, before and after adjusting for other risk factors (adjusted OR 0.395, 95% CI 0.20-0.79). Conclusions: Among acute ischemic patients who successfully undergo recanalization, adequate blood pressure management during the first 30-40 min after EVT may be important for ensuring good 90-day functional outcomes.

Prognostic Significance of Admission Glucose Combined with Hemoglobin A1c in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients with Reperfusion Therapy.

BACKGROUND: Elevated admission glucose and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels have been suggested to be associated with 90-day functional outcomes in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients with endovascular thrombectomy (EVT). However, whether the prognostic significance of admission glucose and that of HbA1c have a joint effect on patients with intravascular thrombolysis (IVT) and/or EVT remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the association between admission glucose combined with HbA1c and outcomes in patients with reperfusion therapy. METHODS: Consecutive AIS patients treated with IVT and/or EVT between 2 January 2018 and 27 February 2021 in West China hospital were enrolled. Admission glucose and HbA1c levels were measured at admission. Participants were divided into four groups according to admission glucose level (categorical variable: <7.8 and ≥7.8 mmol/L) and HbA1c level (categorical variable: <6.5% and ≥6.5%): normal glucose and normal HbA1c (NGNA), normal glucose and high HbA1c (NGHA), high glucose and normal HbA1c (HGNA), and high glucose and high HbA1c (HGHA). The primary outcome was an unfavorable functional outcome defined as a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) ≥ 3. The secondary outcome was all-cause mortality at 90 days. RESULTS: A total of 519 patients (mean age, 69.0 ± 13.4 years; 53.8% males) were included. Patients in the HGHA group had a significantly increased risk of unfavorable functional outcome (OR, 1.81; 95%CI, 1.01-3.23) and mortality (OR, 1.75; 95%CI, 1.01-3.06) at 90 days compared with those in the NGNA group after adjustment for confounders. There was no significant association between NGHA (OR, 0.43; 95%CI, 0.12-1.53) or HGNA (OR, 1.46; 95%CI, 0.84-2.56) and outcomes compared to the NGNA group. CONCLUSION: The combination of high admission glucose and high HbA1c level was significantly associated with unfavorable functional outcome and mortality at 90 days in AIS patients with reperfusion therapy.

Association between neutrophil percentage-to-albumin ratio and 3-month functional outcome in acute ischemic stroke patients with reperfusion therapy.

Background: Neutrophils and albumin are associated with outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). We aimed to explore the association between the neutrophil percentage-to-albumin ratio (NPAR), a novel marker of inflammation and oxidative stress, and the 3-month functional outcome in AIS patients with reperfusion therapy. Methods: This single-center, retrospective cohort study consecutively enrolled AIS patients with reperfusion therapy. Neutrophils and albumin were collected on admission. The primary outcome was a poor functional outcome, which was defined as a modified Rankin scale score of 3-6 at 3 months. Results: A total of 647 patients with AIS who received reperfusion therapy were analyzed. The mean age was 68.9 ± 13.9 years, and 358 (55.3%) of the patients were men. The median NPAR was 1.89 (interquartile range [IQR] 1.64-2.09). The percentage of patients with a 3-month poor functional outcome was 57.0% (369/647). NPAR was positively associated with a poor functional outcome (odds ratio [OR] 2.76, 95% CI: 1.52-5.03, p = 0.001). When patients were classified into tertiles, patients in the upper tertile (2.03-7.59) had a higher risk of poor outcome than patients in the lower tertile after adjusting for potential confounders (0.78-1.73) (OR 2.10, 95% CI: 1.28-3.42, p = 0.003). The risk of poor outcome increased with NPAR tertiles (p-trend = 0.003). The optimal cut-off value of the NPAR for predicting a poor outcome was 1.72, with a sensitivity of 0.75, and a specificity of 0.43. Conclusion: Neutrophil percentage-to-albumin ratio was significantly associated with 3-month poor functional outcomes in patients with AIS who received reperfusion therapy.

Mirror movements induced by hemiballism due to putamen infarction: a case report and literature review.

Mirror movements (MMs), which are involuntary movements of one limb that synchronously mirror voluntary movements of the contralateral limb, are a relatively uncommon complication of strokes. Here we report what appears to be the first case of putamen infarction manifesting as MMs in one side of the body induced by contralateral hemiballism. MMs and hemiballism were nearly entirely eliminated after one week of clonazepam and haloperidol therapy. During the subsequent one year of standard ischemic stroke prevention measures, no further episodes of involuntary movement occurred. Our case and literature review highlight that acute stroke can manifest as hemiballism and MMs, which should be recognized as soon as possible to ensure timely management.

Do the CONSORT and STRICTA Checklists Improve the Reporting Quality of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Randomized Controlled Trials Published in Chinese Journals? A Systematic Review and Analysis of Trends.

BACKGROUND: We investigated whether there had been an improvement in the quality of reporting for randomised controlled trials of acupuncture and moxibustion published in Chinese journals. We compared the compliance rate for the quality of reporting following the publication of both the STRICTA and CONSORT recommendations in China. METHODS: Four Chinese databases were searched for RCTs of acupuncture from January 1978 through to December 2012. The CONSORT and STRICTA checklists were used to assess the quality of reporting. Data were collected using a standardised form. All included RCTs were divided into three distinct time periods based on the time that CONSORT and STRICTA were introduced in China, respectively. Pearson's χ2 test and/or Fisher's exact test were used to assess differences in reporting among three groups. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: A total of 1978 RCTs were identified. Although the percentage of all the items has increased over time with the introduction of CONSORT and STRICTA in China, the actual compliance in several important methodological components, including sample size calculation (0% vs. 0% vs. 1.2%, for pre-CONSORT and pre-STRICTA, post-CONSORT but pre-STRICTA, and post-CONSORT and post-STRICTA, respectively), randomisation sequence generation (1.4% vs. 15% vs. 26.3%) and implementation (0% vs. 0% vs. 1.3%), allocation concealment (0% vs. 1.4% vs. 4.9%), and blinding (0% vs. 5.7% vs. 9.1%), remains low. Moreover, no RCTs have reported the setting and context of treatment and no descriptions of the participating acupuncturists have been provided thus far. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the quality of the reporting of RCTs of acupuncture and moxibustion published in Chinese journals has improved since CONSORT and STRICTA were introduced in China, though the actual compliance rate of some important items were still low as of 2012. In the future, Chinese journals should enhance the adoption of the CONSORT and STRICTA statement to improve the reporting quality of the RCTs of acupuncture and moxibustion and to ensure the truth and reliability of the conclusions.